CJS/SOC 220Police and Policing

Class 1

• Give quiz 5

• Must read Mapp v. Ohio (Supreme Court, 1961) including all dissenting and concurring opinions for next class

Administrative

• Why we have police• The development of law

enforcement agencies• How people join and train for law

enforcement• Discrimination in law enforcement• The impact of 911

Review

I. Police Interaction with the Public

II. Police and Evidence

III. Police, witnesses and suspects

Today

Who initiates most police contact with the public?

What is the most common situation in which police initiate contact?

Stops and Frisks

Probable Cause v. Reasonable Suspicion

I. Police Interactions with the Public

Standard for warrantless searches◦ Until 1960s what mattered was physical intrusion◦ Growth of technology enables law enforcement to

gain personal data and information without physical trespass or intrusion

Katz v. United States (S.C. 1967)◦ Moved away from issue of physical intrusion to

focus on “reasonable expectation of privacy”

II. Police and Evidence

The Exclusionary Rule How can police avoid this problem? When are warrantless searches permitted?

◦ Related to a lawful arrest◦ With voluntary consent◦ Evidence in plain view◦ Automobiles and their contents◦ Abandoned buildings and open fields

II. Police and Evidence

Identification and Interviews

Miranda Decision

Miranda Exceptions◦ Public Safety Exceptions◦ Refusal to take blood alcohol test can be evidence of guilt◦ Probation officers don’t have to provide Miranda warnings◦ Right to silence or to an attorney must be explicitly

invoked

Impact of Mapp and Miranda

III. Police, Witnesses and Suspects

Continue on PolicingSpecifically our discussion of Mapp v. Ohio

Next Time

CJS/SOC 220

Police and PolicingClass 2

• Return quizzes at the end of class

• Has everyone read Mapp v. Ohio?

• If you haven’t you have to leave class for today!

• For next time you must read U.S. v. Russell (Supreme Court 1973) and all dissenting and concurring opinions

Administrative

• Police Interactions with the Public

• Police and Evidence

• Police, Witnesses and Suspects

Review

I. Structure of the Supreme Court

II. Decisions of the Supreme Court

III. Analysis of a Case – Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Today

• How many members?

• How do cases reach the court?• Writ of certio rari

• What happens if the court declines to hear an appeal?

• When is the court likely to want to hear an appeal?

I. Structure of the Supreme Court

• What is the decision of the court?

• Who writes the decision of the court?

• What is a dissenting opinion?

• What is a concurring opinion?

II. Decisions of the Supreme Court

• What facts led to this case?

• What did the court decide?

III. Analysis of Mapp v. Ohio

• What was the effect on the criminal justice system

• What did the dissent want to decide and why? How about the concurring opinions• What is the doctrine of stare decisis?

III. Analysis of Mapp v. Ohio

• How would that have affected the criminal justice system?

• Do you agree with the court? The dissenters? How about the concurring opinions? Why?

III. Analysis of Mapp v. Ohio

Continue on policing

Make absolutely sure that you read U.S. v. Russell or you will not be allowed to stay in class

Next Time

Police and PolicingClass 3

CJS/SOC 220

o Any questions about where we are or what we are doing?

o If you are doing your Supreme Court case analysis on a case about police/law enforcement, it is due next week

Administrative

o Basic information about the Supreme Court and its decisions

o Facts of Mapp v. Ohioo What the court decidedo What the dissent would have decidedo Any questions about Case Analysis

Assignment?

Review

I. Styles of Policing

II. Police and Guns

III. Civilian Review of Police Actions

IV. Analysis of U.S. v. Russell (1973)

Today

o Watchman Style

o Legalistic Style

o Service Style

o What is the primary focus of each?

o What do you think of these?

I. Styles of Policing

o Disorder Policing – “Broken Windows”oApproach is to crack down on minor and lifestyle

violationsoTheoryoEvidence

o Community PolicingoApproach is to embed police in the community

and work closely with community groupsoTheoryoEvidence

I. Styles of Policing

o Do police rely too heavily on fire arms?

o How effective are police when they use firearms?

o Active shooter situations

II. Police Use of Guns

III. Civilian Review of Police Actions Many cities have established civilian review

boards

Police departments range from critical to openly hostile and uncooperative. Why?

Recent Syracuse experience – Syracuse Citizen Review Board

Chicago Experience

III. Civilian Review of Police Actions

IV. Analysis of U.S. v. Russell• What facts led to this case?

• What did the court decide?

IV. Analysis of U.S. v. Russell• What was the effect on the criminal justice

system

• What did the dissent want to decide and why?

IV. Analysis of U.S. v. Russell• How would that have affected the criminal

justice system?

• Do you agree with the court? The dissenters? Why?

o Continue with police and policing

Next Time

Class 4

Police and Policing

• Any questions about where we are or what we are doing?

• Submitting Case Analyses

Administrative

Styles of Policing

U.S. v. Russell (Supreme Court, 1973) and the issue of entrapment

Review

I. Evaluation of Police Performance

II. Police Corruption

III. Issues related to the use of force

IV. Police brutality

V. Police Attitudes

Today

How do we know if law enforcement agencies are doing a good job?

What measures might we use? What do those measures tell us? What don’t those measures tell us? What are the strengths and weaknesses of

each of those approaches?

I. Evaluation of Police Performance

Nature of Police Corruption

Alternative Explanations of Police Corruption

Why is corruption so hard to prevent?

II. Police Corruption

Police no longer permitted to kill suspects merely because they flee

Racial pattern of police shooting

Less-lethal weapons

III. Issues Related to the Use of Force

Police officers feloniously killed

Data on people killed or wounded by the police

Police shooting and crime

III. Issues Related to the Use of Force

What do data show?

Supreme Court – Graham v. Connor (1989)

Civilian Review Boards

Public Concern

IV. Police Brutality

V. Police Attitudeso It is clear that police seem to have certain kinds of

attitudes. What might some of those be?

o Is the existence of common attitudes among police because certain types of people are drawn to police work or because people who work as police develop certain kinds of common attitudes?

o What factors about police work give rise to these common attitudes?

V. Attitudes of and About Police

o Concerns about racial profiling

o What do studies show?oEvidence of profiling inconclusiveoClear evidence that attitudes of public toward

police interactions vary by race, gender and age

We begin the unit on courts and trials

Next Time