“Eukaryotic Tree of Life”
F
F
F
“FUNGI” are POLYPHYLETIC
2829
3031
STRAMENOPILES (= HETEROKONTS)
32
HETEROKONT FLAGELLA
STRAMENOPILES: Oomycetes(Heterotrophic)
31
34
33 20
OOMYCETES Nutrition:Hyphal Structure:Cell Structure:Cell Wall Composition:Ploidy:Mode of Sexuality:
5 6
8
Water Molds: Saprolegnia
2
3
4
7
33
SAPROLEGNIA: Holomorph
Saprolegnia: Anamorph
34
Saprolegnia: Zoosporangium
35
Saprolegnia: Teleomorph
Saprolegnia: Gametangia:Oogonium, Antheridum
(Mostly Homothallic)
Saprolegnia: Zygote, Oospore
36
37
Achlya
(Most homothallic, a few heterothallic)
Pythium
10 11
12 13
Pythium: “Damping Off Disease”
Fig. 23-21 in Alexopoulos et al. 1996
Pythium: Holomorph
Pythium: Anamorph
Fig. 23-21 in Alexopoulos et al. 1996
Pythium: Teleomorph
Fig. 23-21 in Alexopoulos et al. 1996
14
Phytophthora: “Plant Killer”
14
15
Late Potato Blight
(Phytophthora infestans)
39
Potato Famine Memorial, Dublin
40
IRISH POTATO FAMINE (1845-1846)
Spaniards introduced SouthAmerican Solanum species to Europe 300 yrs prior to Irish Potato Famine
*No evidence for presence of Phytophthora in South American speciesprior to 1840s
Phytophthora responsible for Late potato blight co-evolvedwith Mexican Solanum sp.With resistant genes to fungus
Alexopoulos et al. 1995
Anton de Bary (German)(Described fungal life cycle of Phytophthora infestans (1861, 1863)
BIRTH OF PLANT PATHOLOGY
42
Avocado Root Rot
43(Phytophthora cinnamomi)
47Soybean Root Rot
48
(Phytophthora sojae)49
Sarah Cerra, MS Plant Pathology - ISU (2007), BS Botany, Zoology - WNMU (2005)
Fig. 23-25 in Alexopoulos et al. 1995
Phytophthora: Holomorph
Phytophthora: Anamorph
Fig. 23-25 in Alexopoulos et al. 1995
50
Phytopthora Anamorph: Sporangiophores and Zoosporangia
51
Phytophthora: Teleomorph
Fig. 23-25 in Alexopoulos et al. 1995
Plasmopara
52
15
16
Downy Mildew of Grape
Plasmopara viticola (Downy Mildew and its host grape both native to North America)
Downy Mildew of Grape
Phylloxera – Grape Root Aphid Plasmopara viticola
1) Import of American Grape into France to combat Grape Root Aphids
+
(American and French Species Grafted)
2) Accidental introduction of Plasmopara viticola into France
3) Alexis Millardet (University of Bordeaux) notices that grapes sprayed with copper sulphate and lime are healthier
2
Copper Sulphate Lime
+
4) Lab investigations (1882) lead to first fungicide: “Bordeaux Mix”
Peronospora
2223
24 25
Downy Mildews of Tobacco
20
Albugo
White Rust18
19
21
1http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Images/Protists/saprolegnia.jpeg
2 http://www.fish-medonline.com/images/truefungusimage.jpg
4 http://www.cnr.vt.edu/fisheries/afs/fisheries_techniques/Chapter14/Catfish%20 with%20saprolegnia.jpg
3 http://www.marlab.ac.uk/FRS.Web/Uploads/Images/SaprolegniaFull02.jpg
5 http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg3_files/ saprolegniazoosporangium.gif
6 http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISC2006/saprol2.jpg
7 http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg3_files/ saprolegnia4.jpg
8 http://www.dokoi.nl/images/ziektes/Saprolegnia1.jpg
9 http://www.agriculture.state.pa.us/agriculture/lib/agriculture/plantindustryfiles/ pythiumirregularefungalstructures.jpg
10 http://www.ent.iastate.edu/images/plantpath/soybean/dampoff/1778.38pythium.jpg
12 http://www.greencast.com.au/media/921/plate%201%20post%20emergence% 20damping%20off_255x191_300x225.jpg
13 http://www.forestpests.org/nursery/images/fnp41-1.jpg
14 http://www.bbc.co.uk/herefordandworcester/content/images/2005/07/11/potato_ blight_203_203x152.jpg
15 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Plasmopara_ viticola_000.jpg
16 http://www.apsnet.org/education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosA-D/downymildew.jpg
17 http://www2.biologie.uni-halle.de/zool/dev_biol/projects/Bustiftg/Pilze/ Mycopix3/vTIE013Plasmopara_viticola.jpg
18 http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/Images/Impt_Diseases/ 100_Rad_White.jpg
19 http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/782.jpg
20 http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISC2006/march21.jpg
21 http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISC2006/march22.jpg
22 http://www.agrireseau.qc.ca/lab/documents/Peronospora.jpg
23 http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg4_files/ peronospora1.jpg
24 http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/forecast/images/figure2.jpg
25 http://www.ent.iastate.edu/images/plantpath/alfalfa/downymildew/ 1355.77downymildew.jpg
26 http://www.cuprichem.com/images/Copper%20sulphate%20640x480.jpg
27 http://drnelson.utmem.edu/LaGrande/basictree.png
28 http://www.helpinthecity.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/diatoms.jpg
29 http://www.marlin.ac.uk/imgs/Species/Chromophycota/o_lamhyp.jpg
30 http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Other_jpegs/ Synura_Key306.jpg
31 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/images/saprolegnia.jpg
32 http://hypnea.botany.uwc.ac.za/phylogeny/classif/images/heterokont1.gif
33 http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/images/saplife.gif
34 http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg3_files/ saprolegniazoosporangium.gif
35 http://pix.botany.org/set02/02-007h_300.jpg
36 http://img213.imageshack.us/img213/6419/achlya2pm2.jpg
37 http://www.livt.net/Clt/Myc/Oom/oom002.jpg
38 http://www.greenbeampro.com/images/stories/Features/2008/04/GM0408_treat2_cycle.jpg
39 http://farm1.static.flickr.com/111/314159278_d8165ee834.jpg
40 http://www.ccsdedtech.com/cc/projects/scrapbook/potato/ PotatoDinner.gif
41 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=62935&rendTypeId=4
42 http://www.fao.org/inpho/content/compend/img/ch30/fig36.jpg
43 http://soiltechnology.com/photos/biomaroco_2.jpg
44 http://farm1.static.flickr.com/166/375423476_a185150bda.jpg
45 http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/fo01/debary.jpg
46 http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2004/7-12-2004/phytophthora_stand.jpg
47 http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2004/7-12-2004/phytophthora_stand.jpg
48 https://www.biomedia.cellbiology.ubc.ca/cellbiol/media/images/lrg625/ 1058301079_fung64.jpg
49 http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/17/9317-004-4A5AE8CB.jpg
50 http://www.apsnet.org/education/LessonsPlantPath/Lateblight/images/fig15.jpg
51 http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/view/files/pictures/Img0044.jpg
52 http://www.pressure-clean.com/images/sporangia.jpg
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