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FAULT
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Overview
Fault definition
Terminologies
Basis of fault classification
Types of fault
Philippine Fault System
Philippine Mobile Belt
Maps
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Fault
A planar fracture or discontinuity in avolume of rock, across which there has
been significant displacement along the
fractures as a result of earth movement. Large faults within the
Earth's crust result from the action
of tectonic forces. Energy release associated with rapid
movement on active faults is the cause
of most earthquakes.
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Fault lineFault zone
is the surface trace of afault, the line of
intersection between the
fault plane and the Earth's
surface.
referring to the zone of
complex deformationassociated with the fault
plane.
Terminologies
the plane that represents
the fracture surface of a
fault.
Trenches a type of excavation or
depression in the ground.
created as a result of erosion
by rivers (which may have long
since fallen dry), others arecreated by geological
movement of tectonic plates,
such as rift valleys or more
commonly oceanic trenches.
Fault plane
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Two sides on non-vertical fault
Hanging wall Footwall
the hanging wall occurs
above the fault plane.
the footwall occursbelow the fault.
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Fault classification
Geologists can categorize faults into threegroups based on the sense of slip:
a fault where the relative movement (or slip)on the fault plane is approximately vertical isknown as a dip-slip fault
where the slip is approximately horizontal,the fault is known as a transcurrent or strike-
slip fault an oblique-slip fault has non-zero
components of both strike and dip slip.
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Dip-slip faults Normal faults
(extensional fault) -occur when the crustis extended. Thehanging wall moves
downward, relative tothe footwall.
Reverse faults - indicate shorteningof the crust. thehanging wall movesup relative to thefootwall.
Students look at a
section of the exposed
Wasatch Fault (Normal
fault), Utah
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Dip-slip faults
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Fault inversion
Faults may be reactivated at a latertime with the movement in the
opposite direction to the original
movement.A normal fault may therefore become
a reverse fault and vice versa.
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Strike-slip faults
The fault surface isusually near vertical andthe footwall moves eitherleft or right or laterally with
very little vertical motion. Strike-slip faultswith
left-lateral motion are alsoknown as sinistra l faults.
Those with right-lateralmotion are also knownas dextral faults
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The San Andreas Fault, a
right-lateral strike-slip fault,
caused the massive 1906 San
Francisco earthquake
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Oblique-slip faults
A fault which has a component of dip-slip and acomponent of strike-slip.
Some oblique faults occur with transtensionaland transpressional regimes, others occur wherethe direction of extension or shortening changesduring the deformation but the earlier formed faultsremain active.
Strike slip
Dip slip
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Listric fault
A listric fault is a type
of fault in which the
fault plane is curved.
The dip of the fault
plane becomesshallower with
increased depth.
Ring faults are faults
that occur within
collapsed
volcanic calderas.
Ring faults may befilled by ring dikes.
Ring fault
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Philippine Fault System
An inter-related system of faultsthroughout the whole of the Philippine
Archipelago.
Primarily caused by tectonic forcescompressing the Philippine into what
tectonic geophysicists call the Philippine
Mobile Belt.
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Philippine Mobile Belt
a complex portion of
the tectonic boundary
between the Eurasian
Plate and
the Philippine SeaPlate.
It includes two
subduction zones,
the Manila Trench tothe west and
the Philippine
Trench to the east, as
well as the PhilippineFault System.
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