Brown Ring Patch ManagementDr. Frank P. Wong & Chi-Min ChenDr. Frank P. Wong & Chi-Min Chen
Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology
University of California, Riverside
Dr. Larry StowellDr. Larry StowellPACE Turf Research Insitute
San Diego, CA
This research was supported by a 2008-2009 GCSAA Chapter Cooperative This research was supported by a 2008-2009 GCSAA Chapter Cooperative Grant from the GCSAA Environmental Institute for Golf, California State Grant from the GCSAA Environmental Institute for Golf, California State GCSA, and the Southern & Northern CA, San Diego, High Lo Desert & Sierra GCSA, and the Southern & Northern CA, San Diego, High Lo Desert & Sierra Nevada GCSAsNevada GCSAs
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2008-2009 GCSAA Funded Research
Awarded 2 year grant by GCSAA & EIFG to study the biology & management of the disease
Contributions from: California State GCSA, and Southern & Northern CA, San Diego, High Lo Desert & Sierra Nevada GCSAs
Population Biology
Fungicide Effects
Cultural Practice Effects
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Waitea Patch aka Brown Ring Patch
A “new” Rhizoctonia disease of annual & rough bluegrass, and creeping bentgrass in the U.S.
Superficially looks like Yellow Patch
First came to attention in 2003 based on reports from Spokane area golf courses
Determined to be a Rhizoctonia species
Fairly widespread in the western and northern U.S. by 2006
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Brown Ring Patch Symptoms on an Annual Bluegrass GreenPhoto by Pat Gradoville, Palos Verdes Golf Club
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Rings start as small thin yellow circles a few inches in diameter that can expand to a foot or more in diameter. Rings can become orangish to brown and sunken if not treated. Rings can often merge together.
Photo by Kent Davidson
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Left untreated or treated too late, sunken dead areas may develop and take a long time to recover from
Photo by Mike Wolpoff, Sea Cliff Country Club
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Symptoms are very similar to Yellow Patch (R. cerealis), but Yellow Patch tends to occur at maximum daytime temperature below 65 deg F
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Patches often have a greenish color that develops behind the yellow ring. These areas tend to be soft and sunken.
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The mechanism of the greening is unknown; it may be a result of nitrogen being released from broken down thatch or increased microbial activity inside the affected areas
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The pathogen, Waitea circinata var. circinata (stained red in this photo), colonizes leaves, sheaths and crowns.
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The fungus also can colonize the thatch, upper root zone and soil
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The fungus produces abundant mycelia in high humidity situations; this is called the ‘Don King’ appearance of the fungus.
Photo by Larry Stowell
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The pathogen degrades thatch, resulting in sunken rings on greensPhoto by Mike Wolpoff, Sea Cliff Country Club
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Rings expand a few inches in size a week – photos are taken 1 week apart from each other.
This suggests that the disease more dynamic than previously thought.
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The brown ring patch is rare on creeping bentgrass in the U.S. Rings that develop on creeping bentgrass tend to have a brown color.
Photos taken from the Color Atlas Of Turfgrass Diseases byJames B. Beard & Toshhikazu Tani (2002)
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Brown Ring Patch on rough bluegrass also appears more reddish to brown in color
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Distribution of W. circinata var circinata in the U.S.
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Brown Ring Patch & Other Rhizoctonia Diseases
Brown ring patch is a Rhizoctonia disease
Waitea circinata var. circinata is closely related to high temperature brown patch (leaf & sheath spot) pathogens Rhizoctonia oryzae and Rhizoctonia zeae
But – there is no ‘Rhizoctonia name’ for the pathogen that causes brown ring patch, so we have to use Waitea circinata var. circinata
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Disease Teleomorph Name(Sexual State)
Anamorph name(Asexual State)
Optimal Temp. Range (Max. Daytime Temps.)
Typical hosts
Yellow Patch Ceratobasidium cereale
Rhizoctonia cerealis
50-65ºF Cool & warm season species
Brown Patch of Cool Season Turf
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Rhizoctonia solani 77-90ºF All cool season species
Brown Patch of Warm Season Turf (Large Patch)
Thanatephorus cucumeris
Rhizoctonia solani 60-77ºF All warm season species
Leaf and Sheath Spot (High Temperature Brown Patch)
Waitea circinata var oryzae
Rhizoctonia oryzae
83-97ºF Cool & warm season species
Waitea circinata var zeae
Rhizoctonia zeae 83-97ºF
Brown Ring Patch (Waitea Patch)
Waitea circinata var circinata
none 77-86ºF Annual Bluegrass, Creeping Bentgrass, Rough Bluegrass
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Brown Ring Patch Trialsat Torrey Pines Golf Course 2008 (North Course)
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2008 Research at Torrey PinesField experiments were conducted in the Spring on the North Course
Greens were made available as the South Course was being prepared for the U.S. Open
Research was performed with North Course Superintendent Wayne Carpenter, and Jon Maddern and Mark Woodward, Directors of Golf for the City of San Diego
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Research ObjectivesExamine the effects of nitrogen fertility and trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX) on brown ring patch development
Evaluate fungicide applications for the curative control of the disease
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Nitrogen & Trinexapac-ethyl Nitrogen
Observed that diagnostic samples with brown ring patch were often nitrogen deficient
Traditionally, high nitrogen is associated with increased Rhizoctonia brown patch severity on greens
Effect on brown ring patch unknown
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Nitrogen & Trinexapac-ethyl
Trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX)Primo MAXX regulates plant cell elongation
Outbreaks reported to coincide with spring Primo MAXX applications
Unknown if the plant growth regulator effects of Primo MAXX increase disease severity for brown ring patch
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2008 Trials at Torrey Pines GCConducted on the North Course with Wayne Carpenter
Water soluble nitrogen applied on 8 Apr and 22 Apr (exp 1) and 3 & 17 May (exp 2) at the rate of 0.5 lb/1,000 sq ft (1 lb total)
calcium nitrate 15-0-0
ammonium sulfate 21-0-0
urea 46-0-0
Trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX) applied at 0.125 fl oz/1,000 sq ft in combination with nitrogen to some plots
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2008 Trials at Torrey Pines GC
Disease severity assessed visually or by photographic analysis
Turf quality assessed by the use of a CM-1000 chlorophyll meter
Readings made weekly for 5 & 7 week periods
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Digital disease analysis using Sigma Plot software and images taken with a Canon D70 camera
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Nitrogen and Primo MAXX Effects Applications of 1 # nitrogen/1,000 sq ft resulted in a significant reduction in brown ring patch
No effect of source was observed in trials
Applications of Primo MAXX alone slightly increased disease severity on some rating dates
Primo MAXX plus nitrogen significantly reduced disease
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Nitrogen effects on disease severity
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Nitrogen & Primo MAXX effects
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Nitrogen vs Nitrogen + Primo
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water nitrate + Primo MAXX
wk 1
ammonium +Primo MAXX
urea + Primo MAXX
wk 3
wk 5
water + Primo MAXX
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Nitrogen and Primo MAXX Effects In both trials, color (chlorophyll) was increased by nitrogen application
No affect of source was observed at the rates used
Primo MAXX used alone, increased turf color
Primo MAXX used with nitrogen resulted in the overall highest turf color
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240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
4/4 4/8 4/12 4/16 4/20 4/24
date
chlo
rop
hyl
l m
eter
rea
din
g
water
calcium nitrate
ammonium sulfate
urea
water plus TE
calcium nitrate plus TE
ammonium sulfate plus TE
urea plus TE
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
190
210
230
250
270
290
310
5/2 5/6 5/10 5/14 5/18 5/22
date
chlo
rop
hyl
l m
eter
rea
din
g
water
calcium nitrate
ammonium sulfate
urea
water plus TE
calcium nitrate plus TE
ammonium sulfate plus TE
urea plus TE
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
Interactions with fungicidesExperiment took place on Greens 2 and 6
1 fl oz Heritage TL/1,000 sq ft applied to affected areas
with 0.5 lb/1,000 sq ft calcium nitrate
with 0.5 lb calcium nitrate & 0.125 fl oz Primo MAXX/1,000 sq ft
It was suspected that the low labeled rate of fungicide would not completely control disease, but the potential interactions between nitrogen and Primo MAXX was being demonstrated
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Heritage
Heritage + N
Heritage + N + Primo MAXX
wk 1 wk 2 wk 3 wk 4
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Nitrogen, Primo & Heritage effects
a
a
b
b b
b
a
Dis
ease
sev
erity
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
Fungicide TrialsPrevious studies had shown variable curative activity of fungicides for control of disease
We suspected that DMI-fungicide tank mixes may be effective for brown ring patch control
Not much fungicide trial data had been available for this disease and more data was needed to make better management recommendations
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Materials Under Trial Pt 1
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Materials Under Trial Pt 2
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Trial 1: Effects of DMIs and DMI mixtures on brown ring patch
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0.0
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12-Apr 22-Apr 2-May 12-May 22-May 1-Jun
Dis
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Check
Banner MAXX 2 floz
Endorse 4 oz +Banner MAXX 1 flozMedallion 0.33 oz+ Banner MAXX 1fl ozHeadway 2 fl oz
Instrata 6 fl oz
Trinity 2 fl oz
Insigna 0.5 oz +Trinity 1 fl oz
Triton 1.1 fl oz
ProStar 2.2 oz +Triton 0.55 fl oz
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
12-Apr 22-Apr 2-May 12-May 22-May 1-Jun
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Check
Banner MAXX 2 floz
Endorse 4 oz +Banner MAXX 1 flozMedallion 0.33 oz+ Banner MAXX 1fl ozHeadway 2 fl oz
Instrata 6 fl oz
Trinity 2 fl oz
Insigna 0.5 oz +Trinity 1 fl oz
Triton 1.1 fl oz
ProStar 2.2 oz +Triton 0.55 fl oz
C
B
A
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
12-Apr 22-Apr 2-May 12-May 22-May 1-Jun
Dis
ease
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Check
Banner MAXX 2 floz
Endorse 4 oz +Banner MAXX 1 flozMedallion 0.33 oz+ Banner MAXX 1fl ozHeadway 2 fl oz
Instrata 6 fl oz
Trinity 2 fl oz
Insigna 0.5 oz +Trinity 1 fl oz
Triton 1.1 fl oz
ProStar 2.2 oz +Triton 0.55 fl oz
B
A
C
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
12-Apr 22-Apr 2-May 12-May 22-May 1-Jun
Dis
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Check
Banner MAXX 2 floz
Endorse 4 oz +Banner MAXX 1 flozMedallion 0.33 oz+ Banner MAXX 1fl ozHeadway 2 fl oz
Instrata 6 fl oz
Trinity 2 fl oz
Insigna 0.5 oz +Trinity 1 fl oz
Triton 1.1 fl oz
ProStar 2.2 oz +Triton 0.55 fl oz
B
C
A
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
12-Apr 22-Apr 2-May 12-May 22-May 1-Jun
Dis
ease
(0-
10)
Check
Banner MAXX 2 floz
Endorse 4 oz +Banner MAXX 1 flozMedallion 0.33 oz+ Banner MAXX 1fl ozHeadway 2 fl oz
Instrata 6 fl oz
Trinity 2 fl oz
Insigna 0.5 oz +Trinity 1 fl oz
Triton 1.1 fl oz
ProStar 2.2 oz +Triton 0.55 fl oz
B
C
A
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
12-Apr 22-Apr 2-May 12-May 22-May 1-Jun
Dis
ease
(0-
10)
Check
Banner MAXX 2 floz
Endorse 4 oz +Banner MAXX 1 flozMedallion 0.33 oz+ Banner MAXX 1fl ozHeadway 2 fl oz
Instrata 6 fl oz
Trinity 2 fl oz
Insigna 0.5 oz +Trinity 1 fl oz
Triton 1.1 fl oz
ProStar 2.2 oz +Triton 0.55 fl oz
B
C
A
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Trial 2: Effects of Rhizoctonia fungicides on brown ring patch
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0.0
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3.0
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8.0
22-Apr 2-May 12-May 22-May 1-Jun
Dis
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sev
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10
Check
Banner MAXX 1.3 MEC 2.0 floz
Headway 1.39EC 2.0 fl oz
Heritage TL 0.8ME 1.0 fl oz
Endorse 2.5WP 4.0 oz
ProStar 70WG 4.4 oz
Chipco 26GT 2SC 6.0 fl oz
Insignia 20WG 0.90 oz
A
C
B
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
22-Apr 2-May 12-May 22-May 1-Jun
Dis
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10
Check
Banner MAXX 1.3 MEC 2.0 floz
Headway 1.39EC 2.0 fl oz
Heritage TL 0.8ME 1.0 fl oz
Endorse 2.5WP 4.0 oz
ProStar 70WG 4.4 oz
Chipco 26GT 2SC 6.0 fl oz
Insignia 20WG 0.90 oz
D
B
C
A
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
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Dis
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10
Check
Banner MAXX 1.3 MEC 2.0 floz
Headway 1.39EC 2.0 fl oz
Heritage TL 0.8ME 1.0 fl oz
Endorse 2.5WP 4.0 oz
ProStar 70WG 4.4 oz
Chipco 26GT 2SC 6.0 fl oz
Insignia 20WG 0.90 oz
A
B
C
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
22-Apr 2-May 12-May 22-May 1-Jun
Dis
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sev
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10
Check
Banner MAXX 1.3 MEC 2.0 floz
Headway 1.39EC 2.0 fl oz
Heritage TL 0.8ME 1.0 fl oz
Endorse 2.5WP 4.0 oz
ProStar 70WG 4.4 oz
Chipco 26GT 2SC 6.0 fl oz
Insignia 20WG 0.90 oz
A
C
B
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
22-Apr 2-May 12-May 22-May 1-Jun
Dis
ease
sev
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y 0-
10
Check
Banner MAXX 1.3 MEC 2.0 floz
Headway 1.39EC 2.0 fl oz
Heritage TL 0.8ME 1.0 fl oz
Endorse 2.5WP 4.0 oz
ProStar 70WG 4.4 oz
Chipco 26GT 2SC 6.0 fl oz
Insignia 20WG 0.90 oz
A
C
B
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
Trial 3: Effects of repeated QoI fungicide applications on brown ring patch
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0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
25-Apr 2-May 9-May 16-May 23-May 30-May 6-Jun
Dis
ease
sev
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y (0
to
10)
check
Renown 2.5 fl oz
Renown 4.5 fl oz
Renown 2.5 fl oz(21)
Renown 4.5 fl oz(21)
Headway 1.5 fl oz
Tartan 1 fl oz
Concert 3 fl oz
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
0.0
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Dis
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sev
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check
Renown 2.5 fl oz
Renown 4.5 fl oz
Renown 2.5 fl oz(21)
Renown 4.5 fl oz(21)
Headway 1.5 fl oz
Tartan 1 fl oz
Concert 3 fl ozC
B
A
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
0.0
1.0
2.0
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5.0
25-Apr 2-May 9-May 16-May 23-May 30-May 6-Jun
Dis
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sev
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check
Renown 2.5 fl oz
Renown 4.5 fl oz
Renown 2.5 fl oz(21)
Renown 4.5 fl oz(21)
Headway 1.5 fl oz
Tartan 1 fl oz
Concert 3 fl ozC
B
A
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
25-Apr 2-May 9-May 16-May 23-May 30-May 6-Jun
Dis
ease
sev
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10)
check
Renown 2.5 fl oz
Renown 4.5 fl oz
Renown 2.5 fl oz(21)
Renown 4.5 fl oz(21)
Headway 1.5 fl oz
Tartan 1 fl oz
Concert 3 fl oz
C
B
A
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
25-Apr 2-May 9-May 16-May 23-May 30-May 6-Jun
Dis
ease
sev
erit
y (0
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10)
check
Renown 2.5 fl oz
Renown 4.5 fl oz
Renown 2.5 fl oz(21)
Renown 4.5 fl oz(21)
Headway 1.5 fl oz
Tartan 1 fl oz
Concert 3 fl oz
C
A
B
www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu
SummaryNitrogen effects
Applications of 1 lb nitrogen/1,000 sq ft significantly reduced Waitea patch severity
No effect of nitrogen source was seen
nitrate = ammonium = urea
Trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX) effectsNo effect of Primo MAXX on disease severity
Primo MAXX applications increased turf quality (color)
Primo MAXX + nitrogen = highest turf quality
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SummaryNitrogen x Primo x Fungicide Interactions
Fungicide (Heritage TL low rate) effectiveness was improved when applied with nitrogen and Primo MAXX
The effect of 0.5 lb calcium nitrate was not very pronounced
Fungicide + nitrogen effects may be stronger when more effective fungicides are used or a higher rate of nitrogen applied
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Fungicide SummaryFungicides show different responses
Immediate recovery/Shorter residualHeadway
Endorse Delayed recovery/Longer residual
ProStar Trinity/Triton Tourney (data not shown, but similar to
Trinity/Triton applications)
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Fungicide Summary Tank mixing fungicides, especially with a
the DMI fungicides Banner MAXX, Trinity, Triton or Tourney will increase effectiveness For example, 4 oz Endorse + 1 fl oz Banner MAXX
gave much better control than Endorse used alone Headway, a pre-mix of Heritage & Banner MAXX,
gave better results than Heritage or Banner MAXX used alone
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Fungicide Summary These fungicides were also shown to be
effective, but 2 applications at the high labeled are recommended Heritage, Insignia, Disarm Medallion, Instrata Banner MAXX, Concert Renown
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Conclusions Nitrogen fertility plays an important role
Increasing plant health/resistance to attack & recovery from damage
Primo MAXX benefits outweigh potential negative effects on disease when used with adequate nitrogen fertility
Timely fungicide applications are needed Fast acting/short residual vs slow acting/long residual Two back to back applications may work best
Add brown ring patch to the list of low-fertility diseases like anthracnose & dollar spot
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Acknowledgements Torrey Pines Municipal Golf Course
Wayne Carpenter Candice Combs Jon Maddern Mark Woodward
GCSAA Environmental Institute for Golf California State GCSA Southern & Northern California, San Diego,
Hi-Lo, and Sierra Nevada GCSAs
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