8/6/2019 Future of Cm
1/45
1
The Future of Condensed
Matter and Materials Physics
Steven M. Girvin
Yale University
APS MeetingMarch 3, 2003
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
2/45
2
Connections
Biophysics, Biologically Inspired PhysicsHigh Energy Theory
Condensed MatterTheory and Expt.
High Energy Expt.
Atomic, Molecular, OpticalMaterials Science
Astronomy CS, EE
Technology Fundamental Physics
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
3/45
3
Paradigms
Spherical Cow Paradigm
Dark Reality equilibrium
linear response ordered
non-interacting
local
?
Terra Incognita
non-equilibrium
non-linear
disordered
interacting non-local
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
4/45
4
Soft-Matter and Physics at
Human Scales
The World is an interesting and complex place
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
5/45
5
Navier-Stokes Equations
Glycerol/water into Air
A Cascade of Structure in a Drop Falling from a Faucet ,X. D. Shi, M. P. Brenner and S. R. Nagel, Science 265, 219-222 (1994).
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
6/45
6
Crumple
S. R. Nagel
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
7/45
7
Avalanche:
S. R. Nagel
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
8/45
8
The Thomson Problem and Spherical CrystallographyThe Thomson Problem and Spherical Crystallography(Nelson and Weitz groups, Harvard)
Finding the ground state of ~26,000 particleson a sphere is replaced by minimizing the energy of
only ~ 250 interacting disclinations, representing
points of local 5- and 7-fold symmetry.
Grain boundaries in ground state for R/a > 5-10have important implications for the mechanicalstability and porosity of colloidosomes, proposed as
delivery vehicles for drugs, flavors and fragrances.
1904: J. J. Thomson asks how particles packon a sphere relevant to viruses, colloid-coated
droplets, and multielectron bubbles in helium
Bausch et al. Science (in press)
Colloidosome = colloids of
radius a coating water droplet
(radius R) -- Weitz Laboratory
Simian virus SV40
Ordering on a sphere a minimum of 12
5-fold disclinations, as in soccer balls and
fullerenes -- what happens forR/a >> 1 ?Dislocations (5-7 defect pairs) embedded in
spherical ground states
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
9/45
9
Hard Matter and the Quantum
World of Electrons
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
10/45
10
RNG, Field Theory Paradigm
Powerful ideas and tools- quantum criticality
- stability analysis of fixed points
- recognize danger of fine tuning
- direction of flow hints at strong coupling f.p.
- broken symmetry
- emergence; new degrees of freedom
- fractionalization of particles- non-Fermi liquids
Band Insulator
Fermi Liquid
Superconductor
Al, Cu, Si
20 eV
2 eV
10-4 eV
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
11/45
11
Emergence from the muck(thank goodness for stable fixed points!)
Fractional charge and statistics (electrons are gone)
2
xy
p e
q h
=Chiral relativistic bosons
Chern-Simons angle is adjustable
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
12/45
12
Fractional Quantum Hall State
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
13/45
13
QHE Bilayer Tunneling
~ 2 eV0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
dI/dV
(
10-6-1)
420-2-4Interlayer Voltage (mV)
Which Layer? Broken Symmetry
Counter-flow superfluidity rapidly
relaxes charge defects created by
tunneling.
J. Eisenstein
E t Q ti ti f H ll d H ll lt
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
14/45
14
I
VDh/e2
1%
Exact Quantization of Hall drag: Hall voltage
without current
2DhV Ie
=
Rxy,Drag
Chern-Simons (Giaver)
Flux Transformer
J. Eisenstein
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
15/45
15
Electronic Liquid Crystals
Vdc
(mV)
(kHz)
0
00 21 3 4
0.3
20
10
30
Idc (A)
Narrow band noise
Nematic to Isotropic Transition
Fradkin and Kivelson
Wexler and Dorsey
Radzihovsky and Dorsey
Quantum Soft Matter
Higher Landau Levels
Koulakov, Fogler, and Shklovskii;
Moessner and Chalker 1996
J. Eisenstein
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
16/45
16
Struggling with other Strongly
Correlated Systemsis
Difficult
high Tc
heavy fermions
oxide magnets, CMR, magnetic SC
ladders, chains
organics
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
17/45
17
CopperCopper
The Nano World
Kondo Mirage
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
18/45
18
Kondo Mirage
in a
Quantum Corral
K 56KT =
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
19/45
100
b
7 pA
0 pA
Vortex-induced LDOS ofBi2Sr2CaCu2O8+ integratedfrom 1meV to 12meV
J. Hoffman E. W. Hudson, K. M. Lang, V. Madhavan,S. H. Pan, H. Eisaki, S. Uchida, and J. C. Davis,Science 295, 466 (2002).
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
20/45
20
STM image of LDOS modulations in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+in zero magnetic field
Period = 4 latticespacings
Period = 4 latticespacings
Energy spectroscopy
can be done on the spatial
Fourier transform signal
C. Howald, H. Eisaki, N. Kaneko, and A. Kapitulnik, cond-mat/0201546
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
21/45
21
STM Electron Spin Resonance
H. Manoharan
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
22/45
22
Scanning SQUID
Hans Hilgenkamp, Ariando, Henk-Jan H. Smilde, Dave H.A. Blank, Guus Rijnders,Horst Rogalla, John R. Kirtley, and Chang C. Tsuei, Nature, March 6, 2002
Nano-Mechanics
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
23/45
23
Nano-Mechanics
H. Ohnishi et al.Nature 395, 780 (1998)
Au bridges
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
24/45
24
F F/ 1.7nN in gold =
N h i l "AND" G t
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
25/45
Nano-mechanical "AND" GateCurvature Plots
After (A then B)Ready After A
Ready After B After (B then A)
D. Eigler
3 I S M l l C d L i Ci i
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
26/45
26
3-Input Sorter Molecule Cascade Logic Circuit
OutputsInputs
O3 = A + B + CC
O2 = (A * B) + (B * C) + (C * A)B
O1 = A * B * CA
Circuit Components:3 "And" gates
3 "Or" gates
6 "Fan-Outs"
3 "Cross-Overs"+ Wiring
Circuit Dimensions: 12 nm x 17 nm
541 molecules
D. Eigler
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
27/45
27
Quantum Dots and
Interferometersfour terminal
R. Schusteret. al., Nature 385, 417 (97)
QD plunger gate
reflector
gate
drain
source
bridge
2DEG
gate
QD
two terminal
A. Yacoby et. al., PRL 74, 4047 (95)
Mach-Zehnder interferometer
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
28/45
28
Mach Zehnder interferometer
D1
S
BS1 M1
M2 BS2
D2
0 50 100 150 200
0
5
10
15
-9.0 -7.5 -6.0 -4.5 -3.0
Time (minute) = Magnetic Field
Modualtion Gate Voltage, VMG (mV)
VMG A Time B
Current(a.u
.)
GateVoltag
e,
VMG
(mV)
Time = Magnetic Field
Visibility = 60%
Weizmann group
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
29/45
29
Tools
Photons
Neutrons
Numerics
ARPES
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
30/45
30
ARPES
pseudogap
Adapted by Millis and Orenstein from:Loeser et al.,Phys. Rev. B 56, 14185 (1997)
Federov et al.,Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 217 (1999)
C h S h di i
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
31/45
31Dynamics: liquids, polymers, bio-molecules, CDWs, glasses, critical phenomena
Coherent Synchrotron Radiation
Spallation Neutron Source
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
32/45
32
Spallation Neutron Source
high intensity broad energy range
pulsed/t-o-f/timing
N i l T l
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
33/45
33
Numerical Tools
Brute force is not enough
QMC-cluster/loop/worm
-fermions
DMRG-higher dimensions
CORE
LDA (+U)
-Order N
DMFT
-cluster
d=
M lti S d ti it i M B2
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
34/45
34
Choi, Roundy, Sun, Cohen & Louie, Nature (2002)
Multigap Superconductivity in MgB2
(k) on Fermi surface at T=4 K incolor scale
Gap distribution as a function
of temperature.
Expt: 1 ~ 2 meV; 2 ~ 7 meV
Dynamical Mean Field Theory
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
35/45
35
-PlutoniumRealistic band structure
+
local correlations
Volume change 35%
Savrosov, Kotliar and Abrahams
Nature (2001)
Electronic Structure
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
36/45
36
Challenges
Spectroscopy of real materials
Many body theory for real materials QMC: fermions; real-time vs. Euclidean time
Prediction, rational materials design
Multi-scale modeling spanning many decades in length and time
New NMR Tools
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
37/45
37
New NMR Tools
Note scale!
McDermott et al.
Science 295, 2247 (2002)1Hz
SQUID detects notd
dt
iron law of NMR: signal 4B
microTesla Fields
Quantum Computation and NMR
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
38/45
38
Q p
of a Single Spin
Quantum MeasurementSingle Spin
Box
SET
Vgb Vge
Cgb
Cc
Cge
Vds
Radio-Frequency Single Electron Transistor
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
39/45
39
Radio Frequency Single Electron Transistor
(RF-SET)
10-5 e/Hz1/2 charge noise
-10 0 10Time ( s )
0.2 electrons
SET
RFR
eflectedpower
Measure RF powerreflected from LC
transformer
Response to step in Vge
single time
trace
Transformer
Electrometer
input gate
Sub-electron sensitivityfor > 100 MHz bandwidth
Schoelkopfet al., (Science 1998)
First Observation of RAMSEY FRINGES
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
40/45
40
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
30
35
40
45
switching
probabilit
y(%)
time between pulses t (s)
RF = 16409.50 MHz
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
30
35
40
45
switchingprobability
(%)
time between pulses t (s)
Q ~ 25000
t
Courtesy M. Devoret
in a quantum electrical circuit
Vion et al. Science 2002
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
41/45
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
42/45
42
Convergence of CM and AMO
optical lattices
Mott-Hubbard Transition
Spinor Condensates
Rotating Condensates = QHE
Spin waves, vortices, Landau damping
quantum computation
many-body effects in condensate clocks 1D Luttinger liquids
quantum chaos in optical billiards
Mott Insulator Superfluid
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
43/45
43
1 kHz
10nK 200Hz (!)
U :
:
Greiner et al.
Nature 2002
/T scaling; quantumto classical cross over
is in the audio!
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
44/45
44
Thanks for slides to:
S. Louie
A. Millis
M. Devoret
R. Schoelkopf
J. Kirtley J. Eisenstein
M. Heiblum
C. Kallin
C. Stafford
S. Sachdev
H. Manoharan
D. Eigler S. Nagel
L. Radzihovsky
The Future is Bright
8/6/2019 Future of Cm
45/45
45
but will require someHeavy Lifting
Top Related