Ground-based real time monitoring of eruption clouds
in the western Pacific
K. Kinoshita, S. Tsuchida, C.Kanagaki (Kagoshima Univ.),
A. Tupper (Darwin VAAC),
E. Corpuz & E. Laguerta (PHIVOLCS)
2nd International Conf. on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety, June 21-24, 2004, Washington, D.C.
We discuss the markedvolcanoes in Japan and M
ayon in the Philippines.
Volcanoes in Japan are well monitored recently by JMA, univ. researchers etc., and volunteers.
Ground Observation: Why and How ?Height information of eruption clouds is
decisive for the prediction of ash flowSpeculate the flow of poisonous gas Understand the ejection activity
Interval recording of the whole scene of volcanic cloud with some distance, and archiving.
Real time monitoring via Internet, if possible.
See new booklet by Kagoshima group!
Methods of interval recording
Ground NIR observation
IR-84
Video Camera
Network Cam.
Advantages for NIR observation
• Not obscured by sea-haze
• Clairvoyant observation from long distance
• Distinguish aerosols more clearly than visible obs.
• Detect hot anomaly
• Detect vegetation damage by ash, gas and lava
Visible vs. NIR
Satsuma-Iojima
From a boat
Sharp VN-EZ5
Not obscured by sea-haze
Clairvoyant observation ofKirishima Volcanoes 48 km away
by NIR
Visible
Close up of Takachiho peak 48 km away
NIR
vs.
Visible
14 Jan. 2004
AerosolSakurajima, 9.8 km away
(a) NIR
(b) Red
(c) Green
2 Dec. 2003 at 8:00
Mayon Volcano (2460 m) NIR vs. Vis.
Monitoring of Mayon Volcano
Network cameras and Video camera Network system (local)
Vis. and NIR monitoring scenes
Visible Camera: Axis2120
every 10 minutes during 5:30 and 18:30
NIR Camera:Axis2420IR-Sensitive + IR-84
every one-hour continuously
from 11km away
Internet Connectionsince April 2004
Digital Camera every one hour
during 22 June – 16 Aug. 2003
2003.07.15 7:00
2003.08.16 7:00
Diurnal variation of plume heightduring 24 June –16 Aug. 2003
- 2000
- 1500
- 1000
- 500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
時刻
(m)
噴煙
高度
time
h
(m)
Video camera recording, ½ sec every 10 min. since 22 June 2003
Summary of Mayon Observation
1. Interval recordings by digital camera and video camera, since 22 June 2003.(Good views are rather limited in the morning and evening )
2. NIR and Vis. Network camera with local storage, since 23 Feb. 2004
3. Internet connection since April 2004
See
http://arist.edu.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/volc/mayon/
Paper III in the booklet, June 2004
Active Volcanoes in SW Japan
Satsuma-Iojima
Suwanosejima
By Dr. Fukuzumi
Ground and Satellite Observation of Eruptions at Suwanosejima Volcano
8 Aug. 2002 at 11:00JST
Suwanosejima is a volcano currently in eruption to the south of Kyushu.
We set a network camera on 6 Aug. 2002 at Nakanoshima, 25 km NE from the crater.
See Paper IX in the booklet.
Especially active in 2002,erupting many times almost every day in August
7 Aug. 2002 10:30JST
Eruption clouds at Suwanosejima
8 Aug. 2002 10:40-12:00 by Network camera at Nakanoshima, 25 km NE from the crater
10 Aug. 2002 14:40-16:40 by Network camera(6 Aug.-)
14 Aug. 2002, 6:20-7:20 by Network camera
19 Aug. 2002 eruptions, reports, photo
At Suwanosejima PortAt Suwanosejima school
JMA issued Volcano Advisory No. 1 on Suwanosejima in the morning of 19 Aug.
Volcanic lightning, thunder and a red sky were observed on the summit of Suwanosejima – Otake (799m) on the night of 20 Aug.
Ash fell in Naze city, Amami-oshima, 140km SSW of Suwanosejima on 20-21 Aug.
VAAC Pilot ReportVolcanic Ash Cloud
09:35JST 1800m 11:34JST 1800m 14:28JST 2400-2700m 14:34JST 2400-2700m
Network camera at 13:40
19-20 Aug. 2002, Terra-MODIS infrared images
‘Aerosol Vapor Index ‘(‘split window’, 12-11 m) 19 Aug. 2002 at 23:05 JST
3.7, 11, 12 m image, 20 Aug. 2002 at 22:10 JST
19 Aug. 2002 plumes, NOAA/AVHRR
08:26JST 13:11JST 16:00JST
17:42JST 18:25JST 19:41JST
NIR Network camera since 18 Feb. 2004
29 Apr. 2004, 12:00
9 Apr. 2004, 9:00
Automatic long-time recording without AC power supply by Digital camera package
It runs every one hour recording for 130 days by a Li-ion battery pack
Record from crater rim
Every 20 min. during 12:22 –15:42 on 28 Jan. 2004
Suwanosejima
Interval recording at Satsuma-IojimaObservation Station: 3 km WSW from the summit crater,
since 23 July 1998Video camera Digital camera SONY DCR-TRV900 SHARP MD-PS1
-> NIR mode by DCR-TRV-
30
-> Ricoh Caplio G4 wide
UPS
Digital camera records at Satsuma-Iojima
Hot anomaly (?) by NIR cameraAfter sunset
DCR-TRV30 & IR-85( KENKO)
NIR Web Camera at Satsuma-iojimasince Feb. 2003
aerosol
Creative Webcam plus & IR-84
Sakurajima Observation Points
A, B, C, Iso, Ta : Plume observation points+ gas monitoring stations
Interval recordings at Sakurajima• A: Web Cam. (Dec. 2000-)• B: Video rec. (Sept. 1987-, to DVD).
• C: Video rec. (Nov. 1994-), Net. Cam (Mar. 2003-)
• Ta:Dig. Cam. (Dec. ‘98-Fe. ‘03). Net. Cam.(Feb. ‘03-)
99-12-03 08:099-12-03 08:000
99-12-03 09:099-12-03 09:000
Sakurajima plume exhibiting mountain lee wave, observed from B
Lee waves, observed from B Jan. 12, 1995, 8:03 JST
Aug. 19, 1990
Miyakejima
• Eruptions since July 8, 2000, with big ones in Aug. 2000
• Enormous SO2 ejection since mid-Aug. 2000
• Inhabitants evacuation since September 2000
• SO2 detected 100-400 km leeward in mainland Japan
Miyakejima from Mikurajima and the air
by Dr. Terada
Gas monitoring stations in Miyakejima
• A : Nov. 2000 -• B : mid-Sept. 2001 -• C : Mar. 2002 -• D : Apr. 2004 - 4 more added
1 hour value of SO2 > 1ppm vs. wind direction at 925 hPa at 120km away
%A1 0.4B1 5.6C1 8.7C2 7.7A2 9.7C3 0.4B2 0.2C4 2.6A3 0.8B3 0.6
Vegetation Damage in Miyakejima ASTER images on 7 April 2003
(a) Red: 0.63-0.69 m. (b) NIR: 0.78-0.86 m. (c) NDVI
Concluding remarksLong-time automatic observation by the cameras from the ground, combined with satellite images, is useful for the studies of volcanic clouds and gas.
The use of NIR band has opened a new era of the ground observation.
Real time monitoring from the ground is important for aviation safety, disaster prevention of inhabitants and avoidance of ash and gas damages far away.
Thank you very much !
Booklets
Volcanic Eruption Clouds in the Western Pacific- Ground and satellite based observations and analyses -
Flow and Dispersion of Volcanic Clouds (2001)
Homepageshttp://arist.edu.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/volc/index-e.html
http://arist.edu.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/sing/index-e.htm
Asian Dust Events http://arist.edu.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/adust/kosa-e/kosa-e.htm
Appendix: Eruption cloud height estimate and simulation
For pilots training by SiPSE-3D
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