Human Geography & Globalization

By: Joanna Wong & Mikey Holohan

Geography

Geography- the study of the earth

Physical Geography Human Geography

How natural processes and their outcomes shape the earth

• Weather Pattern• Soil Formation• Animal Ecology

The spatial organization of human activities and with people’s relationships to their environments

• Agriculture Production

• Population Change• Regional Planning

5 Themes of Geography

LocationExplains where something is on the Earth and the effects that position has on human life

Absolute Relative

• Measured by longitude and latitude

Described by something’s relationship to the places around it

Site:actual location of a settlement on the earth and is composed of the physical characteristics of the landscape specific to the area

Situation:the location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places.

5 Themes of GeographyPlace refers to all of the human and physical attributes in a location

RegionA region is a spatial unit, or group of places, that share similar characteristics

– Formal -Area that has common cultural and physical features

– Functional - Group of places linked together by some type of movement or function

– Perceptual - Group of places linked together because of perceptions about those places

Human Environment InteractionDescribes how human activities affect their environment and how environmental changes impact human life

MovementMovement of information, people, goods, and other phenomena

Tools and Methods

• Remote Sensing: acquisition of data about earth’s surface from satellite images are transmitted in digital form

• GIS: a computer system that can capture, story, query, analyze, and display geographic data– Data capture: putting the information into the

system

Types of MapsTopographic Maps

• Measures elevation

• Lines - Contours

Isopleth Maps

• Lines measures places of equal data value

• Lines - Isolines

Dot Maps

• Dots represent specified number of occurrences

Chloropleth Maps

• Shadings represent different variations in numbers

Scale

Scale: relationship of a feature’s size on a map to its actual size on earth

• Fractional: numerical ratio between distances on the map on earth’s surface• Ex: 1:10,000

• Written: relationship between the map and earth distances in words• Ex: 1 inch equals 100

miles

• Graphic: consists of a bar line marked to show distance on the earth’s surface

Small scale: less details, big fraction

Big scale: more details, small fraction

Projections

Projection: The scientific method of transferring locations on the earth’s surface to a flat mapThe issues? Projections can distort size, shape direction, distance

Types of ProjectionsMercator

• Good for: Direction

• Bad for: Area

Fuller

Robinson Azimuthal

• Good for: Size and Shape

• Bad for: Direction

• Good for: well balanced map, oceans

• Bad for: all four areas are distorted

• Good for: Direction

• Bad for: Direction for anywhere other than the poles

Distance

• Tobler’s law: Everything is related in some way, nearer things are more related than distant things

• Time-Distance Decay: Describes the rate at which a particular activity or phenomenon diminishes with increasing distance

Spatial Distribution

DensityFrequency at which something occurs

– Arithmetic: total number of objects per area

– Physiological Density: number of people per unit of arable land

PatternGeometric arrangement of objects in space

ConcentrationA features spread over place

– Clustered: Close together– Dispersed: Far apart

Immanuel Kant:A German philosopher that differentiated the difference between historians and geographer based on geographer’s use of location

Spatial Interaction

ComplementarityThe demand in one place with a matching supply in another

– Specialization– Resource distribution

TransferabilityCost involved in moving goods from one place to another

– High transferability rate: little things that require less cost to transfer

– Low transferability rate: larger, more fragile things that cost more to transfer

Intervening OpportunityDetermines volume and pattern of movements, factors why you pick one thing over another

DiffusionProcess in which phenomenon spread from one place to another

Types of Diffusion

Expansion DiffusionWhen an idea develops in the hearth, and continues to spread outwards

Relocation DiffusionSpread of an idea through physical movement

– Language– Diseases

Hierarchal: Idea that spreads from a person or a major cityContagious: Rapid diffusion through populationStimulus: Spread of underlying principle, not the entirety of the idea

Regions

Regions: group of places that share similar characteristics

Formal Functional Vernacular

• A homogenous region that shares one or more distinctive characteristics

• Contains recognized borders

• A region bounded by some type of function

• Organized around a focal point

• A place that people believe exist as part of a cultural identity

• Always based on a person’s perception

Regionalization

Regionalism: Situations in which different religious or ethnic groups co-exists within the same boundariesSectionalism: Feelings that develop into an extreme devotion to regional interests and customsIrredentism: Assertion by the government of a country that a minority living outside its formal border belongs to it historically and culturally

Globalization

Globalization: force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope, basically, the world is inner-connected and shrinking!

The Three Steps → Modern World

Step #1 1st agricultural revolution

– Reciprocal Economy– Allowed for higher population

densities– Specialization– Trade

Step #2Colonization

– New settlements – Urbanization, development of

towns and cities for early world-empires

Step #3 Capitalism

– Major regions of the world is connected by trade

– Hinterland: Sphere of economic influence

During this time, major advancements in technology were made as exploration began. Some centers of scholarships included: Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo, and Granada

Wallerstein’s World-System

World-SystemInter-dependent systems of countries linked by political and economic competition

PeripheryDependent on core countries, lacks infrastructure, manufacturing, and technology, it is undeveloped with very specialized economies

Semi-PeripheryIn between core and periphery countries, is still exploited by the core while exploiting the peripheryy countries themselves.

CoreDominate trade, have the most advanced technologies and infrastructure, and high levels of productivity

Imperialism and the effects

• While every country tried to dominate globally through imperialism, it led to major consequences…– Trade dependency– Ethnocentrism : Attitude that one race

and culture is superior to others– Environmental determinism: Human

activities is shaped, and constrained by the environment

Globalization

Cultural GlobalizationDue to different communication methods and advertising, globalization has reached many different cultures around the world.

– Can lead to conflicts because many refuses westernization

Transnational CorporationPlaces where research is conducted, factories are operated, and products are sold to many countries outside of the headquaters

• Economic differences are heightened

• Periphery countries can be exploited further

Westernization and its Issues

• Sometimes this is referred to as the “New Imperialism”

• In periphery countries, not all are accepting of westernization because few can enjoy this luxury

• The problems? – Environmental- pollution, climate change– Health- Increased travel also increase

diseases– Security- spread of weapons and terrorism– Disparity- Core is consolidated (rich is

getting richer)

JEOPARDY!

5 Themes of

Geography

Maps, Models, and

Tools

Spatial Analysis

RegionsGlobalizatio

n

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500 500 500 500 500

5 Themes of Geography

What is geography?

The study of the earth.

5 Themes of Geography

What is human geography?

The spatial organization of human activities and with people’s relationships to their environments.

5 Themes of Geography

What are the 5 themes of geography?

Location, Human environment interaction, region, place, and movement.

5 Themes of Geography

What is a formal region?

Area that has common cultural and physical features.

5 Themes of Geography

What is the difference between site and situation?

Site is the actual location of a settlement on the earth, and situation is the location of place relative

to its surroundings and other places.

Maps, Models, and Tools

What are three types of scales used on maps?

Fractional, written, and graphic.

Maps, Models, and Tools

What is remote sensing?

Aerial photography or satellite imagery designed to record data on visible, infrared, and microwave

sensor systems

Maps, Models, and Tools

What kind of map is used to represent spatial dimensions of a particular

condition, process, or events?

Thematic Map

Maps, Models, and Tools

What are the four problems associated with projections?

They can distort the actual shape, size, distance, and direction of places on earth.

Maps, Models, and Tools

What map is useful for displaying the oceans?

Robinson Projection

Spatial Analysis

What is used to calculate the absolute location of a place on earth?

Latitude and Longitude.

Spatial Analysis

What are the three times of expansion diffusion?

Hierarchal, contagious, and stimulus.

Spatial Analysis

What term is used to describe that the rate of a particular activity decreases as

distance increases?

Time Space Convergence

Spatial Analysis

Who compared geography’s concern for space to history’s concern for time?

Immanuel Kant

Spatial Analysis

What does Tobler’s law state?

Everything is related to everything else, but nearer things are more related than distant things.

Regions

What are the three types of regions?

Formal, Functional(Nodal), and Perceptual.

Regions

What kind of region would “The South” be considered?

Perceptual.

Regions

What kind of region are states considered?

Formal

Regions

What is sectionalism?

Feelings that develop into an extreme devotion to regional interests and customs.

Regions

What is irredentism?

Assertion by the government of a country that a minority living outside its formal border belongs to

it historically and culturally.

Globalization

What is causing the world to “shrink”?

Globalization

Globalization

What event allowed for the creation of cities to become possible?

Neolithic Revolution

Globalization

What are negative consequences of globalization?

Any of the following- Environmental destruction, Health issues, Security Issues, and Disparity Issues.

Globalization

What is ethnocentrism?

Attitude that one’s race and culture are superior to others.

Globalization

Who created the idea of a World System, which consists of core, semi-periphery,

and periphery countries?

Immanuel Wallerstein

Helpful Reviews

• http://quizlet.com/subject/ap-human-geography-exam-review/

• http://www.studystack.com/APHumanGeography

• http://www.scuc.txed.net/webpages/jchavez/tests.cfm?subpage=23825