GCSAA Research Update

Brown Ring Patch ManagementDr. Frank P. Wong & Chi-Min ChenDr. Frank P. Wong & Chi-Min Chen

Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology

University of California, Riverside

Dr. Larry StowellDr. Larry StowellPACE Turf Research Insitute

San Diego, CA

This research was supported by a 2008-2009 GCSAA Chapter Cooperative This research was supported by a 2008-2009 GCSAA Chapter Cooperative Grant from the GCSAA Environmental Institute for Golf, California State Grant from the GCSAA Environmental Institute for Golf, California State GCSA, and the Southern & Northern CA, San Diego, High Lo Desert & Sierra GCSA, and the Southern & Northern CA, San Diego, High Lo Desert & Sierra Nevada GCSAsNevada GCSAs

www.turfpathology.ucr.eduwww.turfpathology.ucr.edu

2008-2009 GCSAA Funded Research

Awarded 2 year grant by GCSAA & EIFG to study the biology & management of the disease

Contributions from: California State GCSA, and Southern & Northern CA, San Diego, High Lo Desert & Sierra Nevada GCSAs

Population Biology

Fungicide Effects

Cultural Practice Effects


Waitea Patch aka Brown Ring Patch

A “new” Rhizoctonia disease of annual & rough bluegrass, and creeping bentgrass in the U.S.

Superficially looks like Yellow Patch

First came to attention in 2003 based on reports from Spokane area golf courses

Determined to be a Rhizoctonia species

Fairly widespread in the western and northern U.S. by 2006


Brown Ring Patch Symptoms on an Annual Bluegrass GreenPhoto by Pat Gradoville, Palos Verdes Golf Club


Rings start as small thin yellow circles a few inches in diameter that can expand to a foot or more in diameter. Rings can become orangish to brown and sunken if not treated. Rings can often merge together.

Photo by Kent Davidson


Left untreated or treated too late, sunken dead areas may develop and take a long time to recover from

Photo by Mike Wolpoff, Sea Cliff Country Club


Symptoms are very similar to Yellow Patch (R. cerealis), but Yellow Patch tends to occur at maximum daytime temperature below 65 deg F


Patches often have a greenish color that develops behind the yellow ring. These areas tend to be soft and sunken.


The mechanism of the greening is unknown; it may be a result of nitrogen being released from broken down thatch or increased microbial activity inside the affected areas


The pathogen, Waitea circinata var. circinata (stained red in this photo), colonizes leaves, sheaths and crowns.


The fungus also can colonize the thatch, upper root zone and soil


The fungus produces abundant mycelia in high humidity situations; this is called the ‘Don King’ appearance of the fungus.

Photo by Larry Stowell


The pathogen degrades thatch, resulting in sunken rings on greensPhoto by Mike Wolpoff, Sea Cliff Country Club


Rings expand a few inches in size a week – photos are taken 1 week apart from each other.

This suggests that the disease more dynamic than previously thought.


The brown ring patch is rare on creeping bentgrass in the U.S. Rings that develop on creeping bentgrass tend to have a brown color.

Photos taken from the Color Atlas Of Turfgrass Diseases byJames B. Beard & Toshhikazu Tani (2002)


Brown Ring Patch on rough bluegrass also appears more reddish to brown in color


Distribution of W. circinata var circinata in the U.S.


Brown Ring Patch & Other Rhizoctonia Diseases

Brown ring patch is a Rhizoctonia disease

Waitea circinata var. circinata is closely related to high temperature brown patch (leaf & sheath spot) pathogens Rhizoctonia oryzae and Rhizoctonia zeae

But – there is no ‘Rhizoctonia name’ for the pathogen that causes brown ring patch, so we have to use Waitea circinata var. circinata


Disease Teleomorph Name(Sexual State)

Anamorph name(Asexual State)

Optimal Temp. Range (Max. Daytime Temps.)

Typical hosts

Yellow Patch Ceratobasidium cereale

Rhizoctonia cerealis

50-65ºF Cool & warm season species

Brown Patch of Cool Season Turf

Thanatephorus cucumeris

Rhizoctonia solani 77-90ºF All cool season species

Brown Patch of Warm Season Turf (Large Patch)

Thanatephorus cucumeris

Rhizoctonia solani 60-77ºF All warm season species

Leaf and Sheath Spot (High Temperature Brown Patch)

Waitea circinata var oryzae

Rhizoctonia oryzae

83-97ºF Cool & warm season species

Waitea circinata var zeae

Rhizoctonia zeae 83-97ºF

Brown Ring Patch (Waitea Patch)

Waitea circinata var circinata

none 77-86ºF Annual Bluegrass, Creeping Bentgrass, Rough Bluegrass


Brown Ring Patch Trialsat Torrey Pines Golf Course 2008 (North Course)


2008 Research at Torrey PinesField experiments were conducted in the Spring on the North Course

Greens were made available as the South Course was being prepared for the U.S. Open

Research was performed with North Course Superintendent Wayne Carpenter, and Jon Maddern and Mark Woodward, Directors of Golf for the City of San Diego


Research ObjectivesExamine the effects of nitrogen fertility and trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX) on brown ring patch development

Evaluate fungicide applications for the curative control of the disease


Nitrogen & Trinexapac-ethyl Nitrogen

Observed that diagnostic samples with brown ring patch were often nitrogen deficient

Traditionally, high nitrogen is associated with increased Rhizoctonia brown patch severity on greens

Effect on brown ring patch unknown


Nitrogen & Trinexapac-ethyl

Trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX)Primo MAXX regulates plant cell elongation

Outbreaks reported to coincide with spring Primo MAXX applications

Unknown if the plant growth regulator effects of Primo MAXX increase disease severity for brown ring patch


2008 Trials at Torrey Pines GCConducted on the North Course with Wayne Carpenter

Water soluble nitrogen applied on 8 Apr and 22 Apr (exp 1) and 3 & 17 May (exp 2) at the rate of 0.5 lb/1,000 sq ft (1 lb total)

calcium nitrate 15-0-0

ammonium sulfate 21-0-0

urea 46-0-0

Trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX) applied at 0.125 fl oz/1,000 sq ft in combination with nitrogen to some plots


2008 Trials at Torrey Pines GC

Disease severity assessed visually or by photographic analysis

Turf quality assessed by the use of a CM-1000 chlorophyll meter

Readings made weekly for 5 & 7 week periods


Digital disease analysis using Sigma Plot software and images taken with a Canon D70 camera


Nitrogen and Primo MAXX Effects Applications of 1 # nitrogen/1,000 sq ft resulted in a significant reduction in brown ring patch

No effect of source was observed in trials

Applications of Primo MAXX alone slightly increased disease severity on some rating dates

Primo MAXX plus nitrogen significantly reduced disease


Nitrogen effects on disease severity


Nitrogen & Primo MAXX effects


Nitrogen vs Nitrogen + Primo


water nitrate + Primo MAXX

wk 1

ammonium +Primo MAXX

urea + Primo MAXX

wk 3

wk 5

water + Primo MAXX


Nitrogen and Primo MAXX Effects In both trials, color (chlorophyll) was increased by nitrogen application

No affect of source was observed at the rates used

Primo MAXX used alone, increased turf color

Primo MAXX used with nitrogen resulted in the overall highest turf color


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ammonium sulfate

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water plus TE

calcium nitrate plus TE

ammonium sulfate plus TE

urea plus TE


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calcium nitrate plus TE

ammonium sulfate plus TE

urea plus TE


Interactions with fungicidesExperiment took place on Greens 2 and 6

1 fl oz Heritage TL/1,000 sq ft applied to affected areas

with 0.5 lb/1,000 sq ft calcium nitrate

with 0.5 lb calcium nitrate & 0.125 fl oz Primo MAXX/1,000 sq ft

It was suspected that the low labeled rate of fungicide would not completely control disease, but the potential interactions between nitrogen and Primo MAXX was being demonstrated


Heritage

Heritage + N

Heritage + N + Primo MAXX

wk 1 wk 2 wk 3 wk 4


Nitrogen, Primo & Heritage effects

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Fungicide TrialsPrevious studies had shown variable curative activity of fungicides for control of disease

We suspected that DMI-fungicide tank mixes may be effective for brown ring patch control

Not much fungicide trial data had been available for this disease and more data was needed to make better management recommendations


Materials Under Trial Pt 1


Materials Under Trial Pt 2


Trial 1: Effects of DMIs and DMI mixtures on brown ring patch


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Banner MAXX 2 floz

Endorse 4 oz +Banner MAXX 1 flozMedallion 0.33 oz+ Banner MAXX 1fl ozHeadway 2 fl oz

Instrata 6 fl oz

Trinity 2 fl oz

Insigna 0.5 oz +Trinity 1 fl oz

Triton 1.1 fl oz

ProStar 2.2 oz +Triton 0.55 fl oz


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Banner MAXX 2 floz


Instrata 6 fl oz

Trinity 2 fl oz


Triton 1.1 fl oz


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Banner MAXX 2 floz


Instrata 6 fl oz

Trinity 2 fl oz


Triton 1.1 fl oz


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Banner MAXX 2 floz


Instrata 6 fl oz

Trinity 2 fl oz


Triton 1.1 fl oz


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A


Trial 2: Effects of Rhizoctonia fungicides on brown ring patch


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Banner MAXX 1.3 MEC 2.0 floz

Headway 1.39EC 2.0 fl oz

Heritage TL 0.8ME 1.0 fl oz

Endorse 2.5WP 4.0 oz

ProStar 70WG 4.4 oz

Chipco 26GT 2SC 6.0 fl oz

Insignia 20WG 0.90 oz

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ProStar 70WG 4.4 oz



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ProStar 70WG 4.4 oz



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ProStar 70WG 4.4 oz



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Trial 3: Effects of repeated QoI fungicide applications on brown ring patch


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25-Apr 2-May 9-May 16-May 23-May 30-May 6-Jun

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Renown 2.5 fl oz

Renown 4.5 fl oz

Renown 2.5 fl oz(21)


Headway 1.5 fl oz

Tartan 1 fl oz

Concert 3 fl oz


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Renown 2.5 fl oz

Renown 4.5 fl oz



Headway 1.5 fl oz

Tartan 1 fl oz

Concert 3 fl ozC

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Renown 2.5 fl oz

Renown 4.5 fl oz



Headway 1.5 fl oz

Tartan 1 fl oz

Concert 3 fl oz

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Renown 2.5 fl oz

Renown 4.5 fl oz



Headway 1.5 fl oz

Tartan 1 fl oz

Concert 3 fl oz

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B


SummaryNitrogen effects

Applications of 1 lb nitrogen/1,000 sq ft significantly reduced Waitea patch severity

No effect of nitrogen source was seen

nitrate = ammonium = urea

Trinexapac-ethyl (Primo MAXX) effectsNo effect of Primo MAXX on disease severity

Primo MAXX applications increased turf quality (color)

Primo MAXX + nitrogen = highest turf quality


SummaryNitrogen x Primo x Fungicide Interactions

Fungicide (Heritage TL low rate) effectiveness was improved when applied with nitrogen and Primo MAXX

The effect of 0.5 lb calcium nitrate was not very pronounced

Fungicide + nitrogen effects may be stronger when more effective fungicides are used or a higher rate of nitrogen applied


Fungicide SummaryFungicides show different responses

Immediate recovery/Shorter residualHeadway

Endorse Delayed recovery/Longer residual

ProStar Trinity/Triton Tourney (data not shown, but similar to

Trinity/Triton applications)


Fungicide Summary Tank mixing fungicides, especially with a

the DMI fungicides Banner MAXX, Trinity, Triton or Tourney will increase effectiveness For example, 4 oz Endorse + 1 fl oz Banner MAXX

gave much better control than Endorse used alone Headway, a pre-mix of Heritage & Banner MAXX,

gave better results than Heritage or Banner MAXX used alone


Fungicide Summary These fungicides were also shown to be

effective, but 2 applications at the high labeled are recommended Heritage, Insignia, Disarm Medallion, Instrata Banner MAXX, Concert Renown


Conclusions Nitrogen fertility plays an important role

Increasing plant health/resistance to attack & recovery from damage

Primo MAXX benefits outweigh potential negative effects on disease when used with adequate nitrogen fertility

Timely fungicide applications are needed Fast acting/short residual vs slow acting/long residual Two back to back applications may work best

Add brown ring patch to the list of low-fertility diseases like anthracnose & dollar spot


Acknowledgements Torrey Pines Municipal Golf Course

Wayne Carpenter Candice Combs Jon Maddern Mark Woodward

GCSAA Environmental Institute for Golf California State GCSA Southern & Northern California, San Diego,

Hi-Lo, and Sierra Nevada GCSAs

GCSAA Research Update

Technology

Transcript of GCSAA Research Update