Future of Cm

8/6/2019 Future of Cm

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The Future of Condensed

Matter and Materials Physics

Steven M. Girvin

Yale University

APS MeetingMarch 3, 2003


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Connections

Biophysics, Biologically Inspired PhysicsHigh Energy Theory

Condensed MatterTheory and Expt.

High Energy Expt.

Atomic, Molecular, OpticalMaterials Science

Astronomy CS, EE

Technology Fundamental Physics


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Paradigms

Spherical Cow Paradigm

Dark Reality equilibrium

linear response ordered

non-interacting

local

?

Terra Incognita

non-equilibrium

non-linear

disordered

interacting non-local


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Soft-Matter and Physics at

Human Scales

The World is an interesting and complex place


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Navier-Stokes Equations

Glycerol/water into Air

A Cascade of Structure in a Drop Falling from a Faucet ,X. D. Shi, M. P. Brenner and S. R. Nagel, Science 265, 219-222 (1994).


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Crumple

S. R. Nagel


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Avalanche:

S. R. Nagel


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The Thomson Problem and Spherical CrystallographyThe Thomson Problem and Spherical Crystallography(Nelson and Weitz groups, Harvard)

Finding the ground state of ~26,000 particleson a sphere is replaced by minimizing the energy of

only ~ 250 interacting disclinations, representing

points of local 5- and 7-fold symmetry.

Grain boundaries in ground state for R/a > 5-10have important implications for the mechanicalstability and porosity of colloidosomes, proposed as

delivery vehicles for drugs, flavors and fragrances.

1904: J. J. Thomson asks how particles packon a sphere relevant to viruses, colloid-coated

droplets, and multielectron bubbles in helium

Bausch et al. Science (in press)

Colloidosome = colloids of

radius a coating water droplet

(radius R) -- Weitz Laboratory

Simian virus SV40

Ordering on a sphere a minimum of 12

5-fold disclinations, as in soccer balls and

fullerenes -- what happens forR/a >> 1 ?Dislocations (5-7 defect pairs) embedded in

spherical ground states


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Hard Matter and the Quantum

World of Electrons


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RNG, Field Theory Paradigm

Powerful ideas and tools- quantum criticality

- stability analysis of fixed points

- recognize danger of fine tuning

- direction of flow hints at strong coupling f.p.

- broken symmetry

- emergence; new degrees of freedom

- fractionalization of particles- non-Fermi liquids

Band Insulator

Fermi Liquid

Superconductor

Al, Cu, Si

20 eV

2 eV

10-4 eV


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Emergence from the muck(thank goodness for stable fixed points!)

Fractional charge and statistics (electrons are gone)

2

xy

p e

q h

=Chiral relativistic bosons

Chern-Simons angle is adjustable


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Fractional Quantum Hall State


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QHE Bilayer Tunneling

~ 2 eV0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

dI/dV

(

10-6-1)

420-2-4Interlayer Voltage (mV)

Which Layer? Broken Symmetry

Counter-flow superfluidity rapidly

relaxes charge defects created by

tunneling.

J. Eisenstein

E t Q ti ti f H ll d H ll lt


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I

VDh/e2

1%

Exact Quantization of Hall drag: Hall voltage

without current

2DhV Ie

=

Rxy,Drag

Chern-Simons (Giaver)

Flux Transformer

J. Eisenstein


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Electronic Liquid Crystals

Vdc

(mV)

(kHz)

0

00 21 3 4

0.3

20

10

30

Idc (A)

Narrow band noise

Nematic to Isotropic Transition

Fradkin and Kivelson

Wexler and Dorsey

Radzihovsky and Dorsey

Quantum Soft Matter

Higher Landau Levels

Koulakov, Fogler, and Shklovskii;

Moessner and Chalker 1996

J. Eisenstein


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Struggling with other Strongly

Correlated Systemsis

Difficult

high Tc

heavy fermions

oxide magnets, CMR, magnetic SC

ladders, chains

organics


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CopperCopper

The Nano World

Kondo Mirage


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Kondo Mirage

in a

Quantum Corral

K 56KT =


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b

7 pA

0 pA

Vortex-induced LDOS ofBi2Sr2CaCu2O8+ integratedfrom 1meV to 12meV

J. Hoffman E. W. Hudson, K. M. Lang, V. Madhavan,S. H. Pan, H. Eisaki, S. Uchida, and J. C. Davis,Science 295, 466 (2002).


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STM image of LDOS modulations in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+in zero magnetic field

Period = 4 latticespacings

Period = 4 latticespacings

Energy spectroscopy

can be done on the spatial

Fourier transform signal

C. Howald, H. Eisaki, N. Kaneko, and A. Kapitulnik, cond-mat/0201546


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STM Electron Spin Resonance

H. Manoharan


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Scanning SQUID

Hans Hilgenkamp, Ariando, Henk-Jan H. Smilde, Dave H.A. Blank, Guus Rijnders,Horst Rogalla, John R. Kirtley, and Chang C. Tsuei, Nature, March 6, 2002

Nano-Mechanics


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Nano-Mechanics

H. Ohnishi et al.Nature 395, 780 (1998)

Au bridges


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F F/ 1.7nN in gold =

N h i l "AND" G t


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Nano-mechanical "AND" GateCurvature Plots

After (A then B)Ready After A

Ready After B After (B then A)

D. Eigler

3 I S M l l C d L i Ci i


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3-Input Sorter Molecule Cascade Logic Circuit

OutputsInputs

O3 = A + B + CC

O2 = (A * B) + (B * C) + (C * A)B

O1 = A * B * CA

Circuit Components:3 "And" gates

3 "Or" gates

6 "Fan-Outs"

3 "Cross-Overs"+ Wiring

Circuit Dimensions: 12 nm x 17 nm

541 molecules

D. Eigler


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Quantum Dots and

Interferometersfour terminal

R. Schusteret. al., Nature 385, 417 (97)

QD plunger gate

reflector

gate

drain

source

bridge

2DEG

gate

QD

two terminal

A. Yacoby et. al., PRL 74, 4047 (95)

Mach-Zehnder interferometer


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Mach Zehnder interferometer

D1

S

BS1 M1

M2 BS2

D2

0 50 100 150 200

0

5

10

15

-9.0 -7.5 -6.0 -4.5 -3.0

Time (minute) = Magnetic Field

Modualtion Gate Voltage, VMG (mV)

VMG A Time B

Current(a.u

.)

GateVoltag

e,

VMG

(mV)

Time = Magnetic Field

Visibility = 60%

Weizmann group


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Tools

Photons

Neutrons

Numerics

ARPES


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ARPES

pseudogap

Adapted by Millis and Orenstein from:Loeser et al.,Phys. Rev. B 56, 14185 (1997)

Federov et al.,Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 217 (1999)

C h S h di i


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31Dynamics: liquids, polymers, bio-molecules, CDWs, glasses, critical phenomena

Coherent Synchrotron Radiation

Spallation Neutron Source


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Spallation Neutron Source

high intensity broad energy range

pulsed/t-o-f/timing

N i l T l


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Numerical Tools

Brute force is not enough

QMC-cluster/loop/worm

-fermions

DMRG-higher dimensions

CORE

LDA (+U)

-Order N

DMFT

-cluster

d=

M lti S d ti it i M B2


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Choi, Roundy, Sun, Cohen & Louie, Nature (2002)

Multigap Superconductivity in MgB2

(k) on Fermi surface at T=4 K incolor scale

Gap distribution as a function

of temperature.

Expt: 1 ~ 2 meV; 2 ~ 7 meV

Dynamical Mean Field Theory


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-PlutoniumRealistic band structure

+

local correlations

Volume change 35%

Savrosov, Kotliar and Abrahams

Nature (2001)

Electronic Structure


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Challenges

Spectroscopy of real materials

Many body theory for real materials QMC: fermions; real-time vs. Euclidean time

Prediction, rational materials design

Multi-scale modeling spanning many decades in length and time

New NMR Tools


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New NMR Tools

Note scale!

McDermott et al.

Science 295, 2247 (2002)1Hz

SQUID detects notd

dt

iron law of NMR: signal 4B

microTesla Fields

Quantum Computation and NMR


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Q p

of a Single Spin

Quantum MeasurementSingle Spin

Box

SET

Vgb Vge

Cgb

Cc

Cge

Vds

Radio-Frequency Single Electron Transistor


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Radio Frequency Single Electron Transistor

(RF-SET)

10-5 e/Hz1/2 charge noise

-10 0 10Time ( s )

0.2 electrons

SET

RFR

eflectedpower

Measure RF powerreflected from LC

transformer

Response to step in Vge

single time

trace

Transformer

Electrometer

input gate

Sub-electron sensitivityfor > 100 MHz bandwidth

Schoelkopfet al., (Science 1998)

First Observation of RAMSEY FRINGES


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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

30

35

40

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switching

probabilit

y(%)

time between pulses t (s)

RF = 16409.50 MHz

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

30

35

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switchingprobability

(%)

time between pulses t (s)

Q ~ 25000

t

Courtesy M. Devoret

in a quantum electrical circuit

Vion et al. Science 2002


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Convergence of CM and AMO

optical lattices

Mott-Hubbard Transition

Spinor Condensates

Rotating Condensates = QHE

Spin waves, vortices, Landau damping

quantum computation

many-body effects in condensate clocks 1D Luttinger liquids

quantum chaos in optical billiards

Mott Insulator Superfluid


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1 kHz

10nK 200Hz (!)

U :

:

Greiner et al.

Nature 2002

/T scaling; quantumto classical cross over

is in the audio!


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Thanks for slides to:

S. Louie

A. Millis

M. Devoret

R. Schoelkopf

J. Kirtley J. Eisenstein

M. Heiblum

C. Kallin

C. Stafford

S. Sachdev

H. Manoharan

D. Eigler S. Nagel

L. Radzihovsky

The Future is Bright


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but will require someHeavy Lifting

Future of Cm

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