Hazards and Risks of Hazards and Risks of Earthquakes and Earthquakes and

VolcanoesVolcanoes

Geology 112Geology 112Section 1: T/Th, 0900-1015Section 1: T/Th, 0900-1015Section 2: T/Th, 1330-1445 Section 2: T/Th, 1330-1445

Paula Jefferis, LecturerPaula Jefferis, Lecturer

Instructor: Paula JefferisInstructor: Paula Jefferis

Office: DH 419Office: DH 419

Telephone: 408-924-5016Telephone: 408-924-5016

Email: paula.jefferis-nilsen@sjsu.eduEmail: paula.jefferis-nilsen@sjsu.edu

Contact information:Contact information:

Welcome to the spring 2011 Welcome to the spring 2011 semestersemester!!

Wishing you success during the semester!Wishing you success during the semester! Regular attendance with active participation, Regular attendance with active participation,

understanding material, and completing understanding material, and completing assignments helps achieve this goal. assignments helps achieve this goal.

These classes are large so make a point of These classes are large so make a point of making a visit during office hours especially if making a visit during office hours especially if the material is overwhelmingthe material is overwhelming

http://www.sjsu.edu/people/paula.jefferis-nilsen

Natural Disasters, Patrick Natural Disasters, Patrick AbbottAbbott

77thth edition; ISBN 978-0-13-602007-3 edition; ISBN 978-0-13-602007-3

Reading the entire chapter associated with topic will be helpful to understanding material in class.

Assignments and Assignments and Percentage of ClassPercentage of Class

Assignment Percentage

Three exams 55%

Oral report and essay

10%

Term paper 15%

Home or work evaluation

10%

Field trip 10%

Assignments and Due DatesAssignments and Due DatesAssignment or exam Date

Exam #1 March 1st

Exam #2 April 14th

Exam #3 (last day of class) May 17th

Oral report and essay February 15 and 16

Term paper April 21st

Home evaluation May 5th

Pinnacles field trip Section 1: Saturday, March 12th Section 2: Saturday, March 18th

All written work must be All written work must be submitted to submitted to turnitin.com

before classbefore class Register and understand how the Register and understand how the

system workssystem works

Section 1 Id #:3751962 Password:earthquakes1(case sensitive)

Section 2 Id #: 3751963 Password: earthquakes2(case sensitive)

Class organizationClass organization

Introduction, formation of the Earth Introduction, formation of the Earth and plate tectonicsand plate tectonics

Volcanoes: geology, hazards, Volcanoes: geology, hazards, mitigation and predictionmitigation and prediction

Earthquakes: geology, seismology, Earthquakes: geology, seismology, hazardshazards

Mitigation measures to reduce riskMitigation measures to reduce risk

Work loadWork load

Read appropriate pages in textRead appropriate pages in text complete term paper, home analysis, complete term paper, home analysis,

exams on assigned datesexams on assigned dates understand vocabulary and conceptsunderstand vocabulary and concepts apply vocabulary and concepts to explain apply vocabulary and concepts to explain

Earth’s processesEarth’s processes attend 1 Saturday field tripattend 1 Saturday field trip

Physical map of the World70% oceanic crust; 30% continental crust

Part I: Earth Process

Tectonic map of the world

Cross-section of the Earth showing earth Cross-section of the Earth showing earth processes producing earthquakes and processes producing earthquakes and volcanoes..

Part II: VolcanoesPart II: Volcanoes

Why are some Why are some volcanoes more volcanoes more destructive than destructive than others?others?– locationlocation

The Mt. St. Helens The Mt. St. Helens eruption, 1980eruption, 1980

VolcanoesVolcanoes

Why do some Why do some volcanoes look volcanoes look different than different than others?others?– locationlocation

Mauna Loa, Mauna Loa, HawaiiHawaii

Volcanoes around the WorldVolcanoes around the World

What type of hazards can What type of hazards can you think of associated you think of associated

with a volcanic eruption?with a volcanic eruption?

Hawaii

Volcanic HazardsVolcanic Hazards

Ashfall

Pyroclastic flows

Lava flowLahars

Comparison of ash plumesComparison of ash plumes

Mt. St Helens was a relatively small eruption compared to prehistoric eruptions

Potential RiskPotential Risk

Proximity and Proximity and understanding of the understanding of the

volcanovolcano

MonitoringMonitoring Scientists document any change in Scientists document any change in

volcanic activity with technology.volcanic activity with technology. Volcanic eruptions have been predictedVolcanic eruptions have been predicted

Part III: Part III: Earthquakes

Where do earthquakes occur?Where do earthquakes occur? Why?Why?

Why and where Why and where earthquakes and occur?earthquakes and occur?

Earthquakes Today

Why Why earthquakes occur: occur: release of energyrelease of energy

Ground shaking

Acceleration or push when seismic waves reach the Earth’s surface.

Earthquakes are caused Earthquakes are caused when the Earth moves when the Earth moves

along along faults

Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault zone: 1860; 1770; 1751 –last earthquakes

Population and shakingPopulation and shaking

Warmer colors equals higher population concentrations

Stronger shaking is associated with population concentrations

Structural failureStructural failure

Structural failureStructural failure

6,718,362 million people

What type of hazards can you What type of hazards can you think of associated with an think of associated with an

earthquake?earthquake?

Anchorage, 1964Coalinga, 1983 Indonesia, 2005

Earthquake HazardsEarthquake Hazards

Liquefaction

Ground Rupture

Landslides

Tsunami

Ground shaking

Earthquakes cannot be Earthquakes cannot be predictedpredicted

PreparednessPreparedness

Retrofit structures Retrofit structures known known notnot to to respond well in respond well in earthquakes.earthquakes.

EducationEducation

Local population understanding the Local population understanding the potential hazard can reduce loss of potential hazard can reduce loss of lifelife

Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country

RecoveryRecovery Federal, state and Federal, state and

local agencies aid local agencies aid in the recovery of in the recovery of natural disasters.natural disasters.

Search and rescue Search and rescue volunteersvolunteers

International help International help

One small airport in Haiti. Difficult to deliver and distribute supplies.

ConnectionConnection

Patterns and characteristics of Patterns and characteristics of earthquakes and volcanoesearthquakes and volcanoes

The theory of plate tectonics helps The theory of plate tectonics helps explain this patternexplain this pattern

If people understand the possible If people understand the possible hazards, preparation can help hazards, preparation can help reduce the riskreduce the risk

Remember!Remember!

Read textRead text Attend classAttend class Ask questionsAsk questions Equals success in this Equals success in this

class!class!