IHI-Bagamoyo Branch P.O Box 74, Bagamoyo E-mail; bagamoy@ihi.or.tz Phone; +255232440065

IHI-BAGAMOYO LAB PROFILE

1 CONTENTS

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3

1.1. Laboratory Mission ............................................................................................................... 3

2. Laboratory Sections: ...................................................................................................................... 4

2.1. Parasitology ........................................................................................................................... 4

2.2. Clinical Biochemistry ............................................................................................................ 5

2.3. Hematology ............................................................................................................................ 6

2.4. Molecular Biology .................................................................................................................. 7

2.4.1. What we do .................................................................................................................... 7

2.5. Immunology ........................................................................................................................... 9

2.5.1. Our Services: Diagnostics, Research and Training. .................................................... 9

2.6. Microbiology ........................................................................................................................ 10

2.6.1. Activities conducted within microbiology laboratory .............................................. 10

2.7. Helminthology ..................................................................................................................... 11

2.7.1. Activities in this section .............................................................................................. 11

2.8. Tuberculosis ........................................................................................................................ 12

3. Lab Staff Profiles; ......................................................................................................................... 13

3.1. Maximillian Mpina ............................................................................................................... 13

3.2. Catherine Mkindi ................................................................................................................. 13

3.3. Anneth-Mwasi Tumbo ......................................................................................................... 13

3.4. Happy Mkali ......................................................................................................................... 13

3.5. Sarah Mswata ....................................................................................................................... 14

3.6. Leah Bategereza .................................................................................................................. 14

3.7. Matilda Mhapa ..................................................................................................................... 14

3.8. Grace Wilson Cheyo ............................................................................................................. 14

3.9. Jailan Mushi ......................................................................................................................... 14

3.10. Tekla Msekefu ...................................................................................................................... 15

3.11. Mohamed Chabo .................................................................................................................. 15

3.12. Tatu Nassoro ........................................................................................................................ 15

3.13. Andrew Mganga ................................................................................................................... 15

3.14. Thecla Kazimoto .................................................................................................................. 15

3.15 Solomon Mwakasungula ....................................................................................................... 16

3.16 Veronica Misana ................................................................................................................... 16

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3.17 Lujeko Kamwela .................................................................................................................... 16

4. Selected Publications: .................................................................................................................. 17

3

1. INTRODUCTION

In 2004 IHI established a unit to conduct clinical trials at the IHI-Bagamoyo branch whereby it

also established a laboratory in the premises of Bagamoyo District Hospital.

The Bagamoyo Lab at IHI offers a wide range of valuable research, training and clinical diagnostic

services with highly trained personnel and state of the art technology. The lab facility is able to

provide clinical laboratory analysis in Clinical Chemistry, Hematology, Immunology,

Helminthology, Microbiology, Molecular biology and Serology. The lab unit offers services within

IHI and to other research institutions, hospitals and universities via contractual arrangements as

well as individual patients.

1.1. LABORATORY MISSION To provide the high quality and standard laboratory investigations following the laid down

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP`s), Good Clinical Practices (GCP), Good Clinical Laboratory

Practices (GCLP) and ISO 15189.

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2. LABORATORY SECTIONS:

2.1. PARASITOLOGY This section is dedicated to malaria Blood slide examination and Rapid diagnostic tests for

malaria. Different methods have been applied depending on a study’s specific requirement; such

as Lambarene’s method, Thick and thin smear. Parasitemia confirmation, from blood smears on

a slide, is always done by two readers and third reader may be considered whenever there are

discrepancies of results for the two readers.

We have qualified technicians certified by CLSI where by only expert and competent staff examine

the slides for malaria parasites. We have well sufficient and well maintained equipment for

parasitology tasks, such as microscopes, which go through preventive and maintenance service

once every year.

All study slides are archived for future reference and backups, for a specified period of time, in a

way that that can be easily traced.

There is a quality control system in place for staining procedures, where a positive control slide

is observed for malaria parasite morphology and validity of the giemsa stain and a negative

control slide observed for red blood cell morphology. This is done prior to every staining on a

daily basis so as to maintain quality and consistency upon generating results. The maximum time

it takes the parasitology lab to generate results, after sample reception, is one hour. We have five dedicated and well-trained personnel in this section with the capacity to read 200 slides a day.

We have been involved in other clinical trials for malaria vaccines that include; RTSS and

Sporozites vaccines. Our lab has also participated in National malaria surveillance studies

conducted by National Bureau of Statistics and also in validation of MRDT kits.

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2.2. CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY This section performs analyses/tests that include; α- hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, Iron,

Lactate, Lactate dehydrogenase, Lipase, Magnesium , Inorganic phosphorus, Triglycerides,

unsaturated iron-binding capacity, Creatinine, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate

aminotransferase (ASP), Calcium, Urea, Uric acid, Glucose, Cholesterol, Total bilirubin, Alkaline

phosphatase, Protein, Globulin, Albumin, Amylase Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Ferritin, Prolactin, HDL, and generates information about the function and metabolic states of organs like,

the liver, kidneys and pancreas.

This section mainly deals with safety tests of participants enrolled in different studies including

clinical trials.

This section has two biochemistry analysers, COBAS intergra® 400plus, that have the capacity to

analyse 75 samples at in one run. These machines are validated on accuracy, precision and

repeatability to ensure accuracy of generated results. Maintenance is conducted annually on each

machine.

This section is well staffed, with competent, well trained personnel capable of handling and

processing samples and working with the machines. Processing samples has a turnaround time

of 1-2 hours.

Internal quality control is done on a daily basis for each requested parameter before running out

the samples. The section is enrolled in an EQA system for proficiency testing to RCPA whereby

we receive and analyze EQA samples monthly and submit the results blindly for interpretation.

Figure 1: Cobas Integra 400plus biochemistry analyzer.

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2.3. HEMATOLOGY The hematology laboratory

at Bagamoyo Research and

Training Centre operates by

serving projects run by

Ifakara Health Institute. The laboratory is equipped with

three Sysmex hematology

machines that are used to

that carry out several

analyses on blood samples

brought to the lab. There are

two machines which are

version XS-800i and are

capable of doing 5-part

white blood cells differential

analysis, with a turnaround

time of 30 minutes per

sample. The other one is version XT-2000i and is capable of doing the 5-part white blood cells

differential plus reticulocyte counting. The XT-2000i is more advanced with a unique

fluorescence flow cytometry technology. The machines are regularly serviced, as a form of

preventive maintenance, and reagents purchased regularly.

This unit has competent

staffs that have met internal

and external quality

requirements and are

annually examined for

competency. The hematology

laboratory also has an

internal and external quality

assurance program that is

well monitored. For the

internal quality control,

manufactured control blood

is analyzed on a daily basis

before processing any

patient samples. The external quality control is done on a monthly basis whereby control blood

from a recognized certified external quality assurance company is analyzed and the results are

sent back for reference.

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2.4. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY The Molecular Biology laboratory support studies aimed at investigating the function,

composition, structure, and interactions of cellular molecules such as nucleic acid and proteins

that carry out biological processes essential for cell functions and body maintenance.

2.4.1. What we do

2.4.1.1. Services: We offer diagnostic services for several common diseases including Malaria, tuberculosis and

other respiratory tract infections. We use real time polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR) to

amplify genetic materials of the pathogen infecting the body to the level that can be detected and

quantified using special mechanism in the amplification machine. In other cases, we measure the

amplified genetic material using a special device called UV trans-illuminator. Using this approach,

our services include the detection of malaria parasites down to the level that is not detectable by

microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests; providing the highest level of sensitivity than conventional

microscopy or rapid diagnostic testing. Similarly, we detect bacteria and viruses infecting upper

respiratory tract (URT).

2.4.1.2. Research: We conduct research on various diseases including malaria, tuberculosis, and other bacterial

infections. These include; investigating drug resistance in malaria parasites (i.e P. falciparum),

Genetic screening for drug resistance in M. tuberculosis, studying the populations structure of

Plasmodium falciparum. In addition, we evaluate different molecular diagnostics including new

molecular diagnostics for bacterial and viral respiratory infections.

The laboratory is equipped with state-of-the art equipment such as; the MassARRAY system,

CFX96 Quantitative real time PCR system (BIORAD) C1000, Mx3005P qPCR System (Agilent

Technology, Model Mx3005p), and conventional PCR systems.

Figure 2: The MassARRAY system is a genetic analysis platform suitable for custom design multiplex Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms mapping and Genome-wide association studies. This system is suitable for crop, livestock, and biomedical genetic analyses.

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Figure 3: Conventional PCR systems (thermocyclers)

Figure 4: LEFT; BIORAD CFX96 QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME PCR SYSTEM C1000. RIGHT; MX3005P RTqPCR SYSTEM (AGILENT TECHNOLOGY).

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2.5. IMMUNOLOGY Our clinical immunology laboratories are located, in the

premises of Bagamoyo District Hospital and Kingani clinical

trial facility. The lab focuses on exploring the human immune

systems within the framework of vaccine induced immune

responses (vaccine trials), clinical interventions, naturally acquired immune responses during co-morbidities and novel

diagnostic test development.

The laboratories are equipped with state-of-the-art equipment platforms and comprise a team of

highly motivated, knowledgeable and qualified technical staff. We provide specialized clinical

specimen analytical services for clinical studies, immunological technical training, and support

for immunological research.

2.5.1. Our Services: Diagnostics, Research and Training.

2.5.1.1. Diagnostics:

ELISAs such as TB Quantiferon, IP-10 Haptoglobin and other malaria antibody

identification

CD 4 counting for clinical purposes

Multichromatic flow cytometry assays (immunophenotyping, antigen-specific

intracellular cytokine staining and cellular proliferation assays)

2.5.1.2. Training:

We provide training services to visiting scientists and students from various institutions on

wide range of immunological techniques including PBMC isolation and cryopreservation, antigen stimulation assays, cell cultures and ELISAS.

2.5.1.3. Research: We collaborate with several centers of excellences

to carryout immunological studies and with

available technologies we are able to tailor

experiments that fit the wide range of protocols.

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2.6. MICROBIOLOGY In this department we perform basic bacteriologic tests. Our main focus being on bacteria: to

establish bacterial causes of illnesses and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile.

2.6.1. Activities conducted within microbiology laboratory

1. Culture.

This is done by inoculating the sample into culture media, such as blood agar, chocolate agar, MacConkey etc.

2. Gram staining technique (Microscope).

This technique is used to differentiate Gram negative bacteria and Gram positive bacteria.

3. Biochemical tests for catalase, oxidase, coagulase, and indole.

Biochemical tests are used to for identify bacteria because they use deductive principles to

reduce the number of possible pathogenic bacterial species present in the sample

An API (Analytical Profile Index) test strip is a series of cupules containing various freeze

dried reagents and color indicators designed for various biochemical tests. The cupules

are inoculated with a suspension of purified samples containing the microbe of interest.

The results generate a code that can be entered into a database to identify the microbe of

interest.

5. Antimicrobial susceptibility test.

Performance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing is important to confirm susceptibility

of the identified pathogens to detect antibiotic resistance.

Figure 6: AST by the disk diffusion method.

Figure 5: An Analytical Profile Index (API) test strip.

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2.7. HELMINTHOLOGY

Several projects have been conducted in this unit and activities are always performed based on

project requirements. The main samples that are processed in this unit are urine and stool.

2.7.1. Activities in this section

1. Baermann.

1.1. This technique is used to separate larvae from fecal material. This test is used when the

diagnostic stage of infection is a first-stage larva rather than an egg. The Baermann test

is probably the easiest morphology-based parasitologic test to perform and evaluate.

2. Kato-Katz.

2.1. This method is used for preparing human stool samples prior to searching for parasite

eggs in stool. The Kato technique is now most commonly used for detecting

schistosome eggs.

3. Flotac.

3.1. This technique is used to detect and quantify the number of eggs, oocysts, cysts and

parasite larvae found in stool of animals and humans.

4. Filtration

4.1. Used for the quantitative determination of Schistosoma haematobium egg densities in

urine samples.

5. Urinalysis by the combilyzer and haemastix techniques.

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2.8. TUBERCULOSIS The tuberculosis lab has been designed to

perform a range of microbiological analyses

pertaining to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb)

manipulations and diagnosis. The atmosphere

inside the lab is regulated by a negative pressure system due to the nature of the

bacteria and the manipulations conducted, the

creation of aerosols has to be kept minimal. The

lab is separated from the exterior by

hermetically sealed windows and a dual door

entry system that enables maintaining negative pressure inside the lab during entry or exit and

for the sake of safety of personnel and reduced risk of contamination to the experiments and

procedures air entering the lab is HEPA filtered and the same is done to air exiting the lab.

Analyses on samples include;

1. The conventional microbial culture for quantitative

analysis of M.tb and drug susceptibility testing.

Cultures for M.tb are done on LJ slants and 7H9

middlebrook media, these are the solid and liquid media respectively. 7H9 middlebrook media is used by the lab

not only for mycobacterial culture but also for detecting

drug resistance in patient isolates. More efficient

alternatives to the culture method of drug resistance

testing, available at the lab, are the geneXpert and Hain life

sciences line probe assays.

2. Microscopy; both bright field and fluorescent microscopy.

We use both microscopy techniques for the identification

of acid fast bacilli. The fluorescent method of microscopy

is preferred for it sensitivity and bright field microscopy

for its specificity.

3. Advanced molecular diagnostic procedures such as;

line probe assays and automated molecular diagnostic tools that offer the comfort of sensitivity and specificity in detection of M.tb and enable

for speciation and detection of drug resistance.

Over the years, the lab has hosted a number of clinical drug trials and cohorts from multinational

organizations and personalized studies for the academics whose investigations are in one way or

the other related to mycobacteriology. When required the capacity of the lab can be expanded to

work in conjunction with microbiology, biochemistry, and hematology departments for required

sample analyses.

Figure 7: one of two BACTEC liquid culture incubators in the tuberculosis laboratory.

Figure 8: fluorescent microscope.

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3. LAB STAFF PROFILES;

3.1. MAXIMILLIAN MPINA Maximillian oversees all Ifakara health institute Laboratories. He is

currently finalizing his PhD in immunology at the University of

Basel/Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute under the

mentorship of Dr. Claudia Daubenberger, where he is studying

“Malaria specific immune responses induced by RTS,S in a phase III

vaccine trial in Tanzanian infants and children and controlled

human malaria infection trials in adults” Mr. Mpina has extensive

laboratory background and has contributed in the development of

laboratory analysis plans for several studies and clinical trials.

3.2. CATHERINE MKINDI Ms. Mkindi, obtained a Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine the Sokoine

University of Agriculture (SUA), then completed a Diploma Program for

Agricultural and Natural Resources Transformation for Improved Livelihood

at the University of Life Sciences in Norway in 2008. Returning to Sokoine

University she obtained a master degree in veterinary medicine in 2009, and

is now a PhD candidate at the University of Basel, Swiss Tropical and Public

Health Institute.

3.3. ANNETH-MWASI TUMBO Ms. Tumbo joined IHI in September 2011. She obtained her BSc in

Biomedical Sciences in 2011 from the University of Zambia – School of

medicine (UNZA-SOM) followed by an MSc from the University of Basel/

Swiss TPH in 2016. Anneth currently performs GCP/GCLP-compliant

assays (ELISAs and flow cytometry) on specimen from clinical trials and

studies conducted at IHI-Bagamoyo clinical trial site and assist with the

development of new assays.

3.4. HAPPY MKALI Ms. Mkali joined IHI in 2011, she obtained her BSc degree in Biotechnology

and Lab Sciences in 2011 from the Sokoine University of Ariculture (SUA)

followed by an MSc degree molecular biology with specialization in human

health from the Free University of Brussel in 2016. Happy is currently

competent in performing GCP/GCLP-compliant assays in hematology,

Biochemistry, molecular techniques, cell/parasite culture ELISA’s and flow

cytometry on specimen from clinical trials, in analyses and other studies

conducted at IHI-Bagamoyo Laboratory.

Figure 9: Maximillian Mpina

Figure 10: Catherine Mkindi

Figure 11: Anneth-Mwasi Tumbo

Figure 12: Happy Mkali

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3.5. SARAH MSWATA She completed her Bsc. in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and

pursued her M.Sc. in Appiled Microbiology, both from University of Dar es

Salaam. She has been with IHI since 2009, she is the current lab manager

at the Bagamoyo branch. She has had extensive practice in activities in Tuberculosis, Microbiology and molecular biology where she has been

actively engaged over the past six years. She is now in charge of overall

daily supervision of the lab activities.

3.6. LEAH BATEGEREZA Leah is a BSc. graduate in Lab Sciences and Biotechnology from the Sokoine

University of Agriculture (SUA). She has been working with IHI since 2011

as Research officer, well experienced with microbiology technique in

bacteriology and mycobacteriology.

3.7. MATILDA MHAPA Matilda has been working with IHI as a lab attendant

for ten years, she is an expert in areas of Hematology

analysis, clinical chemistry analysis and in parasitology techniques. She is

a team player and provides very good support in research activities

3.8. GRACE WILSON CHEYO Grace has been working with IHI for thirteen good

years as a Lab Assistant. She is an expert in areas

of clinical chemistry, Hematology analysis and in

parasitology techniques. She is very good in sharing her knowledge with

others.

3.9. JAILAN MUSHI Jailan has been working with IHI as a lab attendant since 2009; he is

also an expert in area of Hematology analysis, clinical chemistry

analysis and in parasitology techniques. He has been a team a team

player and a very good supporter in research activities.

Figure 13: Sarah Mswata

Figure 14: Leah Bategereza

Figure 15: Matilda Mhapa

Figure 16: Grace Wilson Cheyo

Figure 17: Jailan Mushi

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3.10. TEKLA MSEKEFU Ms. Tekla has been working with IHI as a lab attendant for ten years, she

is also an expert in area of Hematology analysis, clinical chemistry analysis

and in parasitology techniques. She is a team player and a very good

supporter in research and training activities.

3.11. MOHAMED CHABO Mr. Chabo has been working with IHI for thirteen

good years as a Lab Assistant. He is an expert in

area of parasitology and a very good trainer in parasitology techniques.

He is also competent in clinical chemistry and Hematology analysis. His

mostly area of interest being Parasitology as trainer of trainers.

3.12. TATU NASSORO Ms. Tatu has been working with IHI since 2015 as a competent personnel in

the helminths unit. She has been actively supporting the ongoing

epidemiology and clinical trials studies in the areas of Malaria and

Tuberculosis research.

3.13. ANDREW MGANGA Andrew is a graduate from the University of Dar es Salaam with a

Bachelor’s degree in Microbiology. Andrew has been part of the

Bagamoyo Research and Training Center team for a period of over two

years with experience in microbiological techniques such as; microbial

cultures, isolation and identification, and microscopy as well as

molecular biology techniques that include; nucleic acid extraction, and

both conventional and real time PCR owing to his involvement with

two tuberculosis clinical drug trials and a separate project that

incorporates molecular biology and virology.

3.14. THECLA KAZIMOTO Thecla has been with IHI since 2010 working in the microbiology

department. She received her Master’s in biomedical sciences with

specialization in medical microbiology from the University of Wales,

2010. She is currently a Ph.D. student at the University of Saarland,

Homburg campus in Germany.

Figure 19: Tekla Msekefu

Figure 18: Mohamed Chabo

Figure 21: Andrew Mganga

Figure 20: Tatu Nassoro

Figure 22: Thecla Kazimoto

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3.15 SOLOMON MWAKASUNGULA He is a Research Scientist based in the laboratory and his research

interest focuses on application of laboratory tools, techniques and

standards to understand the epidemiology of infectious disease in

particular understanding the infection, pathogenesis,

transmission, mitigation and control of the diseases pathogens. He

extends his research interest in surveillance of bacterial, viral,

protozoan and parasitic diseases which causes diseases of poverty

including HIV/tuberculosis diarrhoea and malaria and Neglected tropical diseases such as schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted

helminths. Field diseases surveillance including emerging and re-

emerging diseases outbreaks such as Ebola and other bacterial and viral diseases are area of my

esteemed focus. Clinical trials including drugs and vaccine trials are field of my attention

especially in general principles of conducting phase I to phase III clinical trials in human subjects.

3.16 VERONICA MISANA Veronica holds a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology from the

University of Dar es Salaam, 2012. She joined the Ifakara Health

Institute in 2012 as a research officer for the tuberculosis

department. Veronica is competent with the basics of microbiology

such as; microbial cultures, isolation, identification, and

microscopy and with more advanced diagnostic and identification

techniques pertaining to Mycobacterium tuberculosis that include;

cultures, drug sensitivity testing and molecular identification for M.

tuberculosis.

Veronica is well trained and certified in Good clinical Practice (ICH-

GCP), Transportation of Dangerous Goods, and Good Clinical and

Laboratory Practice (GCLP). She has been involved with several tuberculosis drug trials and

cohorts and is currently the focal lab personnel for the tuberculosis department.

3.17 LUJEKO KAMWELA Lujeko holds a Bachelor of Science in Molecular Biology and

Biotechnology from the University of Dar es salaam. He has been

working with IHI since 2011. He is well trained and certified in Good

clinical Practice (ICH-GCP), Transportation of Dangerous Goods,

and Good Clinical and Laboratory Practice (GCLP). She has been

involved with several tuberculosis drug trials and cohorts and is

currently the lab manager for the tuberculosis department.

Figure 23: Solomon Mwakasungula

Figure 24: Veronica Misana

Figure 25: Lujeko Kamwela

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4. SELECTED PUBLICATIONS:

Portevin, Damien, Felicien Moukambi, Petra Clowes, Asli Bauer, Mkunde Chachage, Nyanda E.

Ntinginya, Elirehema Mfinanga et al. "Assessment of the novel T-cell activation marker–

tuberculosis assay for diagnosis of active tuberculosis in children: a prospective proof-of-

concept study." The Lancet Infectious Diseases 14, no. 10 (2014): 931-938.

Shekalaghe, Seif, Mastidia Rutaihwa, Peter F. Billingsley, Mwajuma Chemba, Claudia A. Daubenberger, Eric James, Maximillian Mpina et al. "Controlled human malaria infection of

Tanzanians by intradermal injection of aseptic, purified, cryopreserved Plasmodium

falciparum sporozoites." The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene (2014): 14-

0119.

Lenz, Nicole, Tobias Schindler, Benjamin M. Kagina, Jitao David Zhang, Tedson Lukindo,

Maxmillian Mpina, Peter Bang et al. "Antiviral Innate Immune Activation in HIV-Infected

Adults Negatively Affects H1/IC31-Induced Vaccine-Specific Memory CD4+ T Cells."

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 22, no. 7 (2015): 688-696.

Solomon Mwakasungula , Tobias Schindler, Said Jongo, Elena Moreno , Kassim Kamaka,

Mgeni Mohammed d, Selina Joseph , Ramla Rashid , Thabit Athumani , Anneth-Mwasi Tumbo ,

Ali Hamad , Omar Lweno , Seif Shekalaghe , Claudia A. Daubenberger “ Red blood

cell indices and prevalence of haemoglobinopathies and glucose 6 phosphate

dehydrogenase deficiencies in male Tanzanian residents of Dar es Salaam” Int J Mol

Epidemiol Genet. 2014; 5(4): 185–194.

Deborah Sumari, Brian T. Grimberg, D’Arbra Blankenship, Joseph Mugasa, Kefas Mugittu, Lee

Moore, Paul Gwakisa, Maciej Zborowski. Application of magnetic cytosmear for the

estimation of Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte density and detection of asexual stages

in asymptomatic children. Malaria Journal, 2016, 15:113

Deborah Sumari, Angel Dillip, Vitalis Ndume, Joseph P. Mugasa, Paul S. Gwakisa. Knowledge,

Attitudes and Practices on malaria in relation to its transmission among primary school

children in Bagamoyo district, Tanzania. Malaria World Journal, 2016, 7:2

Deborah Sumari, Majige Selemani, Seif Shekalaghe, Kefas Mugittu, Joseph P. Mugasa, Paul S.

Gwakisa. Prevalence of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections in

asymptomatic children in low transmission settings in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Malaria

World Journal, 2016, 7:6

Irene M Masanja, Meredith L McMorrow, Mussa B Maganga, Debora Sumari, Venkatachalam

Udhayakumar, Peter D McElroy, Patrick Kachur, Naomi W Lucchi. Quality assurance of

malaria rapid diagnostic tests used for routine patient care in ruralTanzania: microscopy

versus real-time polymerase chain reaction. Malaria Journal, 2015, 14:85

Mwingira F, Nkwengulila G, Schoepflin S, Sumari D, Beck HP, Snounou G, Felger I, Olliaro P,

Mugittu K. Plasmodium falciparum msp1, msp2 and glurp allele frequency and diversity

in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria Journal, 2011, 10:79

Allison Demas, Jenna Oberstaller, Jeremy DeBarry, Naomi W. Lucchi, Ganesh Srinivasamoorthy,

Deborah Sumari, Abdunoor M. Kabanywanyi, Leopoldo Villegas, Ananias A. Escalante, S. Patrick

18

Kachur, John W. Barnwell, David S. Peterson, Venkatachalam Udhayakumar, Jessica C. Kissinger.

Applied genomics: Data mining reveals species-specific malaria molecular diagnostic

targets. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2011, 49 (7): 2411-18

Deborah Sumari, Ken M Hosea, Joseph P Mugasa, Salim Abdulla. Genetic diversity of

Plasmodium falciparum strains in children under five years of age in Southeastern

Tanzania. The Open Tropical Medicine Journal, 2010, 3: 10-14.

Naomi Lucchi, Allison Demas, Jothikumar Narayanan, Vincent Hill, Deborah Sumari, S. Patrick

Kachur, Abdunour Kabanywanyi, John Barnwell, Venkatachalam Udhayakumar. Real-time

Fluorescence Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RealAmp) for the diagnosis of

Malaria in the Field settings. PLoS One 2010 5(10): e13733

Abdunoor M Kabanywanyi, Alex Mwita, Deborah Sumari, Renata Mandike, Kefas Mugittu, Salim

Abdulla. Efficacy and safety of artemisinin-based antimalarial in the treatment of

uncomplicated malaria in children in southern Tanzania. Malaria Journal, 2007, 6:146

Taylor SM, Mayor A, Mombo-Ngoma G, Kenguele HM, Ouedraogo S, Ndam NT, Mkali H,

Mwangoka G, Valecha N, Singh JP et al. A quality control program within a clinical trial

Consortium for PCR protocols to detect Plasmodium species. J Clin Microbiol. 2014.

52 (6): 2144-9

PREPARED BY;

ANDREW MGANGA

SARAH MSWATA