Low cost water filters
Experiences, lessons learned,way forward
HWTS MeetingMaputo June 2012
Henk [email protected]
Challenges
- 3000 mln, unsafe water from piped systems*- 750 mln without improved water source- 10-50% of improved sources are unsafe- No of people with unimproved sources in Africa increased by 66 mln.
- Recontamination transport, storage
* IFC 2011
Low cost HWTS options
Additives - Chlorine, Aguatabs, PUR,..- New; Watasol, Twinoxide, quaprove,
Silverdyne, Plation, Silver disc
Filters- Candle or drip filters, Bisosand, Potfilters- New; Pureit, Sawyer, Swach, Lifestraw family,
Siphon, Nazava,
Data on next slides based on publication Smart Disinfection Solutionswww.irc.org
Users = estimated number of users by 2009
Price = retailprice in shops
Cost = cost / person / year (based on 3 liters of drinkingwater/ person/ day)
+ = Advantages
- = Disadvantages
SODIS
Bacteria eliminated in 6 hoursUsers: 1 – 2 mln. Cost: $0 - $..
+- Low cost- Second use of bottles- Bottles available in many places
-- Requires much social marketing
(most stop 3 months after training) - Not a market product
(Nobody earns money)
Chlorine
Users; 10 - 20 ? Mln. Price: $ 0.5 - $ 2Cost; $ 0.3 - $ 1
+- Eliminates Bacteria & Viruses- Low monthly investment
-- Taste, smell- Health effects in long term?- Requires routine- Liquid has short shelf life
Local Chlorine production
WATASOLUsers; over 0.5 MillionPrice; $0.3 - $ 1.0 Cost; $0.1 - $ 0.5
+- Extremely low costs- Local business development- Re-use of bottles- Can be used as disinfectant
-- Requires much training
Disinfectant/Flocculant Wa-ufa, PUR,
Users; 1 mln.?Price; $0.1- $0.2 (sachet 20 ltr.) Cost; $5 - $10
+- 2 functions- Small - Easy transport in emergencies- Low investment/day
-- High cost/year- Not easy in use
Chlorine dioxide Twinoxide, Aqua prove
Users; 0,2 mln.Price ; $1Cost; $2- $4
+- No taste & smell - No health effects- “Prevents” malaria ?
-- Twinoxide short shelf life (Aqua prove is a dry version)
Colloidal silver, Natural SilverSilverdyne
Users; 9 mln.Price; $3 - $4Cost; $1 - $3
+- Very effective- No taste & smell- No environmental effects - Ten years shelf life- Long lasting effect in storage
-- Not widely known
Silver ceramic Plation, Silver disc, ..
Users; 0.5 ? mln.Price; $20/unit/20ltrCost; $4 - $6
+- Extremely simple- Functions one year
-- High costs
Biosand filter
Users; 1-2 mln.Price; $20- $30 Cost; $1- $ 2
+- 120 liters/day - Local production
-- Big, heavy to transport- Not an off-the-shelf product less attractive for shops
- Needs additional disinfection
Pot filters
Users; 1.5 – 2 mln.Price; $12 – $22Cost; $ 1.5 - $ 3
+- Local production- Easy to use
-- Big, fragile (transport)- Less attractive for shops
Pureit As safe as boiled water
Users; 1-2 mln. Price; $35Cost; $4 - $5
+- Attractive- Very effective, EPA std.
-- Expensive for poor families- Only in India
Swach
Users; New?Price; $20?Cost; $2 - $3
+- Attractive (Gadget)- Effective
-- Only available in India - Expensive for poor families
LifeStraw-Family
Users; 6? Mln.Price; $25 - $ ? Cost; $ 2 - $ ?
+- Attractive (Gadget)- Very effective, EPA std.
-- High filling point, 2ltr. cap.- After 15.000 ltr. complete
new filter needed - Expensive for poor families
Siphon filter
Users; 1mln.Price; $10 - $15Cost; $1- $1.5
+- Small, easy transport- 7000 ltr / element- 60-120 ltr / day- Reduction bact. 99,99%
-- Not widely known
Candle Filters (drip filters) Katadyne, Berkefeld,Doulton, Brita, Korean king,
Users; 200 - 300? Mln.Price; $15 - $100Cost; $ 2 - $10
+- Includes storage- Easy to use- Widely used in Asia & S. America
-- Low filter capacity- Most cheap models not reliable - High transport costs- Cost in Africa $30 plus
Locally assembled filters Kisii, Nazava, ..Imported candle, local containers
- Reduces cost of transport import tax,.
- Generates employment- High cap. with hose trick
Lowest cost filter
- Filter cap. 2-10 ltr /hr- Price: 10 - …US$
No option is ‘the’ solution
•
SODIS
UV
Combined Chemical (PUR)
Chemicals
Filtering
Boiling
PesticidesParasitesBacteriaVirusesHeavy Metals
Turbidity
Summary of EffectivenessSummary of Effectiveness——All agesAll ages
p=0.08p=0.080.58 to 0.820.58 to 0.8231%31%0.690.69cc/Disinfcc/Disinf (ex (ex DoocyDoocy))
21%21%
52%52%31%31%
37%37%
63%63%
47%47%
27%27%
% % ∆∆(1(1--RR)RR)
p<0.0001p<0.00010.20 to 1.160.20 to 1.160.480.48cccc/Disinfection (7)/Disinfection (7)
n.an.a ..0.61 to 1.030.61 to 1.030.790.79proved Storage (1)proved Storage (1)
p=0.73p=0.730.63 to 0.740.63 to 0.740.690.69ar Disinfection (2)ar Disinfection (2)
p<0.00001p<0.000010.52 to 0.750.52 to 0.750.630.63orination (16)orination (16)
p=0.56p=0.560.28 to 0.490.28 to 0.490.370.37ration (6)ation (6)
p<0.00001p<0.000010.39 to 0.730.39 to 0.730.530.53sehold (32)ehold (32)
p<0.00001p<0.000010.53 to 1.010.53 to 1.010.730.73ce (6)ce (6)
Heterogeneity*Heterogeneity*(Chi(Chi--square)square)
95% CI of 95% CI of EstimateEstimate
EstimateEstimate(random)(random)
vention Type vention Type rials)rials)
that in a test for heterogeneity, a low p-value (eg <0.10) suggests an actual ying difference in effect between studies that is unlikely to be attributable to
Pot filters Total 1- 1.5 mln
untry Total sales Sales to private fam.
Retail price $
Experiences
mbodia 600.000 ?50% 10-20 Combination with Awarenes effective
yanmar 200.000? ? 8-15 8 local factories
caragua/ CA 300.000 20% 15-20 Only sales to NGOs
hana 100.000 20% 15-20 Sales via shops did not work
nya 100.000 20% 14-21 Suplly chain starts
ory coast 4.500 50% 30
Experiences Pot filters
imple is not easy, quality is challengearge size, fragile in transportot easy product for small local shops,
difficult to start supply chainf all cost are calculated retail price 25- 35$ilter projects lack funds for marketingopular, simple, people like ceramicocal production, no import cost, employment
Siphon filters Total 250.000
tal sold Total sold Sold to private
Retail price US$
Observations
hiopia 50.000 20% 18 Government approved
dia 23.000 60%
nzania 16.000 30% 18
mbabwe 8.000 0% Used during cholera ep.
alawi 4.000 10%
ozambique 3.000 10%
Experiences Siphon filters
Complicated in use Needs aditional safe storage container Official approval takes long time, lack of testprotocolsIf cost is more than 5 $, poor families have problems to payHigh filter capacity appreciatedUsed for schools, 1 filter for 25 children
Conclusions
Lack of awareness, causes of waterbornediseases, benefits of HWTSFilters in general preferred above additivesSuccesful introduction needs marketing funds and business mindFor real poor smart subsidies are needed No single organisation, actor alone can reach scale
Way forward ?
Remove obstacles (regulations,..)
Empower supply (develop supply chain)
Let demand speak (focus on “must haves” )
Empowerment
wareness. Large scale social marketing, task ofNGO, governments
pply chain. Improve quality and quantity, increase range of HWTS options
mart Finance. To fund creation supply chainsSubsidies should not distort markets
How? Scaling PlatformsRegional or national level
ctions?Mapping who , what, where whenOrganize funding, social investors, carbon creditsJoint social marketing campaignEnabling environment, (adapt) regulationsMonitoring and controlFacilitate competion, get best products
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