“Eukaryotic Tree of Life”

F

F

F

“FUNGI” are POLYPHYLETIC

2829

3031

STRAMENOPILES (= HETEROKONTS)

32

HETEROKONT FLAGELLA

STRAMENOPILES: Oomycetes(Heterotrophic)

31

34

33 20

OOMYCETES Nutrition:Hyphal Structure:Cell Structure:Cell Wall Composition:Ploidy:Mode of Sexuality:

5 6

8

Water Molds: Saprolegnia

2

3

4

7

33

SAPROLEGNIA: Holomorph

Saprolegnia: Anamorph

34

Saprolegnia: Zoosporangium

35

Saprolegnia: Teleomorph

Saprolegnia: Gametangia:Oogonium, Antheridum

(Mostly Homothallic)

Saprolegnia: Zygote, Oospore

36

37

Achlya

(Most homothallic, a few heterothallic)

Pythium

10 11

12 13

Pythium: “Damping Off Disease”

Fig. 23-21 in Alexopoulos et al. 1996

Pythium: Holomorph

Pythium: Anamorph

Fig. 23-21 in Alexopoulos et al. 1996

Pythium: Teleomorph

Fig. 23-21 in Alexopoulos et al. 1996

14

Phytophthora: “Plant Killer”

14

15

Late Potato Blight

(Phytophthora infestans)

39

Potato Famine Memorial, Dublin

40

IRISH POTATO FAMINE (1845-1846)

Spaniards introduced SouthAmerican Solanum species to Europe 300 yrs prior to Irish Potato Famine

*No evidence for presence of Phytophthora in South American speciesprior to 1840s

Phytophthora responsible for Late potato blight co-evolvedwith Mexican Solanum sp.With resistant genes to fungus

Alexopoulos et al. 1995

Anton de Bary (German)(Described fungal life cycle of Phytophthora infestans (1861, 1863)

BIRTH OF PLANT PATHOLOGY

42

Avocado Root Rot

43(Phytophthora cinnamomi)

47Soybean Root Rot

48

(Phytophthora sojae)49

Sarah Cerra, MS Plant Pathology - ISU (2007), BS Botany, Zoology - WNMU (2005)

Fig. 23-25 in Alexopoulos et al. 1995

Phytophthora: Holomorph

Phytophthora: Anamorph

Fig. 23-25 in Alexopoulos et al. 1995

50

Phytopthora Anamorph: Sporangiophores and Zoosporangia

51

Phytophthora: Teleomorph

Fig. 23-25 in Alexopoulos et al. 1995

Plasmopara

52

15

16

Downy Mildew of Grape

Plasmopara viticola (Downy Mildew and its host grape both native to North America)

Downy Mildew of Grape

Phylloxera – Grape Root Aphid Plasmopara viticola

1) Import of American Grape into France to combat Grape Root Aphids

+

(American and French Species Grafted)

2) Accidental introduction of Plasmopara viticola into France

3) Alexis Millardet (University of Bordeaux) notices that grapes sprayed with copper sulphate and lime are healthier

2

Copper Sulphate Lime

+

4) Lab investigations (1882) lead to first fungicide: “Bordeaux Mix”

Peronospora

2223

24 25

Downy Mildews of Tobacco

20

Albugo

White Rust18

19

21

1http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Images/Protists/saprolegnia.jpeg

2 http://www.fish-medonline.com/images/truefungusimage.jpg

4 http://www.cnr.vt.edu/fisheries/afs/fisheries_techniques/Chapter14/Catfish%20 with%20saprolegnia.jpg

3 http://www.marlab.ac.uk/FRS.Web/Uploads/Images/SaprolegniaFull02.jpg

5 http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg3_files/ saprolegniazoosporangium.gif

6 http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISC2006/saprol2.jpg

7 http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg3_files/ saprolegnia4.jpg

8 http://www.dokoi.nl/images/ziektes/Saprolegnia1.jpg

9 http://www.agriculture.state.pa.us/agriculture/lib/agriculture/plantindustryfiles/ pythiumirregularefungalstructures.jpg

10 http://www.ent.iastate.edu/images/plantpath/soybean/dampoff/1778.38pythium.jpg

12 http://www.greencast.com.au/media/921/plate%201%20post%20emergence% 20damping%20off_255x191_300x225.jpg

13 http://www.forestpests.org/nursery/images/fnp41-1.jpg

14 http://www.bbc.co.uk/herefordandworcester/content/images/2005/07/11/potato_ blight_203_203x152.jpg

15 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Plasmopara_ viticola_000.jpg

16 http://www.apsnet.org/education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosA-D/downymildew.jpg

17 http://www2.biologie.uni-halle.de/zool/dev_biol/projects/Bustiftg/Pilze/ Mycopix3/vTIE013Plasmopara_viticola.jpg

18 http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/Images/Impt_Diseases/ 100_Rad_White.jpg

19 http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/782.jpg

20 http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISC2006/march21.jpg

21 http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISC2006/march22.jpg

22 http://www.agrireseau.qc.ca/lab/documents/Peronospora.jpg

23 http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg4_files/ peronospora1.jpg

24 http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/forecast/images/figure2.jpg

25 http://www.ent.iastate.edu/images/plantpath/alfalfa/downymildew/ 1355.77downymildew.jpg

26 http://www.cuprichem.com/images/Copper%20sulphate%20640x480.jpg

27 http://drnelson.utmem.edu/LaGrande/basictree.png

28 http://www.helpinthecity.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/diatoms.jpg

29 http://www.marlin.ac.uk/imgs/Species/Chromophycota/o_lamhyp.jpg

30 http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Other_jpegs/ Synura_Key306.jpg

31 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/images/saprolegnia.jpg

32 http://hypnea.botany.uwc.ac.za/phylogeny/classif/images/heterokont1.gif

33 http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/images/saplife.gif

34 http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg3_files/ saprolegniazoosporangium.gif

35 http://pix.botany.org/set02/02-007h_300.jpg

36 http://img213.imageshack.us/img213/6419/achlya2pm2.jpg

37 http://www.livt.net/Clt/Myc/Oom/oom002.jpg

38 http://www.greenbeampro.com/images/stories/Features/2008/04/GM0408_treat2_cycle.jpg

39 http://farm1.static.flickr.com/111/314159278_d8165ee834.jpg

40 http://www.ccsdedtech.com/cc/projects/scrapbook/potato/ PotatoDinner.gif

41 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=62935&rendTypeId=4

42 http://www.fao.org/inpho/content/compend/img/ch30/fig36.jpg

43 http://soiltechnology.com/photos/biomaroco_2.jpg

44 http://farm1.static.flickr.com/166/375423476_a185150bda.jpg

45 http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/fo01/debary.jpg

46 http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2004/7-12-2004/phytophthora_stand.jpg

47 http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2004/7-12-2004/phytophthora_stand.jpg

48 https://www.biomedia.cellbiology.ubc.ca/cellbiol/media/images/lrg625/ 1058301079_fung64.jpg

49 http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/17/9317-004-4A5AE8CB.jpg

50 http://www.apsnet.org/education/LessonsPlantPath/Lateblight/images/fig15.jpg

51 http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/view/files/pictures/Img0044.jpg

52 http://www.pressure-clean.com/images/sporangia.jpg