Skeletal, skin, muscle. nervous ppt

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Body Organization Homeostasis – stable internal environment Tissue and organs (hox genes) All living organisms have cell(s) Multiple similar cells form tissue Tissue comes in 4 types • Epithelial – skin • Nervous – electrical messages • Muscle – movement • Connective – joins, supports, protects, insulates, nourishes cushions (keeps organs from falling apart)

Transcript of Skeletal, skin, muscle. nervous ppt

Page 1: Skeletal, skin, muscle. nervous ppt

Body Organization

• Homeostasis – stable internal environment• Tissue and organs (hox genes)• All living organisms have cell(s)• Multiple similar cells form tissue• Tissue comes in 4 types

• Epithelial – skin• Nervous – electrical messages• Muscle – movement• Connective – joins, supports, protects, insulates, nourishes

cushions (keeps organs from falling apart)

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• Two or more tissues working together form an organ

• Organs that work together are called organ systems

• cells→tissue →organ →organ system

• The human body has 11 major organ systems

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Systems

• Integumentary – skin hair nails, protects underlying tissue

• Muscular – move bones

• Skeletal – provides frame to support and protect body parts (brain, heart, lungs and spinal cord)

• Cardiovascular/circulatory – pumps and transports fluids and blood

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Sect 1 Cont.

• Nervous – receives and sends electrical messages

• Lymphatic – returns leaked fluids to the blood vessels and fights germs

• Digestive – breaks down food for nutrients

• Endocrine – regulates body functions through chemical messages (hormones – ovaries and testes)

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Sect 1 Cont.

• Respiratory – lungs absorb O2 and release CO2

• Excretory – removes waste from the blood and regulates body fluids

• Reproductive – male produces sperm, female produces eggs

• S,L,I,M,E R,N C,R,E,D, • Organ systems help the body maintain

homeostasis by working together

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Skeletal System

• Skeletal system – bones, cartilage and structures that connect bones to muscle

• Humans have 206 bones• Bones are Living• Used to support, protect, storage, and

blood cell production• Composed of living cells called

osteoblasts

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Cont.

• Two types of bone– Compact – rigid and dense with no visible

space– Spongy - contains many open space

• Provides strength and support

• Contains red marrow that makes red and white blood cells (the blood cell factory)

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Cont

• Cartilage – flexible tissue, the beginning of bone

• By adulthood, cartilage is replaced by bone

• Only the nose and ears remain cartilage in adulthood

• Located between bones (joints) in adults to cushion bones

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Sec 2 Cont

• Joint – the place where two bones connect

• Depending on type of joint allows for movement when muscles contract and pull on bone

• Types of joints_– Fixed – very little movement (skull)– Ball and socket – movement in all directions

(shoulder)

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Cont

– Hinge – movement in two directions (flex or extend) knee or elbow

– Sliding – gliding movement, spine

• Ligament – strong bands of connective tissue that keep joints together (bone to bone)

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Muscular System

• Muscular system – made of muscle and connective tissue that attached muscle to bone

• Three types of muscle:– Smooth – found in the digestive track and

blood vessels– Cardiac – found only in the heart– Skeletal – attached to bone for movement

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Cont.

• Muscle action:

• Voluntary – under your control

• Involuntary – not under your control (smooth muscle and cardiac)

• Tendons – connects muscle to bone

• Muscle movement is caused by electrical signals transmitted to the brain

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Cont.

• Muscles pull on bone to create movement

• Muscle movement is in pairs and moves in two directions

• Flexor – muscle bends

• Extensor – muscle is straightened

• Type of exercise:

• Aerobic – strengthens heart and increase endurance

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Cont.

• Resistance – muscle overcomes weigh

• Anabolic steroids – resembles testosterone (male sex hormone)

• Causes heart, liver, kidney damage, high blood pressure, stunted growth, roid rage, infertility

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Integumentary System

• Integumentary system – skin, hair and nails

• Integumentary means “covering”

• Keeps H2O in and foreign particles out, first line of defense for the body

• Largest organ in the body

• Not only on exterior of the body but also on the interior

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Cont.

• Melanin – darkening chemical in skin and hair that determines color

• Located in the upper layer of skin (epidermis)

• Absorbs UV light

• Two layers of skin:

• Epidermis – (“epi” means on top of) made of epithelial tissue

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Cont.

• Thick as two sheets of paper• Most epidermal cells are dead and filled

with keratin, a protein that makes skin tough

• Dermis - under the epidermis• Fibers of protein called collagen• Where structures of skin are located• Nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles,

blood vessels, muscle fiber, oil glands

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Cont.

• 75% of the air you breathe is dead skin cells

• Body replaces skin every 3 weeks

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Nervous system

• Nervous system – a command post collecting and processing data

• Two divisions:

• 1. central nervous system (CNS) – Includes the brain and spinal cord– Processes all electrical messages coming into

and out of the brain

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• 2. peripheral nervous system (PNS) – Made of nerves that connect all areas of the body to

the CNS

• PNS – composed of neurons, specialized cells that transfer messages in the form of fast moving electrical signals

• Signals are called impulses, location of impulse is the synapse

• Impulse can travel as fast as 150 m/s or as slow as .2 m/s

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• Neuron structure – neurons consist of a cell body, dendrites and axons

• Cell body – large region in the center containing a nucleus and organelles

• Dendrites – short branched extensions that neurons usually use to gather info from other cells

• Neurons may have many dendrites which allow it to receive impulses from thousands of cells

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• Axon very short or very long fiber used to transmit info from the cell body

• Some axons have branches called axon terminals that allow info to travel to other cells

• Receptors – structures that detect changes inside and outside the body

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• Sensory neurons – specialized neurons that gather info in and around the body

• Motor neurons – neurons that send impulses from the brain and spinal cord to other systems “motor” meaning to move

• Nerves – connect CNS to the rest of your body• Axons bundled together with blood vessels and

connective tissue• Most carry sensory and motor neurons

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• CNS – brain, largest organ in the nervous system

• Processes are describe as involuntary since the response happens automatically

• Other actions are voluntary, movement is made consciously

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• Brain is composed of 3 parts, contains 100 billion neurons

• Cerebrum – largest part of the brain• Where thinking and memories are stored• Controls voluntary motion allows for the sense of

touch, light, sound, odors, taste, pain, heat and cold

• Two hemispheres (halves) the left side directs the right side of the body and the right side directs the left side of the body

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• Left hemisphere controls reading, speaking, writing and problem solving

• Right side controls imagination, appreciation, and creativity

• Cerebellum – second largest organ in the CNS

• Located underneath the back of the cerebrum

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• Receives sensory impulses from skeletal muscle and joints

• Controls balance

• Medulla (oblongata)– connects brain to spinal cord

• About 3cm long controls all involuntary activities like heart rate, breathing and blood pressure

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• Spinal cord – part of the CNS

• About the size of your thumb

• Composed of neurons and bundles of axons that pass impulses to and from the brain

• Protected by the vertebrae

• Injuries can stop sensory info from traveling