CJS/SOC 220Police and Policing
Class 1
• Give quiz 5
• Must read Mapp v. Ohio (Supreme Court, 1961) including all dissenting and concurring opinions for next class
Administrative
• Why we have police• The development of law
enforcement agencies• How people join and train for law
enforcement• Discrimination in law enforcement• The impact of 911
Review
I. Police Interaction with the Public
II. Police and Evidence
III. Police, witnesses and suspects
Today
Who initiates most police contact with the public?
What is the most common situation in which police initiate contact?
Stops and Frisks
Probable Cause v. Reasonable Suspicion
I. Police Interactions with the Public
Standard for warrantless searches◦ Until 1960s what mattered was physical intrusion◦ Growth of technology enables law enforcement to
gain personal data and information without physical trespass or intrusion
Katz v. United States (S.C. 1967)◦ Moved away from issue of physical intrusion to
focus on “reasonable expectation of privacy”
II. Police and Evidence
The Exclusionary Rule How can police avoid this problem? When are warrantless searches permitted?
◦ Related to a lawful arrest◦ With voluntary consent◦ Evidence in plain view◦ Automobiles and their contents◦ Abandoned buildings and open fields
II. Police and Evidence
Identification and Interviews
Miranda Decision
Miranda Exceptions◦ Public Safety Exceptions◦ Refusal to take blood alcohol test can be evidence of guilt◦ Probation officers don’t have to provide Miranda warnings◦ Right to silence or to an attorney must be explicitly
invoked
Impact of Mapp and Miranda
III. Police, Witnesses and Suspects
Continue on PolicingSpecifically our discussion of Mapp v. Ohio
Next Time
CJS/SOC 220
Police and PolicingClass 2
• Return quizzes at the end of class
• Has everyone read Mapp v. Ohio?
• If you haven’t you have to leave class for today!
• For next time you must read U.S. v. Russell (Supreme Court 1973) and all dissenting and concurring opinions
Administrative
• Police Interactions with the Public
• Police and Evidence
• Police, Witnesses and Suspects
Review
I. Structure of the Supreme Court
II. Decisions of the Supreme Court
III. Analysis of a Case – Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Today
• How many members?
• How do cases reach the court?• Writ of certio rari
• What happens if the court declines to hear an appeal?
• When is the court likely to want to hear an appeal?
I. Structure of the Supreme Court
• What is the decision of the court?
• Who writes the decision of the court?
• What is a dissenting opinion?
• What is a concurring opinion?
II. Decisions of the Supreme Court
• What facts led to this case?
• What did the court decide?
III. Analysis of Mapp v. Ohio
• What was the effect on the criminal justice system
• What did the dissent want to decide and why? How about the concurring opinions• What is the doctrine of stare decisis?
III. Analysis of Mapp v. Ohio
• How would that have affected the criminal justice system?
• Do you agree with the court? The dissenters? How about the concurring opinions? Why?
III. Analysis of Mapp v. Ohio
Continue on policing
Make absolutely sure that you read U.S. v. Russell or you will not be allowed to stay in class
Next Time
Police and PolicingClass 3
CJS/SOC 220
o Any questions about where we are or what we are doing?
o If you are doing your Supreme Court case analysis on a case about police/law enforcement, it is due next week
Administrative
o Basic information about the Supreme Court and its decisions
o Facts of Mapp v. Ohioo What the court decidedo What the dissent would have decidedo Any questions about Case Analysis
Assignment?
Review
I. Styles of Policing
II. Police and Guns
III. Civilian Review of Police Actions
IV. Analysis of U.S. v. Russell (1973)
Today
o Watchman Style
o Legalistic Style
o Service Style
o What is the primary focus of each?
o What do you think of these?
I. Styles of Policing
o Disorder Policing – “Broken Windows”oApproach is to crack down on minor and lifestyle
violationsoTheoryoEvidence
o Community PolicingoApproach is to embed police in the community
and work closely with community groupsoTheoryoEvidence
I. Styles of Policing
o Do police rely too heavily on fire arms?
o How effective are police when they use firearms?
o Active shooter situations
II. Police Use of Guns
III. Civilian Review of Police Actions Many cities have established civilian review
boards
Police departments range from critical to openly hostile and uncooperative. Why?
Recent Syracuse experience – Syracuse Citizen Review Board
Chicago Experience
III. Civilian Review of Police Actions
IV. Analysis of U.S. v. Russell• What facts led to this case?
• What did the court decide?
IV. Analysis of U.S. v. Russell• What was the effect on the criminal justice
system
• What did the dissent want to decide and why?
IV. Analysis of U.S. v. Russell• How would that have affected the criminal
justice system?
• Do you agree with the court? The dissenters? Why?
o Continue with police and policing
Next Time
Class 4
Police and Policing
• Any questions about where we are or what we are doing?
• Submitting Case Analyses
Administrative
Styles of Policing
U.S. v. Russell (Supreme Court, 1973) and the issue of entrapment
Review
I. Evaluation of Police Performance
II. Police Corruption
III. Issues related to the use of force
IV. Police brutality
V. Police Attitudes
Today
How do we know if law enforcement agencies are doing a good job?
What measures might we use? What do those measures tell us? What don’t those measures tell us? What are the strengths and weaknesses of
each of those approaches?
I. Evaluation of Police Performance
Nature of Police Corruption
Alternative Explanations of Police Corruption
Why is corruption so hard to prevent?
II. Police Corruption
Police no longer permitted to kill suspects merely because they flee
Racial pattern of police shooting
Less-lethal weapons
III. Issues Related to the Use of Force
Police officers feloniously killed
Data on people killed or wounded by the police
Police shooting and crime
III. Issues Related to the Use of Force
What do data show?
Supreme Court – Graham v. Connor (1989)
Civilian Review Boards
Public Concern
IV. Police Brutality
V. Police Attitudeso It is clear that police seem to have certain kinds of
attitudes. What might some of those be?
o Is the existence of common attitudes among police because certain types of people are drawn to police work or because people who work as police develop certain kinds of common attitudes?
o What factors about police work give rise to these common attitudes?
V. Attitudes of and About Police
o Concerns about racial profiling
o What do studies show?oEvidence of profiling inconclusiveoClear evidence that attitudes of public toward
police interactions vary by race, gender and age
We begin the unit on courts and trials
Next Time
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