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I. Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Elements of Classical Conditioningl Unconditioned stimulus (US or UCS)
l Unconditioned response (UR or UCR)
l Conditioned stimulus (CS)
l Conditioned response (CR)
Classical Conditioning Procedure
Temporal Spacing of CS and USl Research has shown that a CS must provide information about the US in order for
conditioning to occur
Phases of Classical Conditioning
l Acquisition
l Extinction
l Spontaneous Recovery
Classical Conditioning In Humansl Many fears and phobias are the result of classical conditioning
l Classical conditioning is selective
– Preparedness
l Taste aversion
New Learning Based on Original Learningl Higher-Order Conditioning
Generalization and Discriminationl Stimulus generalization
l Stimulus discrimination
l What would life be like if we were unable to generalize or discriminate?
II. Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Elements of OperantConditioning
l Operant
l Reinforcer
l Example of operant conditioning
Types of Reinforcementl Positive reinforcement
l Negative reinforcement
– This is NOT the same thing as punishment
Variations of Negative Reinforcement
l Escape conditioning
l Avoidance conditioning
l Remember, although negative reinforcement involves “aversive” stimuli, it is NOT thesame thing as punishment
Punishmentl Goal of punishment
l Effective punishment
Problems With Punishment
Extinctionl Extinction
Types of Reinforcersl There are two categories of reinforcers in operant conditioning
– Primary reinforcers
– Secondary reinforcers
Discrimination and Generalizationl Discriminative stimuli
l Generalization
Contingencies in Operant Conditioning
Schedules of Reinforcementl Ratio schedules depend on the number of responses made
– Fixed-ratio schedule
– Variable-ratio schedule
l Interval schedules depend on the passing of time
– Fixed-interval schedule
– Variable-interval schedule
Learning Complex Behaviors
l Shaping
- Successive Approximations
Learned Helplessnessl Learned helplessness
Behavior Modificationl Biofeedback
l Token economies
l Behavioral contracting
Cognitive Learning
Latent Learningl Latent learning
Learning by Observingl Observational (vicarious) learning
l For observational learning to occur, the observer must:
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