Low cost water filters

Experiences, lessons learned,way forward

HWTS MeetingMaputo June 2012

Henk HoltslagHoltslag.dapper@kpnmail.nl

Challenges

- 3000 mln, unsafe water from piped systems*- 750 mln without improved water source- 10-50% of improved sources are unsafe- No of people with unimproved sources in Africa increased by 66 mln.

- Recontamination transport, storage

* IFC 2011

4

Efficiency of measures against diarrhoea(source: SIE 2009)

Low cost HWTS options

Additives - Chlorine, Aguatabs, PUR,..- New; Watasol, Twinoxide, quaprove,

Silverdyne, Plation, Silver disc

Filters- Candle or drip filters, Bisosand, Potfilters- New; Pureit, Sawyer, Swach, Lifestraw family,

Siphon, Nazava,

Data on next slides based on publication Smart Disinfection Solutionswww.irc.org

Users = estimated number of users by 2009

Price = retailprice in shops

Cost = cost / person / year (based on 3 liters of drinkingwater/ person/ day)

+ = Advantages

- = Disadvantages

SODIS

Bacteria eliminated in 6 hoursUsers: 1 – 2 mln. Cost: $0 - $..

+- Low cost- Second use of bottles- Bottles available in many places

-- Requires much social marketing

(most stop 3 months after training) - Not a market product

(Nobody earns money)

Chlorine

Users; 10 - 20 ? Mln. Price: $ 0.5 - $ 2Cost; $ 0.3 - $ 1

+- Eliminates Bacteria & Viruses- Low monthly investment

-- Taste, smell- Health effects in long term?- Requires routine- Liquid has short shelf life

Local Chlorine production

WATASOLUsers; over 0.5 MillionPrice; $0.3 - $ 1.0 Cost; $0.1 - $ 0.5

+- Extremely low costs- Local business development- Re-use of bottles- Can be used as disinfectant

-- Requires much training

Disinfectant/Flocculant Wa-ufa, PUR,

Users; 1 mln.?Price; $0.1- $0.2 (sachet 20 ltr.) Cost; $5 - $10

+- 2 functions- Small - Easy transport in emergencies- Low investment/day

-- High cost/year- Not easy in use

Chlorine dioxide Twinoxide, Aqua prove

Users; 0,2 mln.Price ; $1Cost; $2- $4

+- No taste & smell - No health effects- “Prevents” malaria ?

-- Twinoxide short shelf life (Aqua prove is a dry version)

Colloidal silver, Natural SilverSilverdyne

Users; 9 mln.Price; $3 - $4Cost; $1 - $3

+- Very effective- No taste & smell- No environmental effects - Ten years shelf life- Long lasting effect in storage

-- Not widely known

Silver ceramic Plation, Silver disc, ..

Users; 0.5 ? mln.Price; $20/unit/20ltrCost; $4 - $6

+- Extremely simple- Functions one year

-- High costs

Biosand filter

Users; 1-2 mln.Price; $20- $30 Cost; $1- $ 2

+- 120 liters/day - Local production

-- Big, heavy to transport- Not an off-the-shelf product less attractive for shops

- Needs additional disinfection

Pot filters

Users; 1.5 – 2 mln.Price; $12 – $22Cost; $ 1.5 - $ 3

+- Local production- Easy to use

-- Big, fragile (transport)- Less attractive for shops

Pureit As safe as boiled water

Users; 1-2 mln. Price; $35Cost; $4 - $5

+- Attractive- Very effective, EPA std.

-- Expensive for poor families- Only in India

Swach

Users; New?Price; $20?Cost; $2 - $3

+- Attractive (Gadget)- Effective

-- Only available in India - Expensive for poor families

LifeStraw-Family

Users; 6? Mln.Price; $25 - $ ? Cost; $ 2 - $ ?

+- Attractive (Gadget)- Very effective, EPA std.

-- High filling point, 2ltr. cap.- After 15.000 ltr. complete

new filter needed - Expensive for poor families

Siphon filter

Users; 1mln.Price; $10 - $15Cost; $1- $1.5

+- Small, easy transport- 7000 ltr / element- 60-120 ltr / day- Reduction bact. 99,99%

-- Not widely known

Candle Filters (drip filters) Katadyne, Berkefeld,Doulton, Brita, Korean king,

Users; 200 - 300? Mln.Price; $15 - $100Cost; $ 2 - $10

+- Includes storage- Easy to use- Widely used in Asia & S. America

-- Low filter capacity- Most cheap models not reliable - High transport costs- Cost in Africa $30 plus

Candle filters Stefani

Users; 10? Mln.Price; $30 - .. $ Cost; $ 2 - .. $

Available in Mozambique

Locally assembled filters Kisii, Nazava, ..Imported candle, local containers

- Reduces cost of transport import tax,.

- Generates employment- High cap. with hose trick

Lowest cost filter

- Filter cap. 2-10 ltr /hr- Price: 10 - …US$

No option is ‘the’ solution

•

SODIS

UV

Combined Chemical (PUR)

Chemicals

Filtering

Boiling

PesticidesParasitesBacteriaVirusesHeavy Metals

Turbidity

Summary of EffectivenessSummary of Effectiveness——All agesAll ages

p=0.08p=0.080.58 to 0.820.58 to 0.8231%31%0.690.69cc/Disinfcc/Disinf (ex (ex DoocyDoocy))

21%21%

52%52%31%31%

37%37%

63%63%

47%47%

27%27%

% % ∆∆(1(1--RR)RR)

p<0.0001p<0.00010.20 to 1.160.20 to 1.160.480.48cccc/Disinfection (7)/Disinfection (7)

n.an.a ..0.61 to 1.030.61 to 1.030.790.79proved Storage (1)proved Storage (1)

p=0.73p=0.730.63 to 0.740.63 to 0.740.690.69ar Disinfection (2)ar Disinfection (2)

p<0.00001p<0.000010.52 to 0.750.52 to 0.750.630.63orination (16)orination (16)

p=0.56p=0.560.28 to 0.490.28 to 0.490.370.37ration (6)ation (6)

p<0.00001p<0.000010.39 to 0.730.39 to 0.730.530.53sehold (32)ehold (32)

p<0.00001p<0.000010.53 to 1.010.53 to 1.010.730.73ce (6)ce (6)

Heterogeneity*Heterogeneity*(Chi(Chi--square)square)

95% CI of 95% CI of EstimateEstimate

EstimateEstimate(random)(random)

vention Type vention Type rials)rials)

that in a test for heterogeneity, a low p-value (eg <0.10) suggests an actual ying difference in effect between studies that is unlikely to be attributable to

xperiences 2 low cost filters

Pot filters Total 1- 1.5 mln

untry Total sales Sales to private fam.

Retail price $

Experiences

mbodia 600.000 ?50% 10-20 Combination with Awarenes effective

yanmar 200.000? ? 8-15 8 local factories

caragua/ CA 300.000 20% 15-20 Only sales to NGOs

hana 100.000 20% 15-20 Sales via shops did not work

nya 100.000 20% 14-21 Suplly chain starts

ory coast 4.500 50% 30

Experiences Pot filters

imple is not easy, quality is challengearge size, fragile in transportot easy product for small local shops,

difficult to start supply chainf all cost are calculated retail price 25- 35$ilter projects lack funds for marketingopular, simple, people like ceramicocal production, no import cost, employment

Siphon filters Total 250.000

tal sold Total sold Sold to private

Retail price US$

Observations

hiopia 50.000 20% 18 Government approved

dia 23.000 60%

nzania 16.000 30% 18

mbabwe 8.000 0% Used during cholera ep.

alawi 4.000 10%

ozambique 3.000 10%

Experiences Siphon filters

Complicated in use Needs aditional safe storage container Official approval takes long time, lack of testprotocolsIf cost is more than 5 $, poor families have problems to payHigh filter capacity appreciatedUsed for schools, 1 filter for 25 children

Conclusions

Lack of awareness, causes of waterbornediseases, benefits of HWTSFilters in general preferred above additivesSuccesful introduction needs marketing funds and business mindFor real poor smart subsidies are needed No single organisation, actor alone can reach scale

Way forward ?

Remove obstacles (regulations,..)

Empower supply (develop supply chain)

Let demand speak (focus on “must haves” )

Empowerment

wareness. Large scale social marketing, task ofNGO, governments

pply chain. Improve quality and quantity, increase range of HWTS options

mart Finance. To fund creation supply chainsSubsidies should not distort markets

How? Scaling PlatformsRegional or national level

ctions?Mapping who , what, where whenOrganize funding, social investors, carbon creditsJoint social marketing campaignEnabling environment, (adapt) regulationsMonitoring and controlFacilitate competion, get best products

4 Page document“Stepping up the power of platforms”

www.300in6.org

Funding available to start scaling platforms