Critical Thinking: A Critical Skill - Amazon S3 · Slide 7 Recognize the problem Define it Learn...

Critical Thinking: A Critical SkillDavid E. Nash, CPPO, CPPB

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Slide 2

How do you put a giraffe into a refrigerator?

You open the refrigerator, put in the giraffe and close the door.

This question tests whether you tend to do simple things in an overly complicated way.

Critical Thinking; A Critical Skill , SEFL NIGP, June 4, 2015

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Slide 3

How do put an elephant into a refrigerator?

You open the door, take out the giraffe and put in the elephant.

This question tests your ability to think through the repercussions of your previous actions.


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The king of the forest is hosting an animal conference. All of the animals attend except one. Which one does not attend?

The elephant. He’s in the refrigerator. You just put him there.

This question tests your memory.


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Slide 5

There is a river you must cross, but it is inhabited by crocodiles. How do you manage it?

You swim across. All of the crocodiles are attending the animal conference.

This question tests whether you learn quickly from your mistakes.


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Slide 6

Discover the obstacles to overcome for more productive thought and better decisions.

Find better ways to learn, listen and understand.

Apply the problem-solving process and learn ways to devise effective, long-lasting solutions.

Think for yourself.


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Recognize the problem Define it Learn more about it Brainstorm possible solutions Choose a solution(s) and set goals Troubleshoot any problems Try the solution and assess results Use, modify or reject. Repeat as necessary


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Slide 8

Definition: something that calls for a solution Roadblocks to recognizing them◦ To avoid taking action◦ To avoid taking responsibility

Types◦ Severe Major Minor

◦ Important Cost of problem-solving


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Slide 9

Define it◦ Do not be overwhelmed at first◦ Get information◦ Do not just solve off-shoots

Distinguish between problem, symptoms, consequences◦ Avoid assumptions◦ Think it through – what is really happening?

Group action Roadblock – acting too quickly


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Increase awareness Use our senses Direct method Gather information Focus Concentrate Create context Be thorough


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Slide 11

Meaningful display of complex information Help us to see patterns & organize our thinking Help us to gather and compress information Keep us focused on our goal Show us what we know & what we need to find out Help us understand & interpret thoughts & ideas


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Slide 12

Concept map Webbing Venn diagram Chart Problem/solution outline


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Problem


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Slide 14

CentralProblem

Symptom/ Cause

Symptom/ Cause

Symptom/ Cause

*PS

*PS

*PS

*PS

*PS

*PS

*Possible Solution


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Slide 15

Problem 1

Problem 2 Problem 3

PossibleSolution

FinalDecision


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Choices Rent Location Space Floors

Bldg. A

Bldg. B

Bldg. C


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Slide 17

ProblemsWhoWhatWhenWhereWhyHow

Effects1.2.3.4.5.6.

Causes1.2.3.4.5.6.


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Slide 18

Possible Solutions

Possible Outcomes

1.2.

1.2.


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Problems:◦ Equipment needed for a new park◦ Paint city hall◦ Additional staff person needed◦ Your child wants a pet dog◦ Employee needs disciplining◦ Need a date for Saturday night◦ Complaints about small dollar

purchase policy◦ Your pre-teen wants a cell phone◦ Your spouse wants a vacation

Draw me on apiece of paper


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Slide 20

Goal – a thing to accomplish or solve Why?◦ Helps make things happen◦ Gives us focus◦ A map to guide us

Qualities of a good goal◦ In writing◦ Specific◦ Measurable◦ Realistic◦ Deadline


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Slide 21

Think ahead Anticipate what might go wrong Resolve when a more manageable size Prevent from even occurring Takes work

GOALPotentialProblems

How toAvoid


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Libraries◦ People trained to help◦ Non-searchable print◦ Information has been vetted◦ Have the “in-between” stuff◦ Are free

Experts – the human resource◦ Know their subject◦ Can be relied upon for correct information◦ Can save time over library and web◦ Credentials – are they really an expert?


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Slide 23

The Internet (a)◦ Search methods Search engines like Google, Yahoo, Ask, etc. Subject directories Go directly to a site

◦ Roadblocks Lots of poorly researched data Lots of slipshod work Lots of knowingly false data Fiction posing as fact

◦ Reliability check


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Slide 24

The Internet (b)◦ Tales a web address can tell Business and news - .com Information - .gov, .mil, .edu, .us Organization - .org Personal web pages – tilde (~) in address is tip-off

◦ Links Do they work? Well organized? Represent other viewpoints? Bias?

◦ Verify reproduced information◦ Is information current?


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LA Times, WSJ, NY Times, USA Today, Miami Heraldvs supermarket tabloids

Fact vs opinion◦ Facts – objective statements that can be verified◦ Opinion – subjective statements based on personal belief

Do we trust the source? Is there bias? Is content accurate?


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Slide 26

Persuasion◦ Anyone can use it◦ Political groups try to get our vote◦ Advertisers try to sell us stuff◦ Propaganda

Rhetoric◦ Logos – appealing to reason◦ Pathos – appealing to emotion Scare tactics Pity Flattery

◦ Ethos – appealing to the character of the speaker


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Slide 27

Rhetorical devices◦ Rhetorical question◦ Rule of three◦ Emotional language◦ Hyperbole◦ Sound patterns◦ Comparisons


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Implementing techniques◦ Get their attention / Be sincere◦ Be personal / Show concern◦ Ask for what you want

Persuasive advertising◦ Sensory appeal◦ Sex appeal◦ Group appeal◦ Authority◦ Scientific or statistical◦ Flattery◦ Unfinished claim


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Slide 29

Manipulating surveys◦ Use an appropriate sample size Large enough Similar to target population Random

◦ Remain unbiased Margin of error – indication of confidence Correlation studies Statistics◦ Is it meaningful?◦ Is it misrepresenting something?


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Slide 30

Recognize them Bias and stereotyping Making decisions under stress◦ Inability to recognize/understand problem◦ Difficulty brainstorming/setting reasonable goals◦ Inability to assess the solution

Ego◦ We can overstate our abilities◦ We may not be able to take valid criticism


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Two facts or premises that if both truewill make the conclusion true

Fallacies◦ Slippery slope◦ False dilemma◦ Circular reasoning◦ Equivocation


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Slide 32

Two facts or premises that if both truewill make the conclusion probably true

Measured by:◦ Past experience◦ Common sense or smart guess

Fallacies◦ Chicken and egg◦ Jumping to conclusions or

hasty generalizations◦ Composition◦ Post hoc, ergo propter hoc


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Slide 33

Red herring Ad hominem◦ Abusive◦ Circumstantial◦ Tu quoque

Straw man


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Explanation – reasons or causes for something◦ Gives new information◦ Topic is accepted as fact◦ Removes or lessens a problem◦ It is relevant

Argument – evidence for a conclusion◦ Judgments◦ Opinions

Differences◦ Explanations are not about persuasion◦ Feelings and beliefs are used in arguments◦ Talk of future can be both


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Slide 35

Tricky◦ Stakes are high◦ Information is incomplete◦ Knowledgeable people disagree◦ Ethics/conflicting values involved

Outcome is both subjectiveand debatable

Preparation◦ Gather as much information as possible◦ Seek out others for info. and feedback◦ Play “what if?”

Bias and intuition Making the call


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Slide 36


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Sometimes You Feel Like a Nut!


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Slide 38


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Critical Thinking: A Critical Skill - Amazon S3 · Slide 7 Recognize the problem Define it Learn...

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