Ground-based real time monitoring of eruption clouds

in the western Pacific

K. Kinoshita, S. Tsuchida, C.Kanagaki (Kagoshima Univ.),

A. Tupper (Darwin VAAC),

E. Corpuz & E. Laguerta (PHIVOLCS)

2nd International Conf. on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety, June 21-24, 2004, Washington, D.C.

We discuss the markedvolcanoes in Japan and M

ayon in the Philippines.

Volcanoes in Japan are well monitored recently by JMA, univ. researchers etc., and volunteers.

Ground Observation: Why and How ?Height information of eruption clouds is

decisive for the prediction of ash flowSpeculate the flow of poisonous gas Understand the ejection activity

Interval recording of the whole scene of volcanic cloud with some distance, and archiving.

Real time monitoring via Internet, if possible.

See new booklet by Kagoshima group!

Methods of interval recording

Ground NIR observation

IR-84

Video Camera

Network Cam.

Advantages for NIR observation

• Not obscured by sea-haze

• Clairvoyant observation from long distance

• Distinguish aerosols more clearly than visible obs.

• Detect hot anomaly

• Detect vegetation damage by ash, gas and lava

Visible vs. NIR

Satsuma-Iojima

From a boat

Sharp VN-EZ5

Not obscured by sea-haze

Clairvoyant observation ofKirishima Volcanoes 48 km away

by NIR

Visible

Close up of Takachiho peak 48 km away

NIR

vs.

Visible

14 Jan. 2004

AerosolSakurajima, 9.8 km away

(a) NIR

(b) Red

(c) Green

2 Dec. 2003 at 8:00

Mayon Volcano (2460 m) NIR vs. Vis.

Monitoring of Mayon Volcano

Network cameras and Video camera Network system (local)

Vis. and NIR monitoring scenes

Visible Camera: Axis2120

every 10 minutes during 5:30 and 18:30

NIR Camera:Axis2420IR-Sensitive ＋ IR-84

every one-hour continuously

from 11km away

Internet Connectionsince April 2004

Digital Camera every one hour

during 22 June – 16 Aug. 2003

2003.07.15 　 7:00

2003.08.16 7:00

Diurnal variation of plume heightduring 24 June –16 Aug. 2003

- 2000

- 1500

- 1000

- 500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324

時刻

(m)

噴煙

高度

time

h

(m)

Video camera recording, ½ sec every 10 min. since 22 June 2003

Summary of Mayon Observation

1. Interval recordings by digital camera and video camera, since 22 June 2003.(Good views are rather limited in the morning and evening )

2. NIR and Vis. Network camera with local storage, since 23 Feb. 2004

3. Internet connection since April 2004

See

http://arist.edu.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/volc/mayon/

Paper III in the booklet, June 2004

Active Volcanoes in SW Japan

Satsuma-Iojima

Suwanosejima

By Dr. Fukuzumi

Ground and Satellite Observation of Eruptions at Suwanosejima Volcano

8 Aug. 2002 at 11:00JST

Suwanosejima is a volcano currently in eruption to the south of Kyushu.

We set a network camera on 6 Aug. 2002 at Nakanoshima, 25 km NE from the crater.

See Paper IX in the booklet.

Especially active in 2002,erupting many times almost every day in August

7 Aug. 2002 10:30JST

Eruption clouds at Suwanosejima

8 Aug. 2002 10:40-12:00 by Network camera at Nakanoshima, 25 km NE from the crater

10 Aug. 2002 14:40-16:40 by Network camera(6 Aug.-)

14 Aug. 2002, 6:20-7:20 by Network camera

19 Aug. 2002 eruptions, reports, photo

At Suwanosejima PortAt Suwanosejima school

JMA issued Volcano Advisory No. 1 on Suwanosejima in the morning of 19 Aug.

Volcanic lightning, thunder and a red sky were observed on the summit of Suwanosejima – Otake (799m) on the night of 20 Aug.

Ash fell in Naze city, Amami-oshima, 140km SSW of Suwanosejima on 20-21 Aug.

VAAC Pilot ReportVolcanic Ash Cloud

09:35JST 1800m 11:34JST 　 1800m 14:28JST 2400-2700m 14:34JST 2400-2700m

Network camera at 13:40

19-20 Aug. 2002, Terra-MODIS infrared images

‘Aerosol Vapor Index ‘(‘split window’, 12-11 m) 19 Aug. 2002 at 23:05 JST

3.7, 11, 12 m image, 20 Aug. 2002 at 22:10 JST

19 Aug. 2002 plumes, NOAA/AVHRR

08:26JST 13:11JST 16:00JST

17:42JST 18:25JST 19:41JST

NIR Network camera since 18 Feb. 2004

　 29 Apr. 2004, 12:00

　 9 Apr. 2004, 9:00

Automatic long-time recording without AC power supply by Digital camera package

It runs every one hour recording for 130 days by a Li-ion battery pack

Record from crater rim

Every 20 min. during 12:22 –15:42 on 28 Jan. 2004

Suwanosejima

Interval recording at Satsuma-IojimaObservation Station: 3 km WSW from the summit crater,

since 23 July 1998Video camera 　　　　　　　　　 Digital camera　 SONY DCR-TRV900 　　　 SHARP MD-PS1 　　

-> NIR mode by DCR-TRV-

30

-> Ricoh Caplio G4 wide

UPS

Digital camera records at Satsuma-Iojima

Hot anomaly (?) by NIR cameraAfter sunset

DCR-TRV30 & IR-85（ KENKO）

NIR Web Camera at Satsuma-iojimasince Feb. 2003

aerosol

Creative Webcam plus & IR-84

Sakurajima Observation Points

A, B, C, Iso, Ta : Plume observation points+ gas monitoring stations

Interval recordings at Sakurajima• A: Web Cam. (Dec. 2000-)• B: Video rec. (Sept. 1987-, to DVD).

• C: Video rec. (Nov. 1994-), Net. Cam (Mar. 2003-)

• Ta:Dig. Cam. (Dec. ‘98-Fe. ‘03). Net. Cam.(Feb. ‘03-)

99-12-03 08:099-12-03 08:000

99-12-03 09:099-12-03 09:000

Sakurajima plume exhibiting mountain lee wave, observed from B

Lee waves, observed from B Jan. 12, 1995, 8:03 JST

Aug. 19, 1990

Miyakejima

• Eruptions since July 8, 2000, with big ones in Aug. 2000

• Enormous SO2 ejection since mid-Aug. 2000

• Inhabitants evacuation since September 2000

• SO2 detected 100-400 km leeward in mainland Japan

Miyakejima from Mikurajima and the air

by Dr. Terada

Gas monitoring stations in Miyakejima

• A : Nov. 2000 -• B : mid-Sept. 2001 -• C : Mar. 2002 -• D : Apr. 2004 - 4 more added

1 hour value of SO2 > 1ppm vs. wind direction at 925 hPa at 120km away

%A1 0.4B1 5.6C1 8.7C2 7.7A2 9.7C3 0.4B2 0.2C4 2.6A3 0.8B3 0.6

Vegetation Damage in Miyakejima ASTER images on 7 April 2003

(a) Red: 0.63-0.69 m. (b) NIR: 0.78-0.86 m. (c) NDVI

Concluding remarksLong-time automatic observation by the cameras from the ground, combined with satellite images, is useful for the studies of volcanic clouds and gas.

The use of NIR band has opened a new era of the ground observation.

Real time monitoring from the ground is important for aviation safety, disaster prevention of inhabitants and avoidance of ash and gas damages far away.

Thank you very much !

Booklets

Volcanic Eruption Clouds in the Western Pacific- Ground and satellite based observations and analyses -

Flow and Dispersion of Volcanic Clouds (2001)

Homepageshttp://arist.edu.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/volc/index-e.html

http://arist.edu.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/sing/index-e.htm

Asian Dust Events http://arist.edu.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/adust/kosa-e/kosa-e.htm

Appendix: Eruption cloud height estimate and simulation

For pilots training by SiPSE-3D