Human Geography & Globalization
By: Joanna Wong & Mikey Holohan
Geography
Geography- the study of the earth
Physical Geography Human Geography
How natural processes and their outcomes shape the earth
• Weather Pattern• Soil Formation• Animal Ecology
The spatial organization of human activities and with people’s relationships to their environments
• Agriculture Production
• Population Change• Regional Planning
5 Themes of Geography
LocationExplains where something is on the Earth and the effects that position has on human life
Absolute Relative
• Measured by longitude and latitude
Described by something’s relationship to the places around it
Site:actual location of a settlement on the earth and is composed of the physical characteristics of the landscape specific to the area
Situation:the location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places.
5 Themes of GeographyPlace refers to all of the human and physical attributes in a location
RegionA region is a spatial unit, or group of places, that share similar characteristics
– Formal -Area that has common cultural and physical features
– Functional - Group of places linked together by some type of movement or function
– Perceptual - Group of places linked together because of perceptions about those places
Human Environment InteractionDescribes how human activities affect their environment and how environmental changes impact human life
MovementMovement of information, people, goods, and other phenomena
Tools and Methods
• Remote Sensing: acquisition of data about earth’s surface from satellite images are transmitted in digital form
• GIS: a computer system that can capture, story, query, analyze, and display geographic data– Data capture: putting the information into the
system
Types of MapsTopographic Maps
• Measures elevation
• Lines - Contours
Isopleth Maps
• Lines measures places of equal data value
• Lines - Isolines
Dot Maps
• Dots represent specified number of occurrences
Chloropleth Maps
• Shadings represent different variations in numbers
Scale
Scale: relationship of a feature’s size on a map to its actual size on earth
• Fractional: numerical ratio between distances on the map on earth’s surface• Ex: 1:10,000
• Written: relationship between the map and earth distances in words• Ex: 1 inch equals 100
miles
• Graphic: consists of a bar line marked to show distance on the earth’s surface
Small scale: less details, big fraction
Big scale: more details, small fraction
Projections
Projection: The scientific method of transferring locations on the earth’s surface to a flat mapThe issues? Projections can distort size, shape direction, distance
Types of ProjectionsMercator
• Good for: Direction
• Bad for: Area
Fuller
Robinson Azimuthal
• Good for: Size and Shape
• Bad for: Direction
• Good for: well balanced map, oceans
• Bad for: all four areas are distorted
• Good for: Direction
• Bad for: Direction for anywhere other than the poles
Distance
• Tobler’s law: Everything is related in some way, nearer things are more related than distant things
• Time-Distance Decay: Describes the rate at which a particular activity or phenomenon diminishes with increasing distance
Spatial Distribution
DensityFrequency at which something occurs
– Arithmetic: total number of objects per area
– Physiological Density: number of people per unit of arable land
PatternGeometric arrangement of objects in space
ConcentrationA features spread over place
– Clustered: Close together– Dispersed: Far apart
Immanuel Kant:A German philosopher that differentiated the difference between historians and geographer based on geographer’s use of location
Spatial Interaction
ComplementarityThe demand in one place with a matching supply in another
– Specialization– Resource distribution
TransferabilityCost involved in moving goods from one place to another
– High transferability rate: little things that require less cost to transfer
– Low transferability rate: larger, more fragile things that cost more to transfer
Intervening OpportunityDetermines volume and pattern of movements, factors why you pick one thing over another
DiffusionProcess in which phenomenon spread from one place to another
Types of Diffusion
Expansion DiffusionWhen an idea develops in the hearth, and continues to spread outwards
Relocation DiffusionSpread of an idea through physical movement
– Language– Diseases
Hierarchal: Idea that spreads from a person or a major cityContagious: Rapid diffusion through populationStimulus: Spread of underlying principle, not the entirety of the idea
Regions
Regions: group of places that share similar characteristics
Formal Functional Vernacular
• A homogenous region that shares one or more distinctive characteristics
• Contains recognized borders
• A region bounded by some type of function
• Organized around a focal point
• A place that people believe exist as part of a cultural identity
• Always based on a person’s perception
Regionalization
Regionalism: Situations in which different religious or ethnic groups co-exists within the same boundariesSectionalism: Feelings that develop into an extreme devotion to regional interests and customsIrredentism: Assertion by the government of a country that a minority living outside its formal border belongs to it historically and culturally
Globalization
Globalization: force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope, basically, the world is inner-connected and shrinking!
The Three Steps → Modern World
Step #1 1st agricultural revolution
– Reciprocal Economy– Allowed for higher population
densities– Specialization– Trade
Step #2Colonization
– New settlements – Urbanization, development of
towns and cities for early world-empires
Step #3 Capitalism
– Major regions of the world is connected by trade
– Hinterland: Sphere of economic influence
During this time, major advancements in technology were made as exploration began. Some centers of scholarships included: Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo, and Granada
Wallerstein’s World-System
World-SystemInter-dependent systems of countries linked by political and economic competition
PeripheryDependent on core countries, lacks infrastructure, manufacturing, and technology, it is undeveloped with very specialized economies
Semi-PeripheryIn between core and periphery countries, is still exploited by the core while exploiting the peripheryy countries themselves.
CoreDominate trade, have the most advanced technologies and infrastructure, and high levels of productivity
Imperialism and the effects
• While every country tried to dominate globally through imperialism, it led to major consequences…– Trade dependency– Ethnocentrism : Attitude that one race
and culture is superior to others– Environmental determinism: Human
activities is shaped, and constrained by the environment
Globalization
Cultural GlobalizationDue to different communication methods and advertising, globalization has reached many different cultures around the world.
– Can lead to conflicts because many refuses westernization
Transnational CorporationPlaces where research is conducted, factories are operated, and products are sold to many countries outside of the headquaters
• Economic differences are heightened
• Periphery countries can be exploited further
Westernization and its Issues
• Sometimes this is referred to as the “New Imperialism”
• In periphery countries, not all are accepting of westernization because few can enjoy this luxury
• The problems? – Environmental- pollution, climate change– Health- Increased travel also increase
diseases– Security- spread of weapons and terrorism– Disparity- Core is consolidated (rich is
getting richer)
JEOPARDY!
5 Themes of
Geography
Maps, Models, and
Tools
Spatial Analysis
RegionsGlobalizatio
n
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200 200 200 200 200
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500 500 500 500 500
5 Themes of Geography
What is geography?
The study of the earth.
5 Themes of Geography
What is human geography?
The spatial organization of human activities and with people’s relationships to their environments.
5 Themes of Geography
What are the 5 themes of geography?
Location, Human environment interaction, region, place, and movement.
5 Themes of Geography
What is a formal region?
Area that has common cultural and physical features.
5 Themes of Geography
What is the difference between site and situation?
Site is the actual location of a settlement on the earth, and situation is the location of place relative
to its surroundings and other places.
Maps, Models, and Tools
What are three types of scales used on maps?
Fractional, written, and graphic.
Maps, Models, and Tools
What is remote sensing?
Aerial photography or satellite imagery designed to record data on visible, infrared, and microwave
sensor systems
Maps, Models, and Tools
What kind of map is used to represent spatial dimensions of a particular
condition, process, or events?
Thematic Map
Maps, Models, and Tools
What are the four problems associated with projections?
They can distort the actual shape, size, distance, and direction of places on earth.
Maps, Models, and Tools
What map is useful for displaying the oceans?
Robinson Projection
Spatial Analysis
What is used to calculate the absolute location of a place on earth?
Latitude and Longitude.
Spatial Analysis
What are the three times of expansion diffusion?
Hierarchal, contagious, and stimulus.
Spatial Analysis
What term is used to describe that the rate of a particular activity decreases as
distance increases?
Time Space Convergence
Spatial Analysis
Who compared geography’s concern for space to history’s concern for time?
Immanuel Kant
Spatial Analysis
What does Tobler’s law state?
Everything is related to everything else, but nearer things are more related than distant things.
Regions
What are the three types of regions?
Formal, Functional(Nodal), and Perceptual.
Regions
What kind of region would “The South” be considered?
Perceptual.
Regions
What kind of region are states considered?
Formal
Regions
What is sectionalism?
Feelings that develop into an extreme devotion to regional interests and customs.
Regions
What is irredentism?
Assertion by the government of a country that a minority living outside its formal border belongs to
it historically and culturally.
Globalization
What is causing the world to “shrink”?
Globalization
Globalization
What event allowed for the creation of cities to become possible?
Neolithic Revolution
Globalization
What are negative consequences of globalization?
Any of the following- Environmental destruction, Health issues, Security Issues, and Disparity Issues.
Globalization
What is ethnocentrism?
Attitude that one’s race and culture are superior to others.
Globalization
Who created the idea of a World System, which consists of core, semi-periphery,
and periphery countries?
Immanuel Wallerstein
Helpful Reviews
• http://quizlet.com/subject/ap-human-geography-exam-review/
• http://www.studystack.com/APHumanGeography
• http://www.scuc.txed.net/webpages/jchavez/tests.cfm?subpage=23825
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