Hazards and Risks of Hazards and Risks of Earthquakes and Earthquakes and
VolcanoesVolcanoes
Geology 112Geology 112Section 1: T/Th, 0900-1015Section 1: T/Th, 0900-1015Section 2: T/Th, 1330-1445 Section 2: T/Th, 1330-1445
Paula Jefferis, LecturerPaula Jefferis, Lecturer
Instructor: Paula JefferisInstructor: Paula Jefferis
Office: DH 419Office: DH 419
Telephone: 408-924-5016Telephone: 408-924-5016
Email: [email protected]: [email protected]
Contact information:Contact information:
Welcome to the spring 2011 Welcome to the spring 2011 semestersemester!!
Wishing you success during the semester!Wishing you success during the semester! Regular attendance with active participation, Regular attendance with active participation,
understanding material, and completing understanding material, and completing assignments helps achieve this goal. assignments helps achieve this goal.
These classes are large so make a point of These classes are large so make a point of making a visit during office hours especially if making a visit during office hours especially if the material is overwhelmingthe material is overwhelming
http://www.sjsu.edu/people/paula.jefferis-nilsen
Natural Disasters, Patrick Natural Disasters, Patrick AbbottAbbott
77thth edition; ISBN 978-0-13-602007-3 edition; ISBN 978-0-13-602007-3
Reading the entire chapter associated with topic will be helpful to understanding material in class.
Assignments and Assignments and Percentage of ClassPercentage of Class
Assignment Percentage
Three exams 55%
Oral report and essay
10%
Term paper 15%
Home or work evaluation
10%
Field trip 10%
Assignments and Due DatesAssignments and Due DatesAssignment or exam Date
Exam #1 March 1st
Exam #2 April 14th
Exam #3 (last day of class) May 17th
Oral report and essay February 15 and 16
Term paper April 21st
Home evaluation May 5th
Pinnacles field trip Section 1: Saturday, March 12th Section 2: Saturday, March 18th
All written work must be All written work must be submitted to submitted to turnitin.com
before classbefore class Register and understand how the Register and understand how the
system workssystem works
Section 1 Id #:3751962 Password:earthquakes1(case sensitive)
Section 2 Id #: 3751963 Password: earthquakes2(case sensitive)
Class organizationClass organization
Introduction, formation of the Earth Introduction, formation of the Earth and plate tectonicsand plate tectonics
Volcanoes: geology, hazards, Volcanoes: geology, hazards, mitigation and predictionmitigation and prediction
Earthquakes: geology, seismology, Earthquakes: geology, seismology, hazardshazards
Mitigation measures to reduce riskMitigation measures to reduce risk
Work loadWork load
Read appropriate pages in textRead appropriate pages in text complete term paper, home analysis, complete term paper, home analysis,
exams on assigned datesexams on assigned dates understand vocabulary and conceptsunderstand vocabulary and concepts apply vocabulary and concepts to explain apply vocabulary and concepts to explain
Earth’s processesEarth’s processes attend 1 Saturday field tripattend 1 Saturday field trip
Physical map of the World70% oceanic crust; 30% continental crust
Part I: Earth Process
Tectonic map of the world
Cross-section of the Earth showing earth Cross-section of the Earth showing earth processes producing earthquakes and processes producing earthquakes and volcanoes..
Part II: VolcanoesPart II: Volcanoes
Why are some Why are some volcanoes more volcanoes more destructive than destructive than others?others?– locationlocation
The Mt. St. Helens The Mt. St. Helens eruption, 1980eruption, 1980
VolcanoesVolcanoes
Why do some Why do some volcanoes look volcanoes look different than different than others?others?– locationlocation
Mauna Loa, Mauna Loa, HawaiiHawaii
Volcanoes around the WorldVolcanoes around the World
What type of hazards can What type of hazards can you think of associated you think of associated
with a volcanic eruption?with a volcanic eruption?
Hawaii
Volcanic HazardsVolcanic Hazards
Ashfall
Pyroclastic flows
Lava flowLahars
Comparison of ash plumesComparison of ash plumes
Mt. St Helens was a relatively small eruption compared to prehistoric eruptions
Potential RiskPotential Risk
Proximity and Proximity and understanding of the understanding of the
volcanovolcano
MonitoringMonitoring Scientists document any change in Scientists document any change in
volcanic activity with technology.volcanic activity with technology. Volcanic eruptions have been predictedVolcanic eruptions have been predicted
Part III: Part III: Earthquakes
Where do earthquakes occur?Where do earthquakes occur? Why?Why?
Why and where Why and where earthquakes and occur?earthquakes and occur?
Earthquakes Today
Why Why earthquakes occur: occur: release of energyrelease of energy
Ground shaking
Acceleration or push when seismic waves reach the Earth’s surface.
Earthquakes are caused Earthquakes are caused when the Earth moves when the Earth moves
along along faults
Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault zone: 1860; 1770; 1751 –last earthquakes
Population and shakingPopulation and shaking
Warmer colors equals higher population concentrations
Stronger shaking is associated with population concentrations
Structural failureStructural failure
Structural failureStructural failure
6,718,362 million people
What type of hazards can you What type of hazards can you think of associated with an think of associated with an
earthquake?earthquake?
Anchorage, 1964Coalinga, 1983 Indonesia, 2005
Earthquake HazardsEarthquake Hazards
Liquefaction
Ground Rupture
Landslides
Tsunami
Ground shaking
Earthquakes cannot be Earthquakes cannot be predictedpredicted
PreparednessPreparedness
Retrofit structures Retrofit structures known known notnot to to respond well in respond well in earthquakes.earthquakes.
EducationEducation
Local population understanding the Local population understanding the potential hazard can reduce loss of potential hazard can reduce loss of lifelife
Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country
RecoveryRecovery Federal, state and Federal, state and
local agencies aid local agencies aid in the recovery of in the recovery of natural disasters.natural disasters.
Search and rescue Search and rescue volunteersvolunteers
International help International help
One small airport in Haiti. Difficult to deliver and distribute supplies.
ConnectionConnection
Patterns and characteristics of Patterns and characteristics of earthquakes and volcanoesearthquakes and volcanoes
The theory of plate tectonics helps The theory of plate tectonics helps explain this patternexplain this pattern
If people understand the possible If people understand the possible hazards, preparation can help hazards, preparation can help reduce the riskreduce the risk
Remember!Remember!
Read textRead text Attend classAttend class Ask questionsAsk questions Equals success in this Equals success in this
class!class!
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