Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems.
(six kingdoms)
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Classification is the grouping of objects based on similarities.
ClassificationClassification
Classification is an important process in understanding how organisms are related and how they are different.
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that studies the grouping and naming of organisms.
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AristotleAristotle
Ancient Greece— Aristotle (384 BC to 322
BC) was the first to use a
classification system.
classified living things
into two categories: plants
and animals.
Plants -shrubs, herbs, or
trees.Animals -according to
where they lived.His classification system was based on structural
differences that were seen.
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Carolus Linnaeus (1707-Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) 1778)
Considered to be the Father of modern
Taxonomy
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Swedish Botantist
based hisbased hisclassification on classification on characteristics of characteristics of organisms that organisms that were similar.were similar.
Developed the two word system used to identify species: binomial nomenclature.
Linnaeus used Latin for the
Names of his categories,
because this was the language
of educated people and not
likely to change whereas an
everyday language is likely to
change.
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Binomial nomenclatureBinomial nomenclature
Because scientists speak many different Because scientists speak many different languages and common names for languages and common names for organisms may vary from place to place, organisms may vary from place to place, a universal system for naming a universal system for naming organisms is used. organisms is used.
The scientific name of an organism is The scientific name of an organism is
based on abased on a two-word systemtwo-word system
calledcalled binomial nomenclaturebinomial nomenclature. .
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Quercus alba: is the name for white oak (alba is Latin for “white”)
Quercus rubra: is the name for the red oak (rubra is Latin for “red”)
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Micropterus salmoides is the name for a largemouth bass
•The two words, genus and species, are always italicized (or underlined).•The first word in a scientific name, genus, is always capitalized and the second word, species, is never capitalized. •For example the scientific name of the largemouth bass would be Micropterus salmoides (or Micropterus salmoides).
Binomial nomenclature8
Organisms that Organisms that share more share more similarities are similarities are more closely more closely related and are related and are grouped grouped together.together.
9In addition toIn addition to (1)(1) appearanceappearance and and (2)(2)behaviorbehavior, , (3)(3) molecular molecular structurestructure (e.g., DNA) (e.g., DNA) and(4)and(4) evolutionary relationshipsevolutionary relationships are are alsoalso considered when classifying considered when classifying organismsorganisms..
GROUP NAME
ORGANISM
HUMANCHIMPAN
ZEEHOUSE
CATLION
HOUSEFLY
KINGDOM Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
PHYLUM Chordate Chordate Chordate Chordate Arthropoda
CLASS Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Insect
ORDER Primates Primates Carnivora Carnivora Diptera
FAMILY Hominidae Pongidae Felidae Felidae Muscidae
GENUS Homo Pan Felis Felis Musca
SPECIES sapiens troglodytes domestica leo domestica
Scientific Name
Homo sapiens
Pan troglody
tes
Felis domesti
caFelis leo
Musca domesti
ca
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Example: Human Example: Human ClassificationClassification
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primate
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Specific : sapiens a. homo Sapiens
b. Homo sapiens
c. Homo Sapiens
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How would you write the scientific name?
Three Domains and Six Three Domains and Six Kingdoms:Kingdoms:
Three Domains:Three Domains:Bacteria- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Autotrophic and Heterotrophic. Cell walls have peptidoglycan.
Kingdoms: EubacteriaArchaea- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Cell walls do not have peptidoglycan.
Kingdoms:
ArchaebacteriaEukarya- Eukaryotic
Kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia.
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•Eukaryotes
•Unicellular or multicellular
•Heterotrophic
•Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
•Prokaryotes
•Unicellular
•Heterotropic and autotrophic
•Eukaryotes
•Unicellular and multicellular
•Heterotropic and autotrophic
18 Bacteria Protista Fungi
•A tool to identify organisms is
called a dichotomous key.
•It is made from pairs of
contrasting characteristics (e.g.,
has wings/does not have wings).
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EOCT ALERT!!!!EOCT ALERT!!!! A multicellular organism A multicellular organism that obtains its food by that obtains its food by absorbing nutrients from absorbing nutrients from the soil belongs to the the soil belongs to the kingdomkingdom
A A AnimaliaAnimalia B B FungiFungi C C PlantaePlantae D D ProtistaProtista
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The study of The study of animals is known animals is known asas
A botanyA botany
B ecologyB ecology
C taxonomyC taxonomy
D zoologyD zoology
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In 1988, the tiger swallowtail, In 1988, the tiger swallowtail, Papilio glaucusPapilio glaucus, was , was proclaimed Georgia’s state proclaimed Georgia’s state butterfly. The tiger swallowtail butterfly. The tiger swallowtail shares the most characteristics shares the most characteristics with members of which with members of which taxonomic level?taxonomic level?
A classA class B familyB family C orderC order D phylumD phylum
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One main difference between members of the Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia is the ability to
A obtain energyB reproduceC moveD exchange gases
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