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OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENEPRACTICE
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Industrial Hygiene Includes :
Identifying the extent of toxicity(harmfuleffects) of chemical,physical and biologicalagents:
Identifying the extent of employee exposurethrough inhalation,skin absorption oringestion:
Recommending and implementing processcontrols that reduce the exposure to harmful
substances & following safe work practicesincluding use of personal protective devices toguard against the exposure
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Work-Environmental Hazards
Physical Chemical
1. Noise Dust
2.Vibration Gases
3. Illumination Fumes
4. Heat Stress Vapours5. Low temperatures Mists
6. Non- ionizing and ionizing radiation.
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Different Types of Stresses/Hazards
Chemical : Dust ,Gases ,Vapours, Mist,Aerosols ,Fumes
Physical : Noise ,Vibration, Low & High
Temperatures ,Poor Illumination, Pressure,and Non-ionizing & ionizing radiation
Microbiological Stresses-bacteria, virus,fungus ,insects ,parasite, etc
Ergonomic Stresses-awkward posture,improper lifting, pain , illness ,accident due towrong design
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Non occupational Hazards
Air
Water
Food Clothing
Personal Habit
Housing
Climate
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PRINCIPLES OF RISK MANAGEMENT
Anticipation
Identification
Evaluation
Control
Review
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Difference Between IH & OH
IH is aimed at identifying& rectifying causesleading to occupationaldisease
IH deals with controltechniques to reduce oreliminate ill-effects ofenvironmental hazardslike chemical ,physical
,biological ,ergonomichazards on human health
OH/Occu Medicine aimsat identifyingoccupational diseases inthe early stage
OH studies the mode,effects & consequencesof environmental hazardsor stress likechemical,physical,biologi
cal,ergonomic hazards onhuman health
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Difference Between IH & OH( Cont)
IH attempts to eliminateor minimize theexposure ,environmental or work
hazards on human orpublic health byengineeringcontrol,good housekeeping,workplace,environmentalclean & pollution free &hygiene
OH deals with theeffects of exposure thatpenetrates humanhealth,gives medicine to
improve it & by pre-employment &periodical medicalexamination,it strives toanticipate occupationaldiseases & tries forcontinuous health careof workers
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Work Co-ordination betweenIH,SO,MO for the purpose of Safety&Health
The work of IH,SO & MO is reciprocal & useful to each other
IH can measure & report hazards level.He can carry personalmonitoring & report individual exposure.He can assess the needof biological monitoring
SO study the IH report and suggest engineering control
MO can examine the worker for effect of exposure and cancarry biological monitoring & suggest medical control
Work of IH is useful to health physician in drawing conclusionfor occupational diseases
Thus all the three officers co-ordinate the OH work for purposeof Safety & Health
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AIM & Objective Of O H
There are thousands of potentially hazards situationsin our workplaces dealing with thousands ofhazardous substances
Recognizing the hazards,assessing the risks, andcontrolling those risks to an acceptable level willprovide the best economic solution to a healthyworkplace
Occupational Hygiene( O H) really is a system of
workplace management which finds out just whatthe hazards are, evaluates the risk andsubsequently controls them to a level which isconsidered acceptable
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HYGIENIST HAS TO CARRY OUT FOLLOWING STEPS
Monitoring or measure the exposure of
the worker to the hazard.
Compare this exposure with exposure
standards.
Decide whether there is a risk to health
or safety
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What you should know
The hazard
The degree of risk from the exposure.
Various practicable control strategies i.e.elimination,substitution,isolation,ventilation,administration controls, personalprotection.
How much control is required
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What You Should Know( Cont)
Comparative effectiveness of different controlprocedures
The relative costs of implementation
Maintenance & testing methods for controlprocedures
User Acceptability over long periods
Any social impacts of implementing controls(Work force oriented control)
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Anticipation
Anticipation includes prior knowledge ofpossible hazards in industry and their effectson workers health. For this do something in
advance of the event
Know the process(s)
Know the raw material(s)
Know the finished productKnow the properties of raw materials & the
finished products
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Recognition is complication in the followingways
Most health hazards cannot be seen many (Substance) haveno adequate warning smell
Workers do not know what their exposure is
Most employers and employees have little information on
potential health effects.
Exposure mostly do not produce immediate response sohazards are ignored.
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How does the hygienist recognize an occupationalhygiene hazards ?
(A) Direct health indicators
A worker is killed in an acute poisoningincident(Employee complain?)
Workers are becoming ill on the job(Employeecomplain?)
There are biological or radiological signs of work relatedhazards before any symptoms occur
There is increased incidence of particular symptomoccurring amongst certain workers ( Affecting humanhealth & Environment?)
Death certificates show an increased incidence of death
due to a particular cause.
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(B) Using previous experience andinformation already available
Information available on health
hazards in the workplace-libraryinformation
Material safety data sheet (MSDS)
Information available on hazardoussubstance
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(C) Observation or use of specialist expertise
1) The material input e.g Solids may give off dust
Liquid may produce aerosol or vapor
Expert opinion & fumes, gases, dust, etc.
2) Work process generates the hazards fromtoxic materials and creates hazards &Pollution.
3) The pattern of exposure Important to exposure information to identity
potential hazards.
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Evaluation of the hazard consists ofexamining several principal parts
The quantity of the known hazard coming intocontact with the worker ( exposure Acute orChronic)
The likely routes of entry( inhalation, skinabsorption , and ingestion-eating & drinking)
Likelihood of health effects from contact
Rate of which the hazard is generated
Protection offered by existing controls
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Walk through survey include :
Planning
Investigation
EvaluationReporting
Action
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Walkthrough Survey
Process
Number of Workers involved
Materials used or handed
Evidence of reactions and any material
transformation Engineering controls in place
Housekeeping at the process site
Visible conductions at the site(any dust & mists)
Possible routes of entry(inhalation,skin,ingestion)
Personal protective equipment
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Functions Of OccupationalHygienists
Directs the occupational hygiene programme
Examines Work-Environment,Environs
Interprets the data for assessment of thework-environment and environs in terms ofability to impair health, nature of healthimpairment,workers efficiency and community
nuisance and/or damage and present specificconclusions to appropriate interested partiessuch as management and health officials
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Functions Of OccupationalHygienists( Cont)
Determine the need for control measures andrecommends procedures which will besuitable and effective for the environment
and environs. Presents experts testimony before courts of
law, hearing boards,workmens
compensations and legally appointedinvestigative bodies covering all matterspertaining to occupational hygiene
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Functions Of OccupationalHygienists( Cont) Organizes programmes for education of
workers and the public in the prevention ofoccupational disease and community nuisance
Establish or improve threshold limit values orstandards as guides for the maintenance ofhealth and efficiency
Conduct research to advance knowledge of theeffects of occupation upon health and means
of preventing occupational health impairment,community air pollution,noise nuisance andrelated problems