FLMs, PSD Increment, and AQRVs:FLMs, PSD Increment, and AQRVs:the Oregon experiencethe Oregon experience
WESTAR Fall Technical Conference
Seattle
15-17 September 2003
Philip Allen, Oregon DEQ
OverviewOverview
Class I Area Increment & AQRVs
• Oregon’s permit process• EPA & FLMs• Class I areas• Standards and criteria levels• Example results
Federal Class I Areas: Oregon and Washington(NPS, Forest Service Region 6)
U.S.D.A. Forest Service RegionsU.S.D.A. Forest Service Regions
Region 6
Single Source NSR AQ AnalysisSingle Source NSR AQ Analysis
• Scope– Class II NAAQS and PSD Increment– Class I NAAQS, PSD Increment, AQRVs
• Comments/input on the AQ analysis– Recommendations from FLM and other agencies
(states, EPA as available)– Final recommendation based on DEQ review of
impacts vs. standards, and FLM and other comments.
ProtocolDevelopment
FinalProtocol
AQ Analysisby consultant
ReviewCompleted
DEQ Review < 45 days
since Completeness
Protocol Review
Target is < 21 days
DEQReview
DEQ: Single source AQ Analysis TimelineDEQ: Single source AQ Analysis Timeline
FLMInput
FLMInput
Applicationsubmittal
CompletenessDetermination
Completeness
Determination < 10 days
DEQReview
Protocol Development
• Initial informal discussions with consultant– Location of proposed source– Type and availability of met data– Availability of background data– Provide consultant initial guidance
• Protocol meeting – Scheduled in coordination with DEQ Regional Office– Attended by HQ AQ analyst, RO permit engineer,
FLM, client, modeling consultant, and other client consultants.
Protocol Development (cont.)
• Protocol meeting scope– Type and size of new or modified source
– Applicable AQ standards• Class II and Class I NAAQS and PSD Increment• Class I AQRV analysis required or requested ?
– Models for near-source impact analysis and long range transport• Aermod-Prime/ISCPrime• Calpuff Lite/Calpuff• Other
Protocol Development (cont.)
• Protocol meeting scope (cont.)– Met data
• Screening met• NWS• On-site
– Background data
– Competing sources
Class I Area Visibility Monthly f(RH)Class I Area Visibility Monthly f(RH)
Monthly f(RH) are from: Appendix A of Draft Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions under the RHR (Sept. 27,2001)
Monthly f(RH)Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Class I Area ST f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH)HellsCanyon ID 3.70 3.12 2.51 2.17 2.12 2.00 1.63 1.58 1.79 2.41 3.45 3.87Saw tooth ID 3.34 2.87 2.32 2.01 2.00 1.84 1.43 1.40 1.50 1.96 2.94 3.31Selw ay-Bitterroot ID 3.50 3.02 2.59 2.34 2.36 2.31 1.93 1.86 2.09 2.55 3.30 3.50Mount Hood OR 4.29 3.81 3.46 3.87 2.95 3.15 2.85 3.00 3.10 3.86 4.53 4.55Mount Jefferson OR 4.41 3.90 3.56 3.74 3.07 3.11 2.89 2.91 3.03 3.78 4.55 4.54Mt Washington OR 4.44 3.93 3.58 3.73 3.09 3.11 2.98 2.91 3.02 3.76 4.56 4.56Straw berry Mt OR 3.89 3.33 2.75 2.93 2.27 2.39 1.98 1.97 1.87 2.63 3.69 4.07ThreeSisters OR 4.47 3.95 3.61 3.72 3.11 3.11 3.00 2.91 3.03 3.79 4.60 4.57GoatRocks WA 4.25 3.75 3.36 4.24 2.83 3.38 3.03 3.19 3.07 3.77 4.42 4.55Mount Adams WA 4.29 3.80 3.44 4.40 2.92 3.49 3.12 3.27 3.13 3.86 4.49 4.56MountRainier WA 4.42 3.96 3.64 4.65 3.06 3.69 3.30 3.50 3.40 4.11 4.66 4.66OlympicNP WA 4.51 4.08 3.82 4.08 3.17 3.46 3.12 3.48 3.71 4.38 4.83 4.75
Class I Area Monthly Reference BackgroundClass I Area Monthly Reference Background
Monthly f(RH) are from: Appendix A of Draft Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions under the RHR (Sept. 27,2001)Default Annual Natural bext (Annual Reference Level) from Appendix B .Monthly Reference Background is backcalculated using Annual Natural bext, monthly f(RH), and east and w est speciation
For Background calculationsHygro = 0.6
Non-hygro = 4.5Rayleigh = 10
Caclulated Monthly Reference BackgroundJan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Class I Area ST Mm-1 Mm-1 Mm-1 Mm-1 Mm-1 Mm-1 Mm-1 Mm-1 Mm-1 Mm-1 Mm-1 Mm-1HellsCanyon ID 16.72 16.37 16.01 15.80 15.77 15.70 15.48 15.45 15.57 15.95 16.57 16.82Saw tooth ID 16.50 16.22 15.89 15.71 15.70 15.60 15.36 15.34 15.40 15.68 16.26 16.49Mount Hood OR 17.07 16.79 16.58 16.82 16.27 16.39 16.21 16.30 16.36 16.82 17.22 17.23Mount Jefferson OR 17.15 16.84 16.64 16.74 16.34 16.37 16.23 16.25 16.32 16.77 17.23 17.22Mt Washington OR 17.16 16.86 16.65 16.74 16.35 16.37 16.29 16.25 16.31 16.76 17.24 17.24ThreeSisters OR 17.18 16.87 16.67 16.73 16.37 16.37 16.30 16.25 16.32 16.77 17.26 17.24Mount Adams WA 17.07 16.78 16.56 17.14 16.25 16.59 16.37 16.46 16.38 16.82 17.19 17.24MountRainier WA 17.15 16.88 16.68 17.29 16.34 16.71 16.48 16.60 16.54 16.97 17.30 17.30OlympicNP WA 17.21 16.95 16.79 16.95 16.40 16.58 16.37 16.59 16.73 17.13 17.40 17.35
Protocol guidance: AQRV calculations
Species Calpuff Convert (2) Seasonalof Output Intermediate Final Rate Scattering Visibility Class I
Application Interest Species Species Decimal Species Fraction Decimal Effic Factor f(RH)
CALP UFF - CALP UFF Lite(NH4)2SO4 SO4 1.0 (NH4)2SO4/SO4 132/96 1.290 3 3.87 see Class I listNH4NO3 NO3 1.0 NH4NO3/NO3 80/62 1.375 3 4.125 see Class I list
Delta bext = output species (ug/m3) * visibility factor * seasonal f(RH)] / seasonal Natural Background
notes: 1) For Class I visibility calculation, refer to FLAG Final Draft (Dec 2000)2) Visibility factor = decimal * scattering efficiency
(2)Units
Species Calpuff Convert Conversion (3) (4)of Output Intermediate Final Rate g/m2/s Deposition Deposition
Application Interest Species Species Decimal Species Fraction Decimal kg/ha/hr factor hrs
CALP UFF - CALP UFF LiteS SO4 S 1.0 S/SO4 32/96 0.333 36000 1.200E+04 *S SO2 S 1.0 S/SO2 32/64 0.500 36000 1.800E+04 *N NO2 N 1.0 N/NO2 14/46 0.304 36000 1.096E+04 *N HNO3 N 1.0 N/HNO3 14/63 0.222 36000 7.999E+03 *N NO3 NH4NO3 NH4NO3/NO3 80/62 1.29 N 1.0 1.290 * 2N/NH4NO31.290 * 28/80 1.290 * 0.350 0.452 36000 1.625E+04 *
N (5) SO4 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2SO4/SO4 132/96 1.375 N 1.0 1.375 * 2N/(NH4)2SO41.375 * 28/132 1.375 * 0.2121 0.292 36000 1.050E+04 *
Wet Deposition = wet output species (g/s/m2) * deposition factor * deposition hoursReference molecular weights: Dry Deposition = dry output species (g/s/m2) * deposition factor * deposition hours
Mol Total Deposition = wet + dry deposition for all species that contribute S or NSpecies Wt
N 14 notes: 1) For deposition calculation, refer to the IWAQM P hase 2 Recommendation (Dec 1998)S 32 a) For Calpuff Lite using standard ISC met files (not including precipitation), total deposition is twice dry O 16 deposition to account for wet deposition.
SO4 96 b) For Calpuff Lite (with expanded met data) and full Calpuff, each of the output species should be SO2 64 evaluated for both wet and dry deposition.NO2 46 c) If deposition calculated monthly or seasonally, deposition = aggregate of all months or seasons
HNO3 63 2) Conversion factor = 10 -̂3 (g to kg) * 10 4̂ (m2 to ha) * 3600 (secs to hrs) = 36000NO3 62 3) Deposition factor = decimal * units conversionSO4 96 4) Deposition hours represents the number of hours in the period over which deposition is calculated.NH4 18 5) The N contribution from the NH4 ion in (NH4)2SO4 is included in total N deposition.
NH4NO3 80 6) Example: for an annual run:(NH4)2SO4 132 total deposition = [(wet output species (g/s/m2) * dep factor) + (dry output specices (g/s/m2) * dep factor)] * 8760 hrs
Intermediate Ratio Ratio
Intermediate Ratio Ratio
Deposition (1)
Step 1 Conversion Step 2 Conversion
Conversion of output species to secondary aerosols and elemental S and N for evaluating visibility and deposition in C lass I areas
Visibility (1)Step 1 Conversion Step 2 Conversion
AQRV Criteria LevelsAQRV Criteria Levels
Threshold SILBackground Criteria Criteria FLAG 5% of 0.4% of
Visual Plume Color Ref Level Ref Level Ref LevelRange Contrast Difference bext bext bext S N S N S N
Site Season km C Delta E (Mm-1) (Mm-1) (Mm-1) kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha kg/haOlympic NP Annual 227 0.05 2.0 17.2 0.86 0.069 5.6 2.0 0.005 0.005
Winter 227 0.05 2.0 17.2 0.86 0.069Spring 230 0.05 2.0 17.0 0.85 0.068
Summer 237 0.05 2.0 16.5 0.83 0.066Fall 217 0.05 2.0 18.0 0.90 0.072
Alpine Lakes Annual 234 0.05 2.0 16.7 0.84 0.067 7.2 5.2 3 5 0.005 0.005Winter 227 0.05 2.0 17.2 0.86 0.069Spring 237 0.05 2.0 16.5 0.83 0.066
Summer 243 0.05 2.0 16.1 0.81 0.064Fall 222 0.05 2.0 17.6 0.88 0.070
Mount Rainier NP Annual 233 0.05 2.0 16.8 0.84 0.067 3.1 2.4 0.005 0.005Winter 226 0.05 2.0 17.3 0.87 0.069Spring 237 0.05 2.0 16.5 0.83 0.066
Summer 243 0.05 2.0 16.1 0.81 0.064Fall 222 0.05 2.0 17.6 0.88 0.070
Wet Dep Max Load
(distances < = 50 km)(2)
(distance > 50 km)
AQRV Criteria and Significance Levels for Class I areas and the Gorge NSA in the Pacific NW
2 x Max Criteria Level SIL (3)
Visibility DepositionPlume Visibility Haze
PM10 speciation
Consensus Combined-Cycle NG-fired Turbine ExampleTenaska-Buckingham County, VA--Bear Garden
from AP-42Heat Input Filterable PM Condensible PM Total PM SO2
Turbine (mmBtu/hr) (lb/mmBtu) (lb/hr) (lb/mmBtu) (lb/hr) (lb/mmBtu) (lb/hr) (lb/mmBtu) %S (lb/hr)GE 7FA 1887 0.0019 3.59 0.0047 8.87 0.0066 12.45 0.94 0.004 6.42
Consensus ApproachHeat Input Total PM (Applicant) Filterable PM = EC Condensible PM SO2 (Applicant)
(25% * Estimate) (75% * Estimate) Turbine (mmBtu/hr) (lb/mmBtu) (lb/hr) (lb/mmBtu) (lb/hr) (lb/mmBtu) (lb/hr) (gr/100scf) (lb/hr)
GE 7FA 1887 9.70 2.43 7.28 2.0 3.10
Adjusted SO2 SO4 Organic Carbon(Applicant SO2 *(Applicant SO2 * (Condensible -
2/3) 1/3*96/64) SO4)(lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr)2.07 1.55 5.73
Consensus Combined Cycle Turbine Example TotalRelative
Extinction bextType Name Coef. f(RH) Efficiency 1/MmFilterable = Elemental Carbon (EC) EC 10 10 24.25Inorganic CPM SOIL 1 1Inorganic CPM SO4 3 2 6 9.30Organic CPM SOA 4 4 22.90
56.45
Modeling guidance: Postutil visibility parameters
Project Name: Postutil Input Parameters
Visbility
Value
Variable Description Default Used
NFILES Number of CALPUFF data f iles 1
NSPECINP Number of species to process from CALPUFF runs 6
NSPECOUT Number of species to w rite to output f ile 8
NSPECCMP Number of species to compute from those modeled 3
MNITRATE Recompute the HNO3/NO3 partition for concentrations? 0
The follow ing NSPECINP species w ill be processed
ASPECI SO2 SO2
SO4 SO4
NOX NOX
HNO3 HNO3
NO3 NO3
PM10 PM10
The follow ing NSPECOUT species w ill be w ritten out
ASPECO SO2 SO2
SO4 SO4
NOX NOX
HNO3 HNO3
NO3 NO3
SOA SOA
EC EC
SOIL SOIL
CSPECCMPFollow ing species computed from processed input species: SOA
SO2 0.0
SO4 0.0
NOX 0.0
HNO3 0.0
NO3 0.0
PM10 0.25
CSPECCMPFollow ing species computed from processed input species: EC
SO2 0.0
Appendix Table 6.
Project Name: Calpost Input Parameters
Visibility
Value
Variable Description Default Used
ASPEC Species to process VISIB
ILAYER Layer/deposition code (1 = CALPUFF concentrations; -3 = w et+dry deposition f luxes) 1
RHMAX Maximum relative humidity (%) used in particle grow th curve 98
Modeled species to be included in computing the light extinction
LVSO4 Include SO4? T
LVNO3 Include NO3? T
LVOC Include Organic Carbon? T
LVPMC Include Coarse Particles? F
LVPMF Include Fine Particles? T
LVEC Include Elemental Carbon? T
LVBK w hen ranking for TOP-N, TOP-50, and Exceedance tables Include BACKGROUND? T
SPECPMC Species name used for particulates in MODEL.DAT file: COARSE = PMC
SPECPMF Species name used for particulates in MODEL.DAT file: FINE = SOIL
Extinction Eff iciencies (1/Mm per ug/m**3)
EEPMC PM COARSE = 0.6
EEPMF PM FINE = 1.0
EEPMCBK Background PM COARSE 0.6
EESO4 SO4 = 3.0
EENO3 NO3 = 3.0
EEOC Organic Carbon = 4.0
EESOIL Soil = 1.0
EEEC Elemental Carbon = 10.0
MVISBK Method for background light extinction (2 = Hourly RH adjust; 6 = FLAG seasonal f(RH)) 2 or 6
RHFAC Monthly RH adjustment factors from FLAG (unique for each Class I area) yes if 6
Background monthly extinction coeff icients (FLAG) unique for each Class I area
BKSO4 All hygroscopic as SO4 (raw extinction value w ithout scattering eff iciency adjustment) 0.2
BKNO3 0
BKPMC 0
BKOC 0
Modeling guidance: Calpost visibility parameters
Modeling guidance: Postutil deposition parametersAppendix Table 4.
Project Name: Postutil Input Parameters
Deposition
Value
Variable Description Default Used
NFILES Number of CALPUFF data f iles 2
NSPECINP Number of species to process from CALPUFF runs 6
NSPECOUT Number of species to w rite to output f ile 2
ASPECI The follow ing NSPECINP species w ill be processed SO2
SO4
NOX
HNO3
NO3
PM10
The follow ing NSPECOUT species w ill be w ritten out
ASPECO Nitrogen N
Sulfur S
CSPECCMPFollow ing species computed from processed input species: N
SO2 0
SO4 0.292
NOX 0.304
HNO3 0.222
NO3 0.452
PM10
CSPECCMPFollow ing species computed from processed input species: S
SO2 0.500
SO4 0.333
NOX 0
HNO3 0
NO3 0
PM10 0
Class I Area ImpactsClass I Area Impacts
• EPA regulated– NAAQS– PSD Increment
• Federal Land Manager (FLM) regulated– Air Quality Related Values (AQRVs)
• S deposition• N deposition• Visibility
– Ammonium Sulfate [(NH4)2SO4]– Ammonium Nitrate [NH4NO3]– Particulate Matter (PM)
– Ozone [O3]
Example: Class I PSD IncrementExample: Class I PSD Increment
TABLE 6-4 Class I PSD Increment Analysis Results for example power generation project
Area
SO2
Annual (g/m3)
SO2
24-hour (g/m3)
SO2
3-hour (g/m3)
PM10
Annual (g/m3)
PM10 24-hour (g/m3)
NOX
Annual (g/m3)
Mt. Jefferson Wilderness 0.0004 0.02 0.06 0.005 0.2 0.003
Mt. Hood Wilderness 0.0002 0.009 0.03 0.003 0.1 0.001
Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area
0.0009 0.007 0.02 0.002 0.1 0.0009
Mt. Adams Wilderness 0.00006 0.002 0.006 0.001 0.04 0.0002
Mt. Washington Wilderness 0.0004 0.01 0.05 0.005 0.2 0.003
Crater Lake National Park 0.00003 0.001 0.003 0.0006 0.02 0.00006
Strawberry Mountain Wilderness 0.0002 0.002 0.01 0.002 0.03 0.0005
Diamond Peak Wilderness 0.00007 0.003 0.01 0.001 0.04 0.0002
Three Sisters Wilderness 0.0004 0.01 0.05 0.005 0.2 0.003
Proposed EPA Class I Significance Impact Level
0.10 0.20 1.00 0.20 0.30 0.10
Class I Increment 2 5 25 4 8 2.5
Example: Class I AQRVs - DepositionExample: Class I AQRVs - Deposition
Summary of Total Nitrogen and Sulfur Deposition Results
Area
Total N kg/(hectare*y
r)
Total S kg/(hectare*y
r)
Mt. Jefferson Wilderness 0.002 0.0004
Mt. Hood Wilderness 0.001 0.0003
Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area 0.0007 0.0002
Mt. Adams Wilderness 0.0004 0.0001
Mt. Washington Wilderness 0.002 0.0004
Crater Lake National Park 0.0002 0.0001
Strawberry Mountain Wilderness 0.0007 0.0002
Diamond Peak Wilderness 0.0004 0.0001
Three Sisters Wilderness 0.002 0.0004
Criteria Level: NPS Deposition Analysis Thresholds 0.005 0.005
Example: Class I AQRVs – Visibility Example: Class I AQRVs – Visibility
Visibility Analysis Results Maximum Percent Extinction Change
Area Day Year
Receptor Coordinate X
(km)*
Receptor Coordinate Y
(km)*
bext Modeled (1/Mm)
Bext Background
(1/Mm)
Extinction Change
(%)
Mt. Jefferson 292 1998 -56.292 -158.0 16.413 15.598 2.9
Mt. Hood 303 1998 -50.014 -74.017 16.517 15.804 4.52
Columbia Gorge 303 1998 -56.546 -59.716 16.373 15.804 3.6
Mt. Adams 357 1998 -41.232 13.25 15.442 15.25 1.26
Mt. Washington 264 1998 -61.835 -183.999 16.973 16.097 5.44
Crater Lake 255 1998 -81.791 -353.973 15.295 15.21 0.56
Strawberry Mts 322 1998 165.722 -184.572 16.643 16.445 1.2
Diamond Peak 255 1998 -77.86 -272.0 15.411 15.21 1.32
Three Sisters 212 1998 -58 -189.424 16.655 16.097 3.47
FLAG Threshold 5.0
How it has worked for DEQ and FLMsHow it has worked for DEQ and FLMs
• California-Oregon Border (COB) project– Pacific Power– Bonanza (~ 30 km ESE of Klamath Falls)– Gerhart Wilderness Class I Area deposition ~> DAT
• Klamath Generation Facility (KGF)– Visibility ~> 5%– Offsets
• Pope and Talbot (Halsey)– Visibility ~> 5%– Deposition <= DAT
How it has worked for DEQ and FLMsHow it has worked for DEQ and FLMs
• DEQ views Class I PSD and AQRV analysis as a collaborative effort with EPA and the FLMs
• DEQ provides the door to FLM review: from protocol to application submittal prepare the source and their consultant for the FLM review of AQRV impacts
• Coordination with FLMs throughout process– Prevents surprises at end (get problems addressed early)– Consultant and source know what is expected– Accelerates review of the application– Fosters culture where FLM is considered the expert on
AQRVs, and manager of their respective Class I areas.
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