Charles de Steuben,Bataille de PoitiersEn Octobre 782

Defeated the Moors at the Battle of Tours

Alliance with Benedictine Missionaries

Engaged with Papacy

Defeated Lombards

Militarized state

Conquests against Lombards

Counts appointed to supervise new lands

Coinage system

Ruler of Christendom◦ Kingly government is a sacred office designed by

God to protect the church, defend Christians and promote salvation

◦ No kingdom can prosper if lives of its subjects are displeasing to God

Controlled Bishops and Abbots

Changes liturgy

Prohibited pagan practices

Imposed Holy Baptism on subjects

Classical learning is foundation of Christian wisdom

Collating, correcting and copying Latin texts, including the Bible

New style of handwriting Carolingian Miniscule

Crowned Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day 800

From 10th century manuscript of the Vulgate, Luke 1: 1-5

Byzantium copied Rome’s fundamental legal and political institutions

Muslim Caliphates combined the rich legacy of the Near East, Egypt and much of the Hellenistic world ◦ Promoted commerce and cultural exchange

Geographic and cultural Rome was most closely emulated by the Kingdoms of northwestern Europe

Byzantium, Muslim Caliphates and Kingdoms of northwestern Europe developed their defining characteristics during the 6th and 7th

centuries Fruitful if uneasy relationships

◦ Italian traders active in Constantinople◦ Muslim traders were common in Southern Italy◦ Anglo-Saxon merchants traded within the

Mediterranean◦ Jewish merchants in Rhineland traded with Muslim

communities in Egypt◦ Viking traders from Novgorod in Russia to Dublin

Began to share a new sense of common identity◦ Roman Church as spiritual guidance

◦ Fellow rulers for aid

◦ Mobilized for war

Charlemagne succeeded by Louis the Pious

Upon Louis’s death, kingdom divided into 3◦ Western France

◦ Eastern France

◦ Germany

Civil War between Eastern and Western France 856◦ Kingdom at limit of power

◦ Not enough booty and plunder and land for the counts

◦ Viking raids

Mid-twelfth century paintingOf Danish Seamen

Vikings means “robbers”

Raided Europe and British Isles for Silver from the middle of the 9th century◦ Plunder

◦ Ransom

◦ Tribute collection

◦ slaving

England, Scotland, Ireland and Northern France

Normandy “land of the Northmen”

1066 Battle of Hastings

Civil war

Muslim attacks on Southern Italy and Southern France

Hungarian Attacks on Southeastern Germany

Viking wars in England, Scotland, Ireland and Northern France

Ruled from 871to 899

Modeled his reign after Charlemagne◦ Reorganized Army

◦ Founded new towns

◦ Codified Enlgish laws

◦ Established a court school

◦ Fostered Anglo-Saxon writing

◦ Wool trade

By 1000, England was the most sophisticated administration in Europe

Mathilda Cross c. 973 Commissioned by OttoThe Great

Heavy wheeled plow

Water mills

Windmills◦ Increased population

◦ Urbanization

◦ Market for goods

Tied to the land

Strip farming◦ Tenants in kind

Three field system of crop rotation◦ Adaptable to climate

◦ 2 growing seasons

◦ Higher yields

Long distance trade controlled by Venetian, Pisan and Genoese navies

Created expanding market for Eastern luxury goods

Champagne Fairs

Flemish merchants sell textiles toItalian merchants.Italian Merchants sell spicesAnd silks to the French

Paris and Bologna: universities

Venice, Genoa, Cologne & London: long distance trade

Milan, Florence, Ghent and Bruges: manufacturing centers

University of Bolgnia

The Sorbonne

Male dominated professional associations of craftsmen◦ Master craftsmen◦ Journeymen◦ Apprentice

Preserve monopolies and limit competition◦ Controlled prices◦ Wages◦ Methods of production

Masterpiece Merchant guilds

Exercised power from 917 – 962

Engaged in successful conquests of the slavs

955 Otto I defeated the pagan Hungarians

962 Otto crowned Emperor of the West

964 Otto deposes John XII as Pope and installs own man

Installs Bishops and Abbotts as defense against other Dukes