IHI-Bagamoyo Branch P.O Box 74, Bagamoyo E-mail; [email protected] Phone; +255232440065
IHI-BAGAMOYO LAB PROFILE
1 CONTENTS
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1. Laboratory Mission ............................................................................................................... 3
2. Laboratory Sections: ...................................................................................................................... 4
2.1. Parasitology ........................................................................................................................... 4
2.2. Clinical Biochemistry ............................................................................................................ 5
2.3. Hematology ............................................................................................................................ 6
2.4. Molecular Biology .................................................................................................................. 7
2.4.1. What we do .................................................................................................................... 7
2.5. Immunology ........................................................................................................................... 9
2.5.1. Our Services: Diagnostics, Research and Training. .................................................... 9
2.6. Microbiology ........................................................................................................................ 10
2.6.1. Activities conducted within microbiology laboratory .............................................. 10
2.7. Helminthology ..................................................................................................................... 11
2.7.1. Activities in this section .............................................................................................. 11
2.8. Tuberculosis ........................................................................................................................ 12
3. Lab Staff Profiles; ......................................................................................................................... 13
3.1. Maximillian Mpina ............................................................................................................... 13
3.2. Catherine Mkindi ................................................................................................................. 13
3.3. Anneth-Mwasi Tumbo ......................................................................................................... 13
3.4. Happy Mkali ......................................................................................................................... 13
3.5. Sarah Mswata ....................................................................................................................... 14
3.6. Leah Bategereza .................................................................................................................. 14
3.7. Matilda Mhapa ..................................................................................................................... 14
3.8. Grace Wilson Cheyo ............................................................................................................. 14
3.9. Jailan Mushi ......................................................................................................................... 14
3.10. Tekla Msekefu ...................................................................................................................... 15
3.11. Mohamed Chabo .................................................................................................................. 15
3.12. Tatu Nassoro ........................................................................................................................ 15
3.13. Andrew Mganga ................................................................................................................... 15
3.14. Thecla Kazimoto .................................................................................................................. 15
3.15 Solomon Mwakasungula ....................................................................................................... 16
3.16 Veronica Misana ................................................................................................................... 16
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3.17 Lujeko Kamwela .................................................................................................................... 16
4. Selected Publications: .................................................................................................................. 17
3
1. INTRODUCTION
In 2004 IHI established a unit to conduct clinical trials at the IHI-Bagamoyo branch whereby it
also established a laboratory in the premises of Bagamoyo District Hospital.
The Bagamoyo Lab at IHI offers a wide range of valuable research, training and clinical diagnostic
services with highly trained personnel and state of the art technology. The lab facility is able to
provide clinical laboratory analysis in Clinical Chemistry, Hematology, Immunology,
Helminthology, Microbiology, Molecular biology and Serology. The lab unit offers services within
IHI and to other research institutions, hospitals and universities via contractual arrangements as
well as individual patients.
1.1. LABORATORY MISSION To provide the high quality and standard laboratory investigations following the laid down
Standard Operating Procedures (SOP`s), Good Clinical Practices (GCP), Good Clinical Laboratory
Practices (GCLP) and ISO 15189.
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2. LABORATORY SECTIONS:
2.1. PARASITOLOGY This section is dedicated to malaria Blood slide examination and Rapid diagnostic tests for
malaria. Different methods have been applied depending on a study’s specific requirement; such
as Lambarene’s method, Thick and thin smear. Parasitemia confirmation, from blood smears on
a slide, is always done by two readers and third reader may be considered whenever there are
discrepancies of results for the two readers.
We have qualified technicians certified by CLSI where by only expert and competent staff examine
the slides for malaria parasites. We have well sufficient and well maintained equipment for
parasitology tasks, such as microscopes, which go through preventive and maintenance service
once every year.
All study slides are archived for future reference and backups, for a specified period of time, in a
way that that can be easily traced.
There is a quality control system in place for staining procedures, where a positive control slide
is observed for malaria parasite morphology and validity of the giemsa stain and a negative
control slide observed for red blood cell morphology. This is done prior to every staining on a
daily basis so as to maintain quality and consistency upon generating results. The maximum time
it takes the parasitology lab to generate results, after sample reception, is one hour. We have five dedicated and well-trained personnel in this section with the capacity to read 200 slides a day.
We have been involved in other clinical trials for malaria vaccines that include; RTSS and
Sporozites vaccines. Our lab has also participated in National malaria surveillance studies
conducted by National Bureau of Statistics and also in validation of MRDT kits.
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2.2. CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY This section performs analyses/tests that include; α- hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, Iron,
Lactate, Lactate dehydrogenase, Lipase, Magnesium , Inorganic phosphorus, Triglycerides,
unsaturated iron-binding capacity, Creatinine, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate
aminotransferase (ASP), Calcium, Urea, Uric acid, Glucose, Cholesterol, Total bilirubin, Alkaline
phosphatase, Protein, Globulin, Albumin, Amylase Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Ferritin, Prolactin, HDL, and generates information about the function and metabolic states of organs like,
the liver, kidneys and pancreas.
This section mainly deals with safety tests of participants enrolled in different studies including
clinical trials.
This section has two biochemistry analysers, COBAS intergra® 400plus, that have the capacity to
analyse 75 samples at in one run. These machines are validated on accuracy, precision and
repeatability to ensure accuracy of generated results. Maintenance is conducted annually on each
machine.
This section is well staffed, with competent, well trained personnel capable of handling and
processing samples and working with the machines. Processing samples has a turnaround time
of 1-2 hours.
Internal quality control is done on a daily basis for each requested parameter before running out
the samples. The section is enrolled in an EQA system for proficiency testing to RCPA whereby
we receive and analyze EQA samples monthly and submit the results blindly for interpretation.
Figure 1: Cobas Integra 400plus biochemistry analyzer.
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2.3. HEMATOLOGY The hematology laboratory
at Bagamoyo Research and
Training Centre operates by
serving projects run by
Ifakara Health Institute. The laboratory is equipped with
three Sysmex hematology
machines that are used to
that carry out several
analyses on blood samples
brought to the lab. There are
two machines which are
version XS-800i and are
capable of doing 5-part
white blood cells differential
analysis, with a turnaround
time of 30 minutes per
sample. The other one is version XT-2000i and is capable of doing the 5-part white blood cells
differential plus reticulocyte counting. The XT-2000i is more advanced with a unique
fluorescence flow cytometry technology. The machines are regularly serviced, as a form of
preventive maintenance, and reagents purchased regularly.
This unit has competent
staffs that have met internal
and external quality
requirements and are
annually examined for
competency. The hematology
laboratory also has an
internal and external quality
assurance program that is
well monitored. For the
internal quality control,
manufactured control blood
is analyzed on a daily basis
before processing any
patient samples. The external quality control is done on a monthly basis whereby control blood
from a recognized certified external quality assurance company is analyzed and the results are
sent back for reference.
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2.4. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY The Molecular Biology laboratory support studies aimed at investigating the function,
composition, structure, and interactions of cellular molecules such as nucleic acid and proteins
that carry out biological processes essential for cell functions and body maintenance.
2.4.1. What we do
2.4.1.1. Services: We offer diagnostic services for several common diseases including Malaria, tuberculosis and
other respiratory tract infections. We use real time polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR) to
amplify genetic materials of the pathogen infecting the body to the level that can be detected and
quantified using special mechanism in the amplification machine. In other cases, we measure the
amplified genetic material using a special device called UV trans-illuminator. Using this approach,
our services include the detection of malaria parasites down to the level that is not detectable by
microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests; providing the highest level of sensitivity than conventional
microscopy or rapid diagnostic testing. Similarly, we detect bacteria and viruses infecting upper
respiratory tract (URT).
2.4.1.2. Research: We conduct research on various diseases including malaria, tuberculosis, and other bacterial
infections. These include; investigating drug resistance in malaria parasites (i.e P. falciparum),
Genetic screening for drug resistance in M. tuberculosis, studying the populations structure of
Plasmodium falciparum. In addition, we evaluate different molecular diagnostics including new
molecular diagnostics for bacterial and viral respiratory infections.
The laboratory is equipped with state-of-the art equipment such as; the MassARRAY system,
CFX96 Quantitative real time PCR system (BIORAD) C1000, Mx3005P qPCR System (Agilent
Technology, Model Mx3005p), and conventional PCR systems.
Figure 2: The MassARRAY system is a genetic analysis platform suitable for custom design multiplex Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms mapping and Genome-wide association studies. This system is suitable for crop, livestock, and biomedical genetic analyses.
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Figure 3: Conventional PCR systems (thermocyclers)
Figure 4: LEFT; BIORAD CFX96 QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME PCR SYSTEM C1000. RIGHT; MX3005P RTqPCR SYSTEM (AGILENT TECHNOLOGY).
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2.5. IMMUNOLOGY Our clinical immunology laboratories are located, in the
premises of Bagamoyo District Hospital and Kingani clinical
trial facility. The lab focuses on exploring the human immune
systems within the framework of vaccine induced immune
responses (vaccine trials), clinical interventions, naturally acquired immune responses during co-morbidities and novel
diagnostic test development.
The laboratories are equipped with state-of-the-art equipment platforms and comprise a team of
highly motivated, knowledgeable and qualified technical staff. We provide specialized clinical
specimen analytical services for clinical studies, immunological technical training, and support
for immunological research.
2.5.1. Our Services: Diagnostics, Research and Training.
2.5.1.1. Diagnostics:
ELISAs such as TB Quantiferon, IP-10 Haptoglobin and other malaria antibody
identification
CD 4 counting for clinical purposes
Multichromatic flow cytometry assays (immunophenotyping, antigen-specific
intracellular cytokine staining and cellular proliferation assays)
2.5.1.2. Training:
We provide training services to visiting scientists and students from various institutions on
wide range of immunological techniques including PBMC isolation and cryopreservation, antigen stimulation assays, cell cultures and ELISAS.
2.5.1.3. Research: We collaborate with several centers of excellences
to carryout immunological studies and with
available technologies we are able to tailor
experiments that fit the wide range of protocols.
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2.6. MICROBIOLOGY In this department we perform basic bacteriologic tests. Our main focus being on bacteria: to
establish bacterial causes of illnesses and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile.
2.6.1. Activities conducted within microbiology laboratory
1. Culture.
This is done by inoculating the sample into culture media, such as blood agar, chocolate agar, MacConkey etc.
2. Gram staining technique (Microscope).
This technique is used to differentiate Gram negative bacteria and Gram positive bacteria.
3. Biochemical tests for catalase, oxidase, coagulase, and indole.
Biochemical tests are used to for identify bacteria because they use deductive principles to
reduce the number of possible pathogenic bacterial species present in the sample
An API (Analytical Profile Index) test strip is a series of cupules containing various freeze
dried reagents and color indicators designed for various biochemical tests. The cupules
are inoculated with a suspension of purified samples containing the microbe of interest.
The results generate a code that can be entered into a database to identify the microbe of
interest.
5. Antimicrobial susceptibility test.
Performance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing is important to confirm susceptibility
of the identified pathogens to detect antibiotic resistance.
Figure 6: AST by the disk diffusion method.
Figure 5: An Analytical Profile Index (API) test strip.
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2.7. HELMINTHOLOGY
Several projects have been conducted in this unit and activities are always performed based on
project requirements. The main samples that are processed in this unit are urine and stool.
2.7.1. Activities in this section
1. Baermann.
1.1. This technique is used to separate larvae from fecal material. This test is used when the
diagnostic stage of infection is a first-stage larva rather than an egg. The Baermann test
is probably the easiest morphology-based parasitologic test to perform and evaluate.
2. Kato-Katz.
2.1. This method is used for preparing human stool samples prior to searching for parasite
eggs in stool. The Kato technique is now most commonly used for detecting
schistosome eggs.
3. Flotac.
3.1. This technique is used to detect and quantify the number of eggs, oocysts, cysts and
parasite larvae found in stool of animals and humans.
4. Filtration
4.1. Used for the quantitative determination of Schistosoma haematobium egg densities in
urine samples.
5. Urinalysis by the combilyzer and haemastix techniques.
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2.8. TUBERCULOSIS The tuberculosis lab has been designed to
perform a range of microbiological analyses
pertaining to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb)
manipulations and diagnosis. The atmosphere
inside the lab is regulated by a negative pressure system due to the nature of the
bacteria and the manipulations conducted, the
creation of aerosols has to be kept minimal. The
lab is separated from the exterior by
hermetically sealed windows and a dual door
entry system that enables maintaining negative pressure inside the lab during entry or exit and
for the sake of safety of personnel and reduced risk of contamination to the experiments and
procedures air entering the lab is HEPA filtered and the same is done to air exiting the lab.
Analyses on samples include;
1. The conventional microbial culture for quantitative
analysis of M.tb and drug susceptibility testing.
Cultures for M.tb are done on LJ slants and 7H9
middlebrook media, these are the solid and liquid media respectively. 7H9 middlebrook media is used by the lab
not only for mycobacterial culture but also for detecting
drug resistance in patient isolates. More efficient
alternatives to the culture method of drug resistance
testing, available at the lab, are the geneXpert and Hain life
sciences line probe assays.
2. Microscopy; both bright field and fluorescent microscopy.
We use both microscopy techniques for the identification
of acid fast bacilli. The fluorescent method of microscopy
is preferred for it sensitivity and bright field microscopy
for its specificity.
3. Advanced molecular diagnostic procedures such as;
line probe assays and automated molecular diagnostic tools that offer the comfort of sensitivity and specificity in detection of M.tb and enable
for speciation and detection of drug resistance.
Over the years, the lab has hosted a number of clinical drug trials and cohorts from multinational
organizations and personalized studies for the academics whose investigations are in one way or
the other related to mycobacteriology. When required the capacity of the lab can be expanded to
work in conjunction with microbiology, biochemistry, and hematology departments for required
sample analyses.
Figure 7: one of two BACTEC liquid culture incubators in the tuberculosis laboratory.
Figure 8: fluorescent microscope.
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3. LAB STAFF PROFILES;
3.1. MAXIMILLIAN MPINA Maximillian oversees all Ifakara health institute Laboratories. He is
currently finalizing his PhD in immunology at the University of
Basel/Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute under the
mentorship of Dr. Claudia Daubenberger, where he is studying
“Malaria specific immune responses induced by RTS,S in a phase III
vaccine trial in Tanzanian infants and children and controlled
human malaria infection trials in adults” Mr. Mpina has extensive
laboratory background and has contributed in the development of
laboratory analysis plans for several studies and clinical trials.
3.2. CATHERINE MKINDI Ms. Mkindi, obtained a Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine the Sokoine
University of Agriculture (SUA), then completed a Diploma Program for
Agricultural and Natural Resources Transformation for Improved Livelihood
at the University of Life Sciences in Norway in 2008. Returning to Sokoine
University she obtained a master degree in veterinary medicine in 2009, and
is now a PhD candidate at the University of Basel, Swiss Tropical and Public
Health Institute.
3.3. ANNETH-MWASI TUMBO Ms. Tumbo joined IHI in September 2011. She obtained her BSc in
Biomedical Sciences in 2011 from the University of Zambia – School of
medicine (UNZA-SOM) followed by an MSc from the University of Basel/
Swiss TPH in 2016. Anneth currently performs GCP/GCLP-compliant
assays (ELISAs and flow cytometry) on specimen from clinical trials and
studies conducted at IHI-Bagamoyo clinical trial site and assist with the
development of new assays.
3.4. HAPPY MKALI Ms. Mkali joined IHI in 2011, she obtained her BSc degree in Biotechnology
and Lab Sciences in 2011 from the Sokoine University of Ariculture (SUA)
followed by an MSc degree molecular biology with specialization in human
health from the Free University of Brussel in 2016. Happy is currently
competent in performing GCP/GCLP-compliant assays in hematology,
Biochemistry, molecular techniques, cell/parasite culture ELISA’s and flow
cytometry on specimen from clinical trials, in analyses and other studies
conducted at IHI-Bagamoyo Laboratory.
Figure 9: Maximillian Mpina
Figure 10: Catherine Mkindi
Figure 11: Anneth-Mwasi Tumbo
Figure 12: Happy Mkali
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3.5. SARAH MSWATA She completed her Bsc. in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and
pursued her M.Sc. in Appiled Microbiology, both from University of Dar es
Salaam. She has been with IHI since 2009, she is the current lab manager
at the Bagamoyo branch. She has had extensive practice in activities in Tuberculosis, Microbiology and molecular biology where she has been
actively engaged over the past six years. She is now in charge of overall
daily supervision of the lab activities.
3.6. LEAH BATEGEREZA Leah is a BSc. graduate in Lab Sciences and Biotechnology from the Sokoine
University of Agriculture (SUA). She has been working with IHI since 2011
as Research officer, well experienced with microbiology technique in
bacteriology and mycobacteriology.
3.7. MATILDA MHAPA Matilda has been working with IHI as a lab attendant
for ten years, she is an expert in areas of Hematology
analysis, clinical chemistry analysis and in parasitology techniques. She is
a team player and provides very good support in research activities
3.8. GRACE WILSON CHEYO Grace has been working with IHI for thirteen good
years as a Lab Assistant. She is an expert in areas
of clinical chemistry, Hematology analysis and in
parasitology techniques. She is very good in sharing her knowledge with
others.
3.9. JAILAN MUSHI Jailan has been working with IHI as a lab attendant since 2009; he is
also an expert in area of Hematology analysis, clinical chemistry
analysis and in parasitology techniques. He has been a team a team
player and a very good supporter in research activities.
Figure 13: Sarah Mswata
Figure 14: Leah Bategereza
Figure 15: Matilda Mhapa
Figure 16: Grace Wilson Cheyo
Figure 17: Jailan Mushi
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3.10. TEKLA MSEKEFU Ms. Tekla has been working with IHI as a lab attendant for ten years, she
is also an expert in area of Hematology analysis, clinical chemistry analysis
and in parasitology techniques. She is a team player and a very good
supporter in research and training activities.
3.11. MOHAMED CHABO Mr. Chabo has been working with IHI for thirteen
good years as a Lab Assistant. He is an expert in
area of parasitology and a very good trainer in parasitology techniques.
He is also competent in clinical chemistry and Hematology analysis. His
mostly area of interest being Parasitology as trainer of trainers.
3.12. TATU NASSORO Ms. Tatu has been working with IHI since 2015 as a competent personnel in
the helminths unit. She has been actively supporting the ongoing
epidemiology and clinical trials studies in the areas of Malaria and
Tuberculosis research.
3.13. ANDREW MGANGA Andrew is a graduate from the University of Dar es Salaam with a
Bachelor’s degree in Microbiology. Andrew has been part of the
Bagamoyo Research and Training Center team for a period of over two
years with experience in microbiological techniques such as; microbial
cultures, isolation and identification, and microscopy as well as
molecular biology techniques that include; nucleic acid extraction, and
both conventional and real time PCR owing to his involvement with
two tuberculosis clinical drug trials and a separate project that
incorporates molecular biology and virology.
3.14. THECLA KAZIMOTO Thecla has been with IHI since 2010 working in the microbiology
department. She received her Master’s in biomedical sciences with
specialization in medical microbiology from the University of Wales,
2010. She is currently a Ph.D. student at the University of Saarland,
Homburg campus in Germany.
Figure 19: Tekla Msekefu
Figure 18: Mohamed Chabo
Figure 21: Andrew Mganga
Figure 20: Tatu Nassoro
Figure 22: Thecla Kazimoto
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3.15 SOLOMON MWAKASUNGULA He is a Research Scientist based in the laboratory and his research
interest focuses on application of laboratory tools, techniques and
standards to understand the epidemiology of infectious disease in
particular understanding the infection, pathogenesis,
transmission, mitigation and control of the diseases pathogens. He
extends his research interest in surveillance of bacterial, viral,
protozoan and parasitic diseases which causes diseases of poverty
including HIV/tuberculosis diarrhoea and malaria and Neglected tropical diseases such as schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted
helminths. Field diseases surveillance including emerging and re-
emerging diseases outbreaks such as Ebola and other bacterial and viral diseases are area of my
esteemed focus. Clinical trials including drugs and vaccine trials are field of my attention
especially in general principles of conducting phase I to phase III clinical trials in human subjects.
3.16 VERONICA MISANA Veronica holds a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology from the
University of Dar es Salaam, 2012. She joined the Ifakara Health
Institute in 2012 as a research officer for the tuberculosis
department. Veronica is competent with the basics of microbiology
such as; microbial cultures, isolation, identification, and
microscopy and with more advanced diagnostic and identification
techniques pertaining to Mycobacterium tuberculosis that include;
cultures, drug sensitivity testing and molecular identification for M.
tuberculosis.
Veronica is well trained and certified in Good clinical Practice (ICH-
GCP), Transportation of Dangerous Goods, and Good Clinical and
Laboratory Practice (GCLP). She has been involved with several tuberculosis drug trials and
cohorts and is currently the focal lab personnel for the tuberculosis department.
3.17 LUJEKO KAMWELA Lujeko holds a Bachelor of Science in Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology from the University of Dar es salaam. He has been
working with IHI since 2011. He is well trained and certified in Good
clinical Practice (ICH-GCP), Transportation of Dangerous Goods,
and Good Clinical and Laboratory Practice (GCLP). She has been
involved with several tuberculosis drug trials and cohorts and is
currently the lab manager for the tuberculosis department.
Figure 23: Solomon Mwakasungula
Figure 24: Veronica Misana
Figure 25: Lujeko Kamwela
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4. SELECTED PUBLICATIONS:
Portevin, Damien, Felicien Moukambi, Petra Clowes, Asli Bauer, Mkunde Chachage, Nyanda E.
Ntinginya, Elirehema Mfinanga et al. "Assessment of the novel T-cell activation marker–
tuberculosis assay for diagnosis of active tuberculosis in children: a prospective proof-of-
concept study." The Lancet Infectious Diseases 14, no. 10 (2014): 931-938.
Shekalaghe, Seif, Mastidia Rutaihwa, Peter F. Billingsley, Mwajuma Chemba, Claudia A. Daubenberger, Eric James, Maximillian Mpina et al. "Controlled human malaria infection of
Tanzanians by intradermal injection of aseptic, purified, cryopreserved Plasmodium
falciparum sporozoites." The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene (2014): 14-
0119.
Lenz, Nicole, Tobias Schindler, Benjamin M. Kagina, Jitao David Zhang, Tedson Lukindo,
Maxmillian Mpina, Peter Bang et al. "Antiviral Innate Immune Activation in HIV-Infected
Adults Negatively Affects H1/IC31-Induced Vaccine-Specific Memory CD4+ T Cells."
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 22, no. 7 (2015): 688-696.
Solomon Mwakasungula , Tobias Schindler, Said Jongo, Elena Moreno , Kassim Kamaka,
Mgeni Mohammed d, Selina Joseph , Ramla Rashid , Thabit Athumani , Anneth-Mwasi Tumbo ,
Ali Hamad , Omar Lweno , Seif Shekalaghe , Claudia A. Daubenberger “ Red blood
cell indices and prevalence of haemoglobinopathies and glucose 6 phosphate
dehydrogenase deficiencies in male Tanzanian residents of Dar es Salaam” Int J Mol
Epidemiol Genet. 2014; 5(4): 185–194.
Deborah Sumari, Brian T. Grimberg, D’Arbra Blankenship, Joseph Mugasa, Kefas Mugittu, Lee
Moore, Paul Gwakisa, Maciej Zborowski. Application of magnetic cytosmear for the
estimation of Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte density and detection of asexual stages
in asymptomatic children. Malaria Journal, 2016, 15:113
Deborah Sumari, Angel Dillip, Vitalis Ndume, Joseph P. Mugasa, Paul S. Gwakisa. Knowledge,
Attitudes and Practices on malaria in relation to its transmission among primary school
children in Bagamoyo district, Tanzania. Malaria World Journal, 2016, 7:2
Deborah Sumari, Majige Selemani, Seif Shekalaghe, Kefas Mugittu, Joseph P. Mugasa, Paul S.
Gwakisa. Prevalence of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections in
asymptomatic children in low transmission settings in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Malaria
World Journal, 2016, 7:6
Irene M Masanja, Meredith L McMorrow, Mussa B Maganga, Debora Sumari, Venkatachalam
Udhayakumar, Peter D McElroy, Patrick Kachur, Naomi W Lucchi. Quality assurance of
malaria rapid diagnostic tests used for routine patient care in ruralTanzania: microscopy
versus real-time polymerase chain reaction. Malaria Journal, 2015, 14:85
Mwingira F, Nkwengulila G, Schoepflin S, Sumari D, Beck HP, Snounou G, Felger I, Olliaro P,
Mugittu K. Plasmodium falciparum msp1, msp2 and glurp allele frequency and diversity
in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria Journal, 2011, 10:79
Allison Demas, Jenna Oberstaller, Jeremy DeBarry, Naomi W. Lucchi, Ganesh Srinivasamoorthy,
Deborah Sumari, Abdunoor M. Kabanywanyi, Leopoldo Villegas, Ananias A. Escalante, S. Patrick
18
Kachur, John W. Barnwell, David S. Peterson, Venkatachalam Udhayakumar, Jessica C. Kissinger.
Applied genomics: Data mining reveals species-specific malaria molecular diagnostic
targets. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2011, 49 (7): 2411-18
Deborah Sumari, Ken M Hosea, Joseph P Mugasa, Salim Abdulla. Genetic diversity of
Plasmodium falciparum strains in children under five years of age in Southeastern
Tanzania. The Open Tropical Medicine Journal, 2010, 3: 10-14.
Naomi Lucchi, Allison Demas, Jothikumar Narayanan, Vincent Hill, Deborah Sumari, S. Patrick
Kachur, Abdunour Kabanywanyi, John Barnwell, Venkatachalam Udhayakumar. Real-time
Fluorescence Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RealAmp) for the diagnosis of
Malaria in the Field settings. PLoS One 2010 5(10): e13733
Abdunoor M Kabanywanyi, Alex Mwita, Deborah Sumari, Renata Mandike, Kefas Mugittu, Salim
Abdulla. Efficacy and safety of artemisinin-based antimalarial in the treatment of
uncomplicated malaria in children in southern Tanzania. Malaria Journal, 2007, 6:146
Taylor SM, Mayor A, Mombo-Ngoma G, Kenguele HM, Ouedraogo S, Ndam NT, Mkali H,
Mwangoka G, Valecha N, Singh JP et al. A quality control program within a clinical trial
Consortium for PCR protocols to detect Plasmodium species. J Clin Microbiol. 2014.
52 (6): 2144-9
PREPARED BY;
ANDREW MGANGA
SARAH MSWATA
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