Outline
Bubble Pushing Compound Gates Logical Effort Example Input Ordering Asymmetric Gates Skewed Gates Best P/N ratio
Example 1
module mux(input s, d0, d1,
output y);
assign y = s ? d1 : d0;
endmodule
1) Sketch a design using AND, OR, and NOT gates.
Example 1
module mux(input s, d0, d1,
output y);
assign y = s ? d1 : d0;
endmodule
1) Sketch a design using AND, OR, and NOT gates.
D0S
D1S
Y
Bubble Pushing
Start with network of AND / OR gates Convert to NAND / NOR + inverters Push bubbles around to simplify logic
Remember DeMorgan’s Law
Y Y
Y
D
Y
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Example 3
3) Sketch a design using one compound gate and one NOT gate. Assume ~S is available.
Y
D0SD1S
Compound Gates
Logical Effort of compound gates
ABCD
Y
ABC Y
A
BC
C
A B
A
B
C
D
A
C
B
D
2
21
4
44
2
2 2
2
4
4 4
4
gA = 6/3
gB = 6/3
gC = 5/3
p = 7/3
gA =
gB =
gC =
p =
gD =
YA
A Y
gA = 3/3
p = 3/3
2
1YY
unit inverter AOI21 AOI22
A
C
DE Y
B
Y
B C
A
D
E
A
B
C
D E
gA =
gB =
gC =
gD =
2
2 2
22
6
6
6 6
3
p =
gE =
Complex AOI
Y A B C Y A B C D Y A B C D E Y A
Compound Gates
Logical Effort of compound gates
ABCD
Y
ABC Y
A
BC
C
A B
A
B
C
D
A
C
B
D
2
21
4
44
2
2 2
2
4
4 4
4
gA = 6/3
gB = 6/3
gC = 5/3
p = 7/3
gA = 6/3
gB = 6/3
gC = 6/3
p = 12/3
gD = 6/3
YA
A Y
gA = 3/3
p = 3/3
2
1YY
unit inverter AOI21 AOI22
A
C
DE Y
B
Y
B C
A
D
E
A
B
C
D E
gA = 5/3
gB = 8/3
gC = 8/3
gD = 8/3
2
2 2
22
6
6
6 6
3
p = 16/3
gE = 8/3
Complex AOI
Y A B C Y A B C D Y A B C D E Y A
Example 4
The multiplexer has a maximum input capacitance of 16 units on each input. It must drive a load of 160 units. Estimate the delay of the NAND and compound gate designs.
Example 4
The multiplexer has a maximum input capacitance of 16 units on each input. It must drive a load of 160 units. Estimate the delay of the NAND and compound gate designs.
Y
D0S
D1S
Y
D0SD1S
H = 160 / 16 = 10B = 1N = 2
Example 5
Annotate your designs with transistor sizes that achieve this delay.
6
6 6
6
10
10Y
24
12
10
10
8
8
88
8
8
88
25
25
2525Y
16 16160 * (4/3) / 4.2 = 50 160 * 1 / 4.5 = 36
Input Order
Our parasitic delay model was too simple Calculate parasitic delay for Y falling
If A arrives latest? If B arrives latest?
6C
2C2
2
22
B
Ax
Y
Input Order
Our parasitic delay model was too simple Calculate parasitic delay for Y falling
If A arrives latest? 2 If B arrives latest? 2.33
6C
2C2
2
22
B
Ax
Y
Inner & Outer Inputs
Outer input is closest to rail (B) Inner input is closest to output (A)
If input arrival time is known Connect latest input to inner terminal
2
2
22
B
A
Y
Asymmetric Gates
Asymmetric gates favor one input over another Ex: suppose input A of a NAND gate is most critical
Use smaller transistor on A (less capacitance) Boost size of noncritical input So total resistance is same
gA =
gB =
gtotal = gA + gB =
Asymmetric gate approaches g = 1 on critical input But total logical effort goes up
Areset
Y
4/3
2
reset
A
Y
Asymmetric Gates
Asymmetric gates favor one input over another Ex: suppose input A of a NAND gate is most critical
Use smaller transistor on A (less capacitance) Boost size of noncritical input So total resistance is same
gA = 10/9
gB = 2
gtotal = gA + gB = 28/9
Asymmetric gate approaches g = 1 on critical input But total logical effort goes up
Areset
Y
4
4/3
22
reset
A
Y
Skewed Gates Skewed gates favor one edge over another Ex: suppose rising output of inverter is most critical
Downsize noncritical nMOS transistor
Calculate logical effort by comparing to unskewed inverter with same effective resistance on that edge. gu =
gd =
1/2
2A Y
1
2A Y
1/2
1A Y
HI-skewinverter
unskewed inverter(equal rise resistance)
unskewed inverter(equal fall resistance)
Skewed Gates Skewed gates favor one edge over another Ex: suppose rising output of inverter is most critical
Downsize noncritical nMOS transistor
Calculate logical effort by comparing to unskewed inverter with same effective resistance on that edge. gu = 2.5 / 3 = 5/6
gd = 2.5 / 1.5 = 5/3
1/2
2A Y
1
2A Y
1/2
1A Y
HI-skewinverter
unskewed inverter(equal rise resistance)
unskewed inverter(equal fall resistance)
HI- and LO-Skew
Def: Logical effort of a skewed gate for a particular transition is the ratio of the input capacitance of that gate to the input capacitance of an unskewed inverter delivering the same output current for the same transition.
Skewed gates reduce size of noncritical transistors HI-skew gates favor rising output (small nMOS) LO-skew gates favor falling output (small pMOS)
Logical effort is smaller for favored direction But larger for the other direction
Catalog of Skewed Gates
1/2
2A Y
Inverter
B
AY
B
A
NAND2 NOR2
HI-skew
LO-skew1
1A Y
B
AY
B
A
gu = 5/6
gd = 5/3
gavg = 5/4
gu = 4/3
gd = 2/3
gavg = 1
gu =
gd =
gavg =
gu =
gd =
gavg =
gu =
gd =
gavg =
gu =
gd =
gavg =
Y
Y
1
2A Y
2
2
22
B
AY
B
A
11
4
4
unskewedgu = 1gd = 1gavg = 1
gu = 4/3gd = 4/3gavg = 4/3
gu = 5/3gd = 5/3gavg = 5/3
Y
Catalog of Skewed Gates
1/2
2A Y
Inverter
1
1
22
B
AY
B
A
NAND2 NOR2
1/21/2
4
4
HI-skew
LO-skew1
1A Y
2
2
11
B
AY
B
A
11
2
2
gu = 5/6
gd = 5/3
gavg = 5/4
gu = 4/3
gd = 2/3
gavg = 1
gu =
gd =
gavg =
gu =
gd =
gavg =
gu =
gd =
gavg =
gu =
gd =
gavg =
Y
Y
1
2A Y
2
2
22
B
AY
B
A
11
4
4
unskewedgu = 1gd = 1gavg = 1
gu = 4/3gd = 4/3gavg = 4/3
gu = 5/3gd = 5/3gavg = 5/3
Y
Catalog of Skewed Gates
1/2
2A Y
Inverter
1
1
22
B
AY
B
A
NAND2 NOR2
1/21/2
4
4
HI-skew
LO-skew1
1A Y
2
2
11
B
AY
B
A
11
2
2
gu = 5/6
gd = 5/3
gavg = 5/4
gu = 4/3
gd = 2/3
gavg = 1
gu = 1
gd = 2
gavg = 3/2
gu = 2
gd = 1
gavg = 3/2
gu = 3/2
gd = 3
gavg = 9/4
gu = 2
gd = 1
gavg = 3/2
Y
Y
1
2A Y
2
2
22
B
AY
B
A
11
4
4
unskewedgu = 1gd = 1gavg = 1
gu = 4/3gd = 4/3gavg = 4/3
gu = 5/3gd = 5/3gavg = 5/3
Y
Asymmetric Skew
Combine asymmetric and skewed gates Downsize noncritical transistor on unimportant
input Reduces parasitic delay for critical input
Areset
Y
4
4/3
21
reset
A
Y
Best P/N Ratio
We have selected P/N ratio for unit rise and fall resistance ( = 2-3 for an inverter).
Alternative: choose ratio for least average delay Ex: inverter
Delay driving identical inverter tpdf =
tpdr =
tpd =
Differentiate tpd w.r.t. P Least delay for P =
1
PA
Best P/N Ratio We have selected P/N ratio for unit rise and fall
resistance ( = 2-3 for an inverter). Alternative: choose ratio for least average delay Ex: inverter
Delay driving identical inverter tpdf = (P+1)
tpdr = (P+1)(/P)
tpd = (P+1)(1+/P)/2 = (P + 1 + + /P)/2
Differentiate tpd w.r.t. P Least delay for P =
1
PA
P/N Ratios
In general, best P/N ratio is sqrt of equal delay ratio. Only improves average delay slightly for
inverters But significantly decreases area and power
Inverter NAND2 NOR2
1
1.414A Y
2
2
22
B
AY
B
A
11
2
2
fastestP/N ratio gu =
gd =g
avg =
gu =gd =g
avg =
gu =gd =g
avg =
Y
P/N Ratios
In general, best P/N ratio is sqrt of that giving equal delay. Only improves average delay slightly for
inverters But significantly decreases area and power
Inverter NAND2 NOR2
1
1.414A Y
2
2
22
B
AY
B
A
11
2
2
fastestP/N ratio gu = 1.15
gd = 0.81g
avg = 0.98
gu = 4/3gd = 4/3g
avg = 4/3
gu = 2gd = 1g
avg = 3/2
Y
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