Fault Lines Report

8/11/2019 Fault Lines Report

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FAULT


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Overview

Fault definition

Terminologies

Basis of fault classification

Types of fault

Philippine Fault System

Philippine Mobile Belt

Maps


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Fault

A planar fracture or discontinuity in avolume of rock, across which there has

been significant displacement along the

fractures as a result of earth movement. Large faults within the

Earth's crust result from the action

of tectonic forces. Energy release associated with rapid

movement on active faults is the cause

of most earthquakes.


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Fault lineFault zone

is the surface trace of afault, the line of

intersection between the

fault plane and the Earth's

surface.

referring to the zone of

complex deformationassociated with the fault

plane.

Terminologies

the plane that represents

the fracture surface of a

fault.

Trenches a type of excavation or

depression in the ground.

created as a result of erosion

by rivers (which may have long

since fallen dry), others arecreated by geological

movement of tectonic plates,

such as rift valleys or more

commonly oceanic trenches.

Fault plane
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Two sides on non-vertical fault

Hanging wall Footwall

the hanging wall occurs

above the fault plane.

the footwall occursbelow the fault.


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Fault classification

Geologists can categorize faults into threegroups based on the sense of slip:

a fault where the relative movement (or slip)on the fault plane is approximately vertical isknown as a dip-slip fault

where the slip is approximately horizontal,the fault is known as a transcurrent or strike-

slip fault an oblique-slip fault has non-zero

components of both strike and dip slip.


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Dip-slip faults Normal faults

(extensional fault) -occur when the crustis extended. Thehanging wall moves

downward, relative tothe footwall.

Reverse faults - indicate shorteningof the crust. thehanging wall movesup relative to thefootwall.

Students look at a

section of the exposed

Wasatch Fault (Normal

fault), Utah
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Dip-slip faults
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Fault inversion

Faults may be reactivated at a latertime with the movement in the

opposite direction to the original

movement.A normal fault may therefore become

a reverse fault and vice versa.


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Strike-slip faults

The fault surface isusually near vertical andthe footwall moves eitherleft or right or laterally with

very little vertical motion. Strike-slip faultswith

left-lateral motion are alsoknown as sinistra l faults.

Those with right-lateralmotion are also knownas dextral faults


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The San Andreas Fault, a

right-lateral strike-slip fault,

caused the massive 1906 San

Francisco earthquake


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Oblique-slip faults

A fault which has a component of dip-slip and acomponent of strike-slip.

Some oblique faults occur with transtensionaland transpressional regimes, others occur wherethe direction of extension or shortening changesduring the deformation but the earlier formed faultsremain active.

Strike slip

Dip slip


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Listric fault

A listric fault is a type

of fault in which the

fault plane is curved.

The dip of the fault

plane becomesshallower with

increased depth.

Ring faults are faults

that occur within

collapsed

volcanic calderas.

Ring faults may befilled by ring dikes.

Ring fault
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Philippine Fault System

An inter-related system of faultsthroughout the whole of the Philippine

Archipelago.

Primarily caused by tectonic forcescompressing the Philippine into what

tectonic geophysicists call the Philippine

Mobile Belt.


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Philippine Mobile Belt

a complex portion of

the tectonic boundary

between the Eurasian

Plate and

the Philippine SeaPlate.

It includes two

subduction zones,

the Manila Trench tothe west and

the Philippine

Trench to the east, as

well as the PhilippineFault System.
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Fault Lines Report

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