ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF RESIDUAL SOILS
Anuar Bin Ibrahim
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Civil Engineering)
2010
Faculty of Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS *
JUDUL: ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF RESIDUAL SOIL.
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009 / 2010
Saya ANUAR BIN IBRAHIM
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia
Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.
4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan
tesis ini sebagai pertukaran antara institut pengajian tenggi.
5. ** Sila tandakan ( ∕ ) di kotak yang berkenaan
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan
Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan Oleh:
_______________________ ________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat Tetap: LOT. 124, JLN. KUBUR RENDAH, CIK DAYANGKU SALMA BT AWG ISMAIL
KG. LADANG, 81560 GELANG
PATAH, JOHOR Nama Penyelia
Tarikh : _________________ Tarikh : __________________
√
CATATAN : * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana
Muda.
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa /
organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu
dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD
“ I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is
sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the purpose for award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering (Civil) with Honours ”.
Signature : ………………...…………………...............
Name of Supervisor : MISS DAYANGKU SALMA BT AWG. ISMAIL
Date : ...........................................
“I hereby declare that this report is prepared personally with my own effort unless
references that have been cited accordingly in any part of the report”.
Signature : .……………………………...........................
Name of Author : ANUAR BIN IBRAHIM
Date : .........................................
APPROVAL SHEET
This project report attached here to, entitles “ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
RESIDUAL SOIL” prepared and submitted by ANUAR BIN IBRAHIM (15975) as
a partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with
Honours in Civil Engineering is hereby read and approved by:
________________________________________ ............................
MISS DAYANGKU SALMA BT AWG. ISMAIL Date
SUPERVISOR
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF RESIDUAL SOIL
ANUAR BIN IBRAHIM
This Thesis Is Propose To
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
For Fulfilment of The Requirements for Bestowal
The Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Civil Engineering)
2010
ii
Especially
To My Dearest Father, Ibrahim B. Atan,
Mother, Rukiah Bte.Samin, and Family
Also Fellow Friends
For their never ending care and support
Thank you for everything.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deepest gratitude to ALLAH the Almighty (SWT) for
His blessings that enrich me with more health and wisdom throughout my lifetime.
With the most respect, I am also would like to grab this opportunity to deliver a
thousand thanks to my final year project advisor, Miss Dayangku Salma Bt Awg.
Ismail for her advice and the consultations along the way in completing this final
year project. Special thanks to the lab technicians, Haji Affandi for his unwavering
assistance in using the apparatus and preparing the materials during the laboratory
works.
Finally, thousand thanks to my father, Ibrahim B. Atan, my mother, Rukiah
Bte. Samin, my brothers and sisters Abd. Razak, Norhidayah, Ahmad Nur Misuari
and Nur Aqilah also to my friends Ahmad Khabir Md. Sidek and Mohd. Ikram Uzir.
I am grateful to my beloved family and friends who have always support me in my
studies. Last but not least, a lot of thanks to those who love, care, and help me
iv
ABSTRACT
The residual soils are earthen formed of weathering process on rock and
remained at the place where it was formed. Many studies were made to determine the
engineering properties of residual soil in Malaysia but until now in Sarawak not
much data can be found for the engineering properties of residual soil. Thus, the
main objectives are to determine index properties and to investigate on engineering
properties of residual soil in Kota Samarahan, Sarawak. Varies of physical and
engineering properties tests have been conducted for three samples which taken from
three different locations. The three locations are for the Institut Latihan Perindustrian
Kota Samarahan, Vista Aman housing area, and Samarahan Expressway near the
UiTM Samarahan roundabout represented with sample A, B and C respectively.
Experimental results show that the natural moisture content is in range of 22 to
32.3%. The specific gravity (Gs) of the residual soil samples tested ranges from 2.65
to 2.67. The liquid limit of the soil varies from 43 to 58%. Sample A has the lowest
value of liquid limit as compared to sample B and sample C. The Optimum Moisture
Content (OMC) and maximum dry density for residual soil are varying from 20.0 to
26.5% and 1.47 to 1.60 Mg/m3, respectively. The value of compression index (Cc)
and coefficient of consolidation (Cv) for the residual soil vary from 0.133 to 0.232
and 2.314 to 6.941 m2/year respectively. Then, the shear strength parameters, value
of angle of internal friction (υ) vary from 10.94° to 17.14° and the cohesion (c) vary
from 8.83 to 18.64 kN/m2. Next, the initial void ratio (e) for the residual soil tested is
in a range of 0.786 to 1.0199.
v
ABSTRAK
Tanah baki ialah tanah yang terbentuk dari proses luluhawa ke atas batuan
dan tetap di tempat ia terbentuk. Banyak kajian dilakukan untuk menentukan sifat
kejuruteraan tanah baki di Malaysia tetapi sehingga kini masih sukar untuk
memperolehi data-data berkaitan dengan sifat kejuruteraan tanah baki di negeri
Sarawak. Oleh itu, objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan ciri-ciri indeks
dan juga mengkaji sifat kejuruteraan tanah baki di Kota Samarahan, Sarawak.
Beberapa ujian ciri-ciri fizikal dan ciri-ciri kejuruteraan telah dijalankan ke atas tiga
jenis sampel tanah yang diambil dari tiga lokasi berbeza. Lokasi-lokasi tersebut
adalah di Institut Latihan Perindustrian Samarahan, kawasan perumahan Vista Aman
dan Lebuhraya Samarahan, berhampiran dengan bulatan UiTM Samarahan, diwakili
dengan sampel A, B dan C tiap satunya. Keputusan ujian makmal yang diperolehi
menunjukkan kandungan lembapan semulajadi tanah berjulat di antara 22 hingga
32.3%. Graviti tentu tanah baki (Gs) yang diuji berjulat di antara 2.65 hingga 2.67.
Had cecair tanah bernilai dari 43 sehingga 58%. Sampel A mempunyai nilai had
cecair paling rendah berbanding dengan sampel B dan sampel C. Kandungan air
optimum dan ketumpatan kering maksimum bagi tanah baki berjulat dari 20 ke
26.5% dan 1.47 ke 1.60 Mg/m3, tiap satunya. Nilai indeks mampatan (Cc) dan pekali
pengukuhan (Cv) tanah baki berjulat antara 0.133 ke 0.232 dan 2.314 ke 6.941
m2/tahun tiap satunya. Seterusnya untuk parameter kekuatan ricih, nilai sudut
geseran ricih (υ) berjulat antara 10.94° ke 17.14° dan kejelekitan tanah (c) berjulat
antara 8.83 ke 18.64 kN/m2. Akhir sekali, nisbah lompang asal sampel tanah baki
yang diuji berjulat antara 0.786 ke 1.0199.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract iv
Abstrak v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables x
List of Figures xii
Abbreviation xiv
List of Appendices xvi
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem statement 2
1.3 Objective 3
1.4 Scope of work 3
1.5 Outline of the Thesis 4
1.5.1 Introduction 4
1.5.2 Literature Review 5
1.5.3 Methodology 5
1.5.4 Result and Discussion 5
1.5.5 Conclusion and Recommendation 6
vii
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General overview 7
2.2 Depth of residual soil 11
2.3 Physical characteristic of residual soil 12
2.3.1 Moisture content 13
2.3.2 Specific gravity 14
2.3.3 Particle size distribution 15
2.3.4 Atterberg limit 18
2.4 Compressibility of residual soil 20
2.5 Shear strength 20
2.6 Consolidation 23
2.6.1 Principle of Consolidation 24
2.6.2 Types of Consolidation 24
2.6.3 One-Dimensional Consolidation Test 25
2.6.4 Oedometer Test 25
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 28
3.2 Methodology of study 28
3.2.1 Data collection 29
3.2.2 Sampling and Sample Preparation 29
3.2.3 Laboratory Test 30
3.3 Index Properties Analysis 30
3.3.1 Sieve Analysis 31
viii
3.3.2 Atterberg Limit 32
3.3.3 Specific Gravity 34
3.3.4 Moisture Content 34
3.4 Engineering Properties Classification 35
3.4.1 Standard Proctor Compaction Test 35
3.4.2 Direct Shear Test 37
3.4.3 One-Dimensional Consolidation Test 38
3.5 Data Analysis 40
3.6 Conclusion and Recommendation 41
Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 43
4.2 Soil Classification 44
4.2.1 Moisture Content 44
4.2.2 Specific Gravity 44
4.2.3 Atterberg Limit 45
4.2.4 Particles Size Distribution 46
4.3 Results for Engineering Classification 49
4.3.1 Standard Proctor Compaction Test 49
4.3.2 Direct Shear Test 51
4.3.3 One-Dimensional Consolidation Test 56
ix
Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 58
5.3 Recommendation 60
References 62-70
Appendices
Appendix A 71-75
Appendix B 76-80
Appendix C 81-88
Appendix D 89-97
Appendix E 98-121
Appendix F 122-138
Appendix G 139
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
PAGES
2.1 Results on engineering properties of residual soil by
previous researchers.
10
2.2 Weathering agencies and their description. 11
2.3 Natural moisture content of residual deposits,
Kuching area.
13
2.4 Specific gravity of residual deposits, Kuching area. 15
2.5 Sediment-types and grain sizes of residual deposits,
Kuching area.
17
2.6 Atterberg limits and moisture content of residual
deposits, Kuching area.
19
3.1 Samples location. 30
3.2 Classification by particle size 31
4.1 Value of natural moisture content and specific
gravity.
45
4.2 Summarized of liquid limit, plastic limit and plastic
index.
46
4.3 Particle size distribution of residual soil. 48
4.4 Compaction test result. 50
xi
TABLE
PAGE
4.5 The maximum shear stress for each sample. 54
4.6 Cohesion and friction angle for each sample. 56
4.7 Consolidation test results for residual soil. 57
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
PAGE
2.1 Typical section of residual deposits, Kuching
area.
12
2.2 Typical particle-size curve for residual soils. 16
2.3 Different consistency limit 18
2.4 (a) Mohr’s failure criteria 21
2.4 (b) Element at failure showing principal stresses 21
2.5 Mohr failure envelopes 22
2.6 Analysis of Square-Root-time/Settlement
Curve
27
3.1 A stack of sieves with a pan at the bottom
and a cover on the top
32
3.2 The cone penetrometer method 33
3.3 Standard Proctor test apparatus 36
3.4 Direct shear apparatus 38
3.5 (a), (b),
3.5 (c)
(a) Concolidometer; (b) Fixed-ring container;
(c) Floating – ring container
39
39
3.6 Step Loading Procedure for Oedometer Test 40
xiii
FIGURE
PAGE
3.7 Flow chart of the study 42
4.1 Plasticity chart. 48
4.2 Grading curves of residual soil from Kota
Samarahan area.
49
4.3 Graph for moisture content against dry
density
50
4.4 (a) Shear stress against percentage of strain for
Sample A
52
4.4 (b) Shear stress against percentage of strain for
Sample B
53
4.4 (c) Shear stress against percentage of strain for
Sample C
53
4.5 Shear strength envelopes for residual soil
sample
55
4.6
Void ratio (e) - Pressure (Log P) relationship
for residual soil.
57
xiv
ABBREVIATION
ε - Strain
ºC - Degree Celsius
% - Percent
BS - British Standard
C - Apparent Cohesion
f (x) - Function of (x)
Gs - Specific Gravity
H - Height
PI - Plasticity Index
PL - Plasticity Limit
LL - Liquid limit
K - Coefficient of Permeability
kN/m2
- Kilo Newton Per Meter Square
m - Meter
m/s
-
Meter per second
MS - Mass of Soil / Solid
xv
N - Newton
UNIMAS - Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
Vs - Volume of Solid
w - Moisture content / Water Content
wL - Liquid Limit
wP or PL - Plastic Limit
ρw - Unit Weight of Water
σn or σf - Normal Stress
υ - Angle of Friction
τf - Shear Strength
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE
A Results of Moisture Content & Specific Gravity
B Results of Atterberg Limit Test
C Results of Particle Size Distribution
D Results of Standard Proctor Test
E Results of Shear Box Test
F
G
Results of Oedometer Test
Map of Research Area
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background.
Although many study were made on engineering properties of residual soil,
but until now still no universally accepted definition of residual soils. Different
researchers gave different definitions. However, the common phenomenon in all
such definitions is that the residual soils are earthen formed of weathering process on
rock and remained at the place where it was formed. For example, one such
definition says “residual soils are those that form from rock or accumulation of
organic material and remain at the place where they were formed” (MacCarthy,
1993). The Public Works Institute of Malaysia defined it as “a soil which has been
formed in situ by decomposition of parent material and which has not been
transported any significant distance” and residual soil as “a soil formed in situ under
tropical weathering conditions” (IKRAM, 1996). In Malaysia, tropical residual
deposits are found in abundance and because the climate is hot and humid the
2
formations are intense with a predominance of chemical weathering over other
processes of weathering, thus resulting in deep weathering profiles and soil mantles
often exceeding 30 m.
This study mainly involved determination of residual soil properties so that
with the result of this study the future researchers can refer and make comparison. At
the same time engineers can use result of these soil properties of residual soil to
predict the characterisation and soil engineering behaviours based on the analysis
that will be conducted.
1.2 Problem Statement.
In the recent years backward, the main concern by the geotechnical engineers
on residual soil especially in Malaysia are associated with high rainfall and water
effect on the residual soil. This factor have resulted many incidents as big natural
disaster in Malaysia mostly are soil erosion and landslide whether in natural slope or
engineering slope (man-made). “Rainfall is considered the cause of majority of slope
failures and landslides that happened in regions experiencing high seasonal
rainfalls”. (Brand, 1984 & Shaw-Shong, 2004). Residual soils will lose strength
when in the wet periods. Nevertheless when it is in dry periods, soils are partially
saturated and have relatively high shear strength, allow them to remain stable.
3
In Sarawak the research for this particular problem is insufficient. Thus, the
reason for this study been conducted to gives understanding of characteristic and
features of the residual soil.
1.3 Objective.
The main concern in doing this particular study is to understand the
engineering properties of residual soil. Only sedimentary residual soil will be
focused in this study. To achieve project goal for developing some engineering
properties of residual soil, some objectives has been forms such as following:
i. To determine index properties of residual soil in Kota Samarahan area.
ii. To investigate on engineering properties of residual soil.
1.4 Scope of Work.
To achieve the objectives, the scope of study for this research had been
planned. Only sedimentary residual soil will be focused in this study. “The
sedimentary residual soil is a residual soil in which its particles are derived from
sedimentary rocks” (Md. Humayun, and Mohd Raihan, 2004). Laboratory tests will
be conducted for remoulded sample where soil samples are collected from the field
site around Kota Samarahan and British Standard procedures is used for soil testing,
in one area three samples will be collect. All the related tests will be performed at
Geotechnical Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
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