Charles de Steuben,Bataille de PoitiersEn Octobre 782
Defeated the Moors at the Battle of Tours
Alliance with Benedictine Missionaries
Engaged with Papacy
Defeated Lombards
Militarized state
Conquests against Lombards
Counts appointed to supervise new lands
Coinage system
Ruler of Christendom◦ Kingly government is a sacred office designed by
God to protect the church, defend Christians and promote salvation
◦ No kingdom can prosper if lives of its subjects are displeasing to God
Controlled Bishops and Abbots
Changes liturgy
Prohibited pagan practices
Imposed Holy Baptism on subjects
Classical learning is foundation of Christian wisdom
Collating, correcting and copying Latin texts, including the Bible
New style of handwriting Carolingian Miniscule
Crowned Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day 800
From 10th century manuscript of the Vulgate, Luke 1: 1-5
Byzantium copied Rome’s fundamental legal and political institutions
Muslim Caliphates combined the rich legacy of the Near East, Egypt and much of the Hellenistic world ◦ Promoted commerce and cultural exchange
Geographic and cultural Rome was most closely emulated by the Kingdoms of northwestern Europe
Byzantium, Muslim Caliphates and Kingdoms of northwestern Europe developed their defining characteristics during the 6th and 7th
centuries Fruitful if uneasy relationships
◦ Italian traders active in Constantinople◦ Muslim traders were common in Southern Italy◦ Anglo-Saxon merchants traded within the
Mediterranean◦ Jewish merchants in Rhineland traded with Muslim
communities in Egypt◦ Viking traders from Novgorod in Russia to Dublin
Began to share a new sense of common identity◦ Roman Church as spiritual guidance
◦ Fellow rulers for aid
◦ Mobilized for war
Charlemagne succeeded by Louis the Pious
Upon Louis’s death, kingdom divided into 3◦ Western France
◦ Eastern France
◦ Germany
Civil War between Eastern and Western France 856◦ Kingdom at limit of power
◦ Not enough booty and plunder and land for the counts
◦ Viking raids
Mid-twelfth century paintingOf Danish Seamen
Vikings means “robbers”
Raided Europe and British Isles for Silver from the middle of the 9th century◦ Plunder
◦ Ransom
◦ Tribute collection
◦ slaving
England, Scotland, Ireland and Northern France
Normandy “land of the Northmen”
1066 Battle of Hastings
Civil war
Muslim attacks on Southern Italy and Southern France
Hungarian Attacks on Southeastern Germany
Viking wars in England, Scotland, Ireland and Northern France
Ruled from 871to 899
Modeled his reign after Charlemagne◦ Reorganized Army
◦ Founded new towns
◦ Codified Enlgish laws
◦ Established a court school
◦ Fostered Anglo-Saxon writing
◦ Wool trade
By 1000, England was the most sophisticated administration in Europe
Mathilda Cross c. 973 Commissioned by OttoThe Great
Heavy wheeled plow
Water mills
Windmills◦ Increased population
◦ Urbanization
◦ Market for goods
Tied to the land
Strip farming◦ Tenants in kind
Three field system of crop rotation◦ Adaptable to climate
◦ 2 growing seasons
◦ Higher yields
Long distance trade controlled by Venetian, Pisan and Genoese navies
Created expanding market for Eastern luxury goods
Champagne Fairs
Flemish merchants sell textiles toItalian merchants.Italian Merchants sell spicesAnd silks to the French
Paris and Bologna: universities
Venice, Genoa, Cologne & London: long distance trade
Milan, Florence, Ghent and Bruges: manufacturing centers
University of Bolgnia
The Sorbonne
Male dominated professional associations of craftsmen◦ Master craftsmen◦ Journeymen◦ Apprentice
Preserve monopolies and limit competition◦ Controlled prices◦ Wages◦ Methods of production
Masterpiece Merchant guilds
Exercised power from 917 – 962
Engaged in successful conquests of the slavs
955 Otto I defeated the pagan Hungarians
962 Otto crowned Emperor of the West
964 Otto deposes John XII as Pope and installs own man
Installs Bishops and Abbotts as defense against other Dukes
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