Slide 1
Critical Thinking: A Critical SkillDavid E. Nash, CPPO, CPPB
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Slide 2
How do you put a giraffe into a refrigerator?
You open the refrigerator, put in the giraffe and close the door.
This question tests whether you tend to do simple things in an overly complicated way.
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 3
How do put an elephant into a refrigerator?
You open the door, take out the giraffe and put in the elephant.
This question tests your ability to think through the repercussions of your previous actions.
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 4
The king of the forest is hosting an animal conference. All of the animals attend except one. Which one does not attend?
The elephant. He’s in the refrigerator. You just put him there.
This question tests your memory.
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 5
There is a river you must cross, but it is inhabited by crocodiles. How do you manage it?
You swim across. All of the crocodiles are attending the animal conference.
This question tests whether you learn quickly from your mistakes.
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 6
Discover the obstacles to overcome for more productive thought and better decisions.
Find better ways to learn, listen and understand.
Apply the problem-solving process and learn ways to devise effective, long-lasting solutions.
Think for yourself.
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 7
Recognize the problem Define it Learn more about it Brainstorm possible solutions Choose a solution(s) and set goals Troubleshoot any problems Try the solution and assess results Use, modify or reject. Repeat as necessary
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 8
Definition: something that calls for a solution Roadblocks to recognizing them◦ To avoid taking action◦ To avoid taking responsibility
Types◦ Severe Major Minor
◦ Important Cost of problem-solving
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 9
Define it◦ Do not be overwhelmed at first◦ Get information◦ Do not just solve off-shoots
Distinguish between problem, symptoms, consequences◦ Avoid assumptions◦ Think it through – what is really happening?
Group action Roadblock – acting too quickly
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 10
Increase awareness Use our senses Direct method Gather information Focus Concentrate Create context Be thorough
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 11
Meaningful display of complex information Help us to see patterns & organize our thinking Help us to gather and compress information Keep us focused on our goal Show us what we know & what we need to find out Help us understand & interpret thoughts & ideas
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 12
Concept map Webbing Venn diagram Chart Problem/solution outline
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 13
Problem
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 14
CentralProblem
Symptom/ Cause
Symptom/ Cause
Symptom/ Cause
*PS
*PS
*PS
*PS
*PS
*PS
*Possible Solution
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 15
Problem 1
Problem 2 Problem 3
PossibleSolution
FinalDecision
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 16
Choices Rent Location Space Floors
Bldg. A
Bldg. B
Bldg. C
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 17
ProblemsWhoWhatWhenWhereWhyHow
Effects1.2.3.4.5.6.
Causes1.2.3.4.5.6.
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 18
Possible Solutions
Possible Outcomes
1.2.
1.2.
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 19
Problems:◦ Equipment needed for a new park◦ Paint city hall◦ Additional staff person needed◦ Your child wants a pet dog◦ Employee needs disciplining◦ Need a date for Saturday night◦ Complaints about small dollar
purchase policy◦ Your pre-teen wants a cell phone◦ Your spouse wants a vacation
Draw me on apiece of paper
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 20
Goal – a thing to accomplish or solve Why?◦ Helps make things happen◦ Gives us focus◦ A map to guide us
Qualities of a good goal◦ In writing◦ Specific◦ Measurable◦ Realistic◦ Deadline
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 21
Think ahead Anticipate what might go wrong Resolve when a more manageable size Prevent from even occurring Takes work
GOALPotentialProblems
How toAvoid
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 22
Libraries◦ People trained to help◦ Non-searchable print◦ Information has been vetted◦ Have the “in-between” stuff◦ Are free
Experts – the human resource◦ Know their subject◦ Can be relied upon for correct information◦ Can save time over library and web◦ Credentials – are they really an expert?
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 23
The Internet (a)◦ Search methods Search engines like Google, Yahoo, Ask, etc. Subject directories Go directly to a site
◦ Roadblocks Lots of poorly researched data Lots of slipshod work Lots of knowingly false data Fiction posing as fact
◦ Reliability check
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 24
The Internet (b)◦ Tales a web address can tell Business and news - .com Information - .gov, .mil, .edu, .us Organization - .org Personal web pages – tilde (~) in address is tip-off
◦ Links Do they work? Well organized? Represent other viewpoints? Bias?
◦ Verify reproduced information◦ Is information current?
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 25
LA Times, WSJ, NY Times, USA Today, Miami Heraldvs supermarket tabloids
Fact vs opinion◦ Facts – objective statements that can be verified◦ Opinion – subjective statements based on personal belief
Do we trust the source? Is there bias? Is content accurate?
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 26
Persuasion◦ Anyone can use it◦ Political groups try to get our vote◦ Advertisers try to sell us stuff◦ Propaganda
Rhetoric◦ Logos – appealing to reason◦ Pathos – appealing to emotion Scare tactics Pity Flattery
◦ Ethos – appealing to the character of the speaker
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 27
Rhetorical devices◦ Rhetorical question◦ Rule of three◦ Emotional language◦ Hyperbole◦ Sound patterns◦ Comparisons
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 28
Implementing techniques◦ Get their attention / Be sincere◦ Be personal / Show concern◦ Ask for what you want
Persuasive advertising◦ Sensory appeal◦ Sex appeal◦ Group appeal◦ Authority◦ Scientific or statistical◦ Flattery◦ Unfinished claim
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 29
Manipulating surveys◦ Use an appropriate sample size Large enough Similar to target population Random
◦ Remain unbiased Margin of error – indication of confidence Correlation studies Statistics◦ Is it meaningful?◦ Is it misrepresenting something?
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 30
Recognize them Bias and stereotyping Making decisions under stress◦ Inability to recognize/understand problem◦ Difficulty brainstorming/setting reasonable goals◦ Inability to assess the solution
Ego◦ We can overstate our abilities◦ We may not be able to take valid criticism
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 31
Two facts or premises that if both truewill make the conclusion true
Fallacies◦ Slippery slope◦ False dilemma◦ Circular reasoning◦ Equivocation
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 32
Two facts or premises that if both truewill make the conclusion probably true
Measured by:◦ Past experience◦ Common sense or smart guess
Fallacies◦ Chicken and egg◦ Jumping to conclusions or
hasty generalizations◦ Composition◦ Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 33
Red herring Ad hominem◦ Abusive◦ Circumstantial◦ Tu quoque
Straw man
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 34
Explanation – reasons or causes for something◦ Gives new information◦ Topic is accepted as fact◦ Removes or lessens a problem◦ It is relevant
Argument – evidence for a conclusion◦ Judgments◦ Opinions
Differences◦ Explanations are not about persuasion◦ Feelings and beliefs are used in arguments◦ Talk of future can be both
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 35
Tricky◦ Stakes are high◦ Information is incomplete◦ Knowledgeable people disagree◦ Ethics/conflicting values involved
Outcome is both subjectiveand debatable
Preparation◦ Gather as much information as possible◦ Seek out others for info. and feedback◦ Play “what if?”
Bias and intuition Making the call
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 36
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 37
Sometimes You Feel Like a Nut!
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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Slide 38
Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015
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