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Dr.Ardhiyanti PR
Medical School ofAl Azhar Islamic University
Mataram 2013
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1) Describe the formation and differentiation ofthe neural tube.
2) Mention the derivatives of the neural crest.
3) Mention the development of the brain vesicles4) Discuss the derivatives of both basal (motor)
and alar (sensory) laminas in the brain stem.5) Define the development of the brain6)
Recognize the development of the cerebellum.7) Describe the formation and development ofnervous cells.
8) Report its congenital anomalies.
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Sistem saraf pusat munculpada permulaan mingguke 3
Sistem saraf tsbberkembang dari
ectoderm dorsalmenjadinotochord
sebagailempeng ectoderm yangmenebalneural plate,
lempeng neural di depanprimitive node.
Batas lateral dari lempeng
neural naiik dan
membentukneural folds,ketika bagian tengahnyaneural groove.
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Anterior Neuropore:menutup pada hari ke25 dan membentuklamina terminalis.
kegagalan daripenutupan anteriorneruropore akanmengakibatkananencephaly.
Posterior Neuropore:menutup pada
hari 27.
kegagalan darimenutupnya posteriorneuroporesmengakibatkan
terjadinya spina bifida.
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Beberapa sel
yang ada diatas neuralfold berubahmenjadi neural
crest.
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Jaringan yang berasal dari neural crest:
Sell saraf dari basal gangliaSell saraf dari saraf ganglia sensorik pd
nervus cranialisSell saraf dari ganglia Autonomicsell Chromaffin.Sell SchwannPia matter dan arachnoid matter.Sell pigmen di kulit (melanocytes).Odontoblasts.Tulang rangka dan komponen jaringannnya
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Perkembangan Vesicle:
1.
Vesicle primer
3 vasicle utama otak otakdepan otak tengah otakblakang dan 2 flexures:
a. Cephalic flexure
terletak di antaraProsencephalonandthe rhombencephalon.
b. Cervical flexureterletakdi antararhombencephalondanmedulla spinalis yangakan terbentuk padaminggu ke 4
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2- Vesicles: skunder :
A. Prosencephalon (forebrain):terbentuk sejalan denganmunculnya vasicle optik
Setelah itu terbentuklahtelencephalondan diencephalon.
B.
Mesencephalon (midbrain)Mesencephalon tetep seperti itu
C.
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain):lalu terbentuk metencephalon,yangterdiri dari
pons dan the cerebellum
dan
myelencephalon
yangmembentuk
medulla oblongata.
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. 5 vesicel otakskunder (dengan4 ventrikel)
mulai terlihatterlihat padaminggu ke 6perkembangan
dari vesicles otakadalahpermulaan dariterbentuknya 5bagian utama
otak
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Diverticulum lateralis di sebutdgn vesicle optic muncul pdmasing_masing bagian dari otak
depan . Bagian dari otak depan
yang terletak di belakang vesicleoptic adlah telencephalon, dandiencephalon.
Telencephalonmenggembangkan diverticulum
lateral pada masing_masinghemisphere cerebral,danrongganya di sebut dgnventricle. lateral
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diencephalon,yang di mna yg berkembangdari bagian tengah prosencephalon, terdiridari lempeng atap dan 2 lempeng alar
Rongga dari diencephalon membentuk
ventricle ke 3. Atapnya membentuk plexus choroid Dinding dari ventrikel ke 3 yang merupakan
lempeng aral menebal dan membentukthalamus hypothalamus
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Rhombencephalon
terdiri dari pons,cerebellum &medullaoblongata.
rhombencephalonterdiri darimyelencephalon,yang
terletak paling bawah
dari vesicles otak,membentuk medullaoblongata,&metencephalon,dan
juga membentukpons cerebellum.
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- medulla oblongata berkembang dari caudalrhombencephalon.terdiri dari tractuspiramidalisSulcus limitans memisahkan Alar (sensory)lateral dari lempeng basalis
Lempeng Alar (sensory) neuroblasts:
membentuk :a. nucleus,Solitary , yang membentuk kolumna
visceral afferent (taste-SVA).b. Trigeminal nucleus ,Spinal yang membentuk
kolumna somatic afferent (GSA) column.c. nuclei vestibular dan Cochlear mereka
membentuk columna somatic afferent yang
khusus(SSA).
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2. Neuroblasts lempeng basal (motorik)
membentuk:a. Nucleus hipoglosal,yang membentuk collumna
somatik efferent .b. Ambigus Nucleus ,yang membentuk collumna
visceral efferent khusus (SVE)column (CN IX, CN X,and CN XI).
c. Nervus vagus dan nervus glossopharyngeal yangmembentuk collumna visceral efferent
(parasimpatik)
Lempeng atap:- Membentuk atap dari ventrikel ke 4- tela choroidea, sebuah lapisan sel ependimal yang
dibun gkus oleh pia mater.- invaginated dijepit oleh badan pial untuk
membentuk plexus choroideus ventrikel ke 4
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metencephalonterdiri dari pons andcerebellum.
Cerebellum:
bagian dorsolateralisdari lempeng alarmenekuk ke tengah
dan membentukbibir rhombic
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1. Lneuroblas lempeng
Alar (sensorik)
membentuk :
:a. Nucleus soliter,
membentuk cranialis 7b.
Cochlear and
vestibularnuclei,which form the SSAcolumn of CN VIII.
c. Spinal nucleus oftrigeminal nerve
,whichforms the GSA columnof CN V.
d.Pontine nuclei:
which consist ofcerebellar relay nuclei(pontine gray).
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- The midbrain developsfrom the walls of themesencephalic vesicle.
- It contains the cerebral
aqueduct,whichdevelops from themesencephalic cavity.
A. Alar plate neuroblastsform the cell layers of
the superior colliculiand the nuclei of theinferior colliculi.
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B. Basal plate neuroblasts:
give rise to the following:
1. Trochlear and oculomotor nucleiof CN IVand CN III, which form the GSEcolumn.2. Edinger-Westphal nucleusof CN III, which
forms the most rostral cell group of the GVE
column.3. Substantial nigra.4. Basis pedunculi(crus cerebri)- contains corticobulbar, corticospinal and
corticopontine fibers, derived from thecerebral cortex of the telencephalon
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Neural tube first lined by single layer of cells
Proliferate to form several layers
Matrix layer Mantle layer
Marginal layer
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Stages in the formation of a nerve cell are: Apolar neuroblast
Bipolar neuroblast
Unipolar neuroblast
Multipolar neuroblast Axon and dendrites
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Neuroglial cells are also formed fromgerminal cells of the ependymal layer
Glioblasts migrate in to mantle and marginallayer as medulloblasts
They differentiate either into astroblasts oroligodendroblasts
Microglial cells are mesodermal in origin
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Nerve fibers which remain with in the brainand spinal cord receives support from and areensheathed by neuroglial cells
Peripheral nerves special sheath called the
neurolemma derived from schwann cells
Myelin of the CNS derived fromoligodendrocytes
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results from failure of thecephalic part of the neural tube
to close(failure of the anteriorneuropore to close), the laminaterminalis fails to develop.
occurs when: The brain fails to develop, A rudimentary brain stemis
usually present The vault of the skull does not
form. Occurs once in every 1000-
1500 births. is the most common serious birth
defect seen in stillborn fetuses.
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In cases of neural tube defects as in
anencephaly: Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)levels increasein amniotic fluidand maternalserum.
up to 70% of these cases can be prevented by
having women take 400 g of folic acidperday before and during pregnancy.
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Hydrocephalus is typically
characterized by:
1) Thecranial sutures are
widely separated,
and theanterior fontanelle is muchenlarged.
2) Enlargement of the head.3) The veins of the scalpare
distended .4)
The eyeslook downward.
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include the following variations:cranial meningocele, meningoencephalocele
and meningohydroencephalocele.
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Microcephaly
- The cranial vault issmaller than normal.
- It is due to defect inbrain developmentwhich may be due to
genetic disease,postnatal infections orexposures to drugs andother teratogens.
- Impaired mentaldevelopment occurs inmore than half thecases.
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Thank You
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