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Chng 2: Ni dung chnh S khi tng qut Chu k x l lnh Thanh ghi Khi iu khin (CU) Khi s hc v logic (ALU)
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CPU - S khi tng qut
CU
IR
PC
MAR
MBR
InternalBus
A
Y
ALU
Z
FR
ABus
DBus
CU: (Control Unit) Khi iu khin
IR: (Instruction Register) Thanh ghilnh
PC: (Program Counter) B mchng trnh
MAR: (Memory Address Register)Thanh ghi a ch b nh
MBR: (Memory Buffer Register) Thanhghi nh m
A: (Accumulator Register) Thanh ghitch ly
Y, Z: (Temporary Register) Thanh ghitm thi
FR: (Flag Register) Thanh ghi c
ALU: (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) Khitnh ton s hc -logic
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Chu k x l lnh1. Khi mt chng trnh c chy, h iu hnh ti m chng
trnh vo b nh trong
2. a ch lnh u tin ca chng trnh c a vo thanh ghiPC
3. a ch ca nh cha lnh c chuyn ti bus A qua thanhghi MAR
4. Tip theo, bus A truyn a ch ti khi qun l b nh MMU(Memory Management Unit)
5. MMU chn nh v sinh ra tn hiu READ
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Chu k x l lnh6. Lnh cha trong nh c chuyn ti thanh ghi MBR qua bus D
7. MBR chuyn lnh ti thanh ghi IR. Sau IR li chuyn lnh tiCU
8. CU gii m lnh v sinh ra cc tn hiu x l cho cc n v khc, v
d nh ALU thc hin lnh9. a ch trong PC c tng ln tr ti lnh tip theo ca chng
trnh s c thc hin
10. Thc hin li cc bc 2->9 chy ht cc lnh ca chng trnh
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Thanh ghi Thanh ghi l thnh phn nh lu tr tm thi bn trong CPU Lu tr lnh v d liu c x l Dung lng nh, s lng t Tc rt nhanh (tc CPU clock)
Cc CPU th h c (80x86) c 16 32 thanh ghi. CPU th hmi (Intel Pentium 4, Core 2 Duo) c hng trm thanh ghi
Kch thc thanh ghi ph thuc vo thit k CPU: 8, 16, 32, 64,128 v 256 bit
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Thanh ghi tch ly Thanh ghi tch ly hay thanh ghi A l mt trong
nhng thanh ghi quan trng nht ca CPU Lu tr cc ton hng u vo
Lu kt qu u ra Kch thc ca thanh ghi A tng ng vi di t
d liu CPU: 8, 16, 32, 64 bit Cng c s dng trao i d liu vi cc thit b
vo ra
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B m chng trnh PC Program Counter hay Instruction Pointer lu a ch
b nh ca lnh tip theo PC lu a ch b nh ca lnh u tin khi chng
trnh c ti vo b nh Sau khi CPU chy xong 1 lnh, a ch b nh ca
lnh tip theo c ti vo PC Kch thc ca PC ph thuc vo thit k CPU: 16,
32, 64 bit
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Thanh ghi c FR Mi bit ca thanh ghi c lu tr trng thi kt qu php tnh
c ALU thc hin C 2 kiu c: C trng thi: CF, OF, AF, ZF, PF, SF C iu khin: IF, TF, DF
Cc bit c thng c dng l cc iu kin r nhnh lnhto logic chng trnh
Kch thc FR ph thuc thit k CPU
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Fall 2009 Computer Architecture - The CPU 11
CPU Registers - FR
ZF: Zero Flag, ZF=1 nu kt qu =0 v ZF=0 nu kt qu 0.
SF: Sign Flag, SF=1 nu kt qu m v SF=0 nu kt qu dng CF: Carry Flag, CF=1 nu c nh/mn bit tri nht AF: Auxiliary Flag, AF=1 nu c nh bit tri nht ca nibble OF: Overflow Flag, OF=1 nu c trn, OF=0 ngc li PF: Parity Flag, PF=1 nu tng s bit 1 trong kt qu l s l, PF=0 ngc li IF: Interrupt Flag, IF=1: ngt c php, IF=0: cm ngt
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Con tr ngn xp (SP: Stack Pointer) Ngn xp l 1 on b nh c bit hot ng theo nguyn tc vo sau
ra trc (LIFO)
Con tr ngn xp l thanh ghi lun tr ti nh ca ngn xp
2 thao tc vi ngn xp: Push: y d liu vo ngn xp
SP SP + 1
{SP} Data
Pop: ly d liu ra khi ngn xpRegister {SP}
SP SP - 1
SP
Stack
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Thanh ghi MBR v MAR MAR: thanh ghi a ch b nh Giao din gia CPU v bus a ch Nhn a ch b nh ca lnh tip theo t PC v chuyn n ti
bus a ch
MBR: thanh ghi m b nh Giao din gia CPU v bus d liu Nhn lnh t bus d liu v chuyn n ti IR
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Cc thanh ghi tm thi CPU thng s dng mt s thanh ghi tm thi : Lu tr cc ton hng u vo Lu cc kt qu u ra
H tr x l song song (ti mt thi im chy nhiu hn 1lnh)
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Khi iu khin CU
Control UnitCU
IR
CLKALUFlags
Internalcontrolsignal
Externalcontrolsignal
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Khi iu khin CU iu khin tt c cc hot ng ca CPU da trn xung
ng h Nhn lnh t IR, gii m n v to ra cc tn hiu iu
khin S dng xung ng h ng b ha cc n v bn
trong CPU v gia CPU vi cc thnh phn bn ngoi
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Khi s hc v logic ALU
ADD SUB
MUL DIV SHR ROL
ORNOT
AND XOR
SHLNEG
ROR
IN IN
OUT
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Khi s hc v logic ALU Bao gm nhiu khi thc hin cc thao tc s hc v
logic nh cng, tr, nhn, chia, NOT, AND, OR ALU c: 2 cng IN nhn u vo t cc thanh ghi 1 cng OUT c ni vi bus trong gi kt qu ti cc
thanh ghi
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Bus trong Bus trong l knh lin lc ca tt c cc thnh phn trong
CPU H tr lin lc 2 chiu
Bus trong c giao din trao i thng tin vi bus ngoi(bus h thng) Bus trong lun c bng thng ln v tc nhanh hn so vi
bus ngoi
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