China & Africa Exchange
In Urban Poverty Reduction
Allan Cain
Development Workshop Angola
&
Liu Haifang
Centre for African Studies – PkU - China
Presented to the
Urban LandMark Conference
13 - 14 March 2013
Johannesburg – South Africa
SISTEMA NACIONAL DE
INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL
• UN Habitat established a Global Urban Observatory Program to help countries monitor their progress to meeting the key urban MDGs as articulated in Goal 7 indicators 11.
• The aim of the Urban MDGs is to reduce the proportion of populations living is slums by measuring the following indicators:
1. Acess to an adequate potable water supply
2. Acess to improved sanitation
3. Sufficient living space
4. Durable and safe housing
5. Secure land tenure
Measuring Urban Poverty Reduction
Urban Growth Rates in Africa & Asia
SISTEMA NACIONAL DE
INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL
China & Africa Urban & Economic Growth
SISTEMA NACIONAL DE
INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL
Africa & Asia Urban Poverty Reduction
Reduction of Slums between 1990 & 2010
1990
2010
SISTEMA NACIONAL DE
INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL
Reduction of Slums between 1990 - 2010
Economic Exclusion & Gini Coefficients The Gini coefficient measures the inequality of wealth within a group such as a city. A Gini coefficient of ‘zero’ expresses perfect equality while ‘one’ expresses maximal inequality
The World’s most Unequal Cities
SISTEMA NACIONAL DE
INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL
Who benefits from urban growth?
How do women fare?
SISTEMA NACIONAL DE
INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL
The purpose of the
observatory is to monitor
key urban indicators and
ensure that the
information is used to
inform policies, public
institutions and local
policy-makers
National and local
observatories also involve
representatives from civil
society, private sector and
academic institutions.
Tanque Serra
Tombo
Rapado
Kikuxi I
Caop
Zango
Tande
Ludi 2
Tanque I
Km 30
Faz Sol
Burgalheira
Cassaca
Dimba
Vitrona
Guengue
Tanque Serra
Ludi 1
Quenguela N orte
Vai e Volta
Sarico
10 de D ezembro
Kikuxi II
Panguila
Areas de Pedreiras
Calivoto
Capalanga
Mulundo
Casa BrancaMussulo
Hoji Ya Henda
Coboy
Camicuto 1
Tanque Serra
Musondo
Tanque II
Nova Esperanca
Km 35
Camicuto 2
Caquila
Terra N ova I I
Bem Vindo
Zona Indus trial
12A
Weji Maca
Santa Pacienc ia
Km 9A
Mulemvos
Cidade Universitario
Calumbo Sede
Ceramica
Golf I
????
Caop B
Banza Calum bo
Cambamba II
Grafanil
Mulemvos
Km 14 A
Km 40A
Chinguar
Cabolombo
12B
Caop A
Paraiso
Km 40 B
Camam a Sede
Nova Urbanizacao
Terra N ova I
Caop C
Mateia II
Cassenda
Km 9B
Sapú
Chimbicato
Quissom eira
Vila de Es toril
Tanque Serra
14B(C ambire)
Quingolo
Casulo Sede
Dala M uleba
Muculo
Tala H adi
KM 32
Mateia I
Nova Vida
Boa Vista
Mayombe
Cazenga Popular
Ngola Kiluanje
INOR AD
Luanda Sul
Palm eirinhas
D
Vila Da Mata
Augus to Ngangula
Vidrul
Boa EsperancaCemiterio 2
Rocha Pinto
Quinzenza
Zona A
Cateba
Cepa
Moxico
Salinas
Fazenda Experim ental
Terra Branca
Imbondeiro
B
Kinanguvo (macedonia)
Soda
Calemba
Mabor
Viana II
Barra do Bengo
Regedoria
Catam bor
CatondoCasulo Estrada
Terra vermelha
Nova Esperanca
Funda Sede (H avemos)
Maianga
Vila Nova
Comandante Bula
Futungo de Belas
Kilunda
Morro Bento II
Tungango
Mbondo Chapeu
C
Nelito Soares
Garc ia
Candua
Morro Bento I
Cambamba I
11 De Novem bre
LixeiraSao Joao
Rio Seco
Ilha D o C abo
Vila de Es toril
Rangel
A
Sao Pedro
Mutam ba Cahango
Camoes
Sao Pedro Da Barro
Sec tor 3
Ingombota
Cazenga M unic ipal
Santo Antonio
Kaw elele
Mota
Bairro do Gamek
Vitoria e Certa
Part ido
Pescadores
Sec tor 1
Marcal
Sec tor2
Cariango
Camux iba
Popular
28 de Agosto
Precol
Compao
Cambamba I
Imbondeiro
Bairro Da Paz
C.T .T
Imbondeiros
Prenda
Malanginho
Combus tiveis
Kaw elele
Farol D as Lagostas
Marconi
Maria Eugenia Neto
Terra N ova
Alto Kifangondo
Corimba
Bairro Operario
Sec tor 4
Orlog
Cardoso
Mulemba
Banga We
Chapas
Sagrada Esperanca
Roque Santeiro
E 15
Casa Branca
Agos tinho N eto
Ilha D a Madeira
Cacuaco Sede
Zona A
Sam ba Grande
Boa Esperança
500 casas
????
Chicala II
1 De Maio
Ecocam po
Jemba (4 de Abril)
Sagrada Esperanca
Val SarocaCemiterio
Bairro Militar
Campismo
Chicala I
Porto Pesquerio
Dez Casas
Anangola
BandeiraOssos
Bairro Azul
Petrangol
Adriano Moreira
Bairro Sujo
Saneamento
Anteiro
Sao Paulo
Sw apo
Enc ibi
Cassequel BuracoSarm ento R ogrigues
Martir De Kifangondo
Cassequel do Imbondeiro
Kikolo Sede
Anangola ????
Sam ba Pequena
Coreia (???)
Miramar
Praia De Bispo
Nguanha
Sam bizangaBairro Cruzeiro
Madame Berm a
Cassequel Lourenco
Bairro da Policia
Forno de C al
Baixo Quifangondo
Bairro chines
Zangado
Cemiterio Novo
Nelitos Soares
Nova Esperanca
Cambamba I
Futungo de Belas
Morro Bento I
Quenguela N orte
Tanque Serra
Cardoso
VIANA
CACUACO
SAMBA
KILAMBA KIAXI
CAZENGA
MAIANGA
SAMBIZANGA
INGOMBOTA
RANGEL
VIANA SEDE
FU NDA
CALUM BO
BENFIC A
KIFAN GOND O
RAM IRO
CAM AMA
KIKOLO CAC UAC O SEDE
GOLFE
FU TU NGO
MUSSULO
ESTORIL
CAZENGA
PALANC A
TALA HAD I
CASSEQUEL
ROCHA PIN TO
HOJI YA H ENDA
NGOLA KILUANJ E
PRENDA
SAMBA
MAIAN GA TERRA NOVA
SAMBIZANGA
KINANGARAN GEL
NEVES BENDINH A
MARCAL
ILHA D O CABO
290000
290000
300000
300000
310000
310000
320000
320000
330000
330000
340000
340000
89
90
00
0
89
90
00
0
90
00
00
0
90
00
00
0
90
10
00
0
90
10
00
0
90
20
00
0
90
20
00
0
90
30
00
0
90
30
00
0
90
40
00
0
90
40
00
0
SCSP Intervention Area
SLP Intervention Area
LUCPP Intervention Area
LURE Intervention Area
Bairros Boundaries
Commune Boundaries
Municipality Boundaries
LEGENG
1:200000Scale:
Cliente:
LUPP
Projecto:
LUPP
Desenho:
LUPP Intevention Areas
Elaborou
Data:
28/05/04
Ref:
Aprovou
C.P 3 360
Rua Rei Katyava la 11 3
Lua nda -Angola
Phone: 448 371/77/66
Fa x: 449 494
dwa ng@angone t.org
C.P 2 48
Huambo-Angola
Phone: 244 -41-2033 8/20 081
Fa x: (244-41 )-20 338
dwhua mbo@a ngonet.org
Angolan Urban Poverty Observatory
Participatory Monitoring in Angola
SISTEMA NACIONAL DE
INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL
Voices of Citizens for Urban Change
To influence more inclusive municipal planning processes, and equitable access to improved urban services for the poor by:
• promoting community participation in monitoring urban poverty indicators related to the Millennium Development Goals
• providing evidence-based information as inputs into municipal plans;
• Building an urban poverty network that advocates for equitable access to improved basic services and promote participatory governance;
• increase sustainable access basic services by promoting community management models to ensure that consumer voices are heard.
SISTEMA NACIONAL DE
INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL
Geographic Information Systems
Participatory
Mapping
Remote sensing:
Applied GIS tools
for collecting
urban
information,
using aerial
photographs and
satellite images.
SISTEMA NACIONAL DE
INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL
• Household surveys made by teams comprised of technicians from INOTU, university students and community groups, under the supervision and technical support of DW.
• Data on MDGs was validated by interviews with key informants and focus groups in all bairros in Luanda.
• Data mapped & put into the public domain. Provided to urban planners, ministries, municipal administrators, community associations.
Participatory Research
SISTEMA NACIONAL DE
INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL
Municipal Forums • monitoring results are
presented to the Municipal Forums & CACs
• strengthens the capacity of local authorities and civil society to ensure inclusive and participatory local development.
• demonstrated spaces for consultation between local authorities and civil society on urban issues and promotes municipal democratisation.
Development Workshop Angola
CRESCIMENTO EXPANSIVO
1989 - 100,80 Km²
1998 - 253,27 Km²
2000 - 270,05 Km²
1980 - 19,42 Km²
2010 – 350,00 Km²
Luanda’s rapid urban growth in war
and post-war years
Poverty Mapping of Luanda - findings
Findings: Land Tenure
• The majority of
peri-urban
residents acquired
their and houses
through informal
mechanisms
and don't have
access to
mechanisms to
regularize their
land.
• Most of poor families accumulated savings are tied up in the land
they occupy and the house they built or purchase
• Rapid development of informal markets for the purchase and
renting of land and property
• Formal titling is very rare, but levels of perceived tenure security
is high Informal Purchase
Informal LandOccupationInformal HouseOccupationInformal Rent
Informal FamilyTransferFormal Purchase
Formal FamilyTransferOther
Land Value Mapping in Luanda 2010
SISTEMA NACIONAL DE
INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL
Mapping of Environmental Risk Areas
CazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazengaCazenga
MaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaiangaMaianga
RangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangelRangel
SambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizangaSambizanga
SambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSambaSamba
Kilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba KiaxiKilamba Kiaxi
VianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaVianaViana
CacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuacoCacuaco
5/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m35/Km/1m3
14/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m314/Km/1m3
8/Km/1m3
13/Km
12/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m312/Km/1m3
10/Km/1m3
<1/Km/1m3
Consumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price CoefficientsConsumer Spatial Price Coefficients
Kz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from CacuacoKz/Km/1m3 from Cacuaco
Mapping of Water Access & Afordability
Average Price of Water
Bairro [Kz/20L]
60
55
50
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
No informal market
M.Baixo Baixo Medio Alto M.Alto
Ingombota 6.2 6.5 4.2 4.6 3.5Maianga 16.2 10.7 15.3 11.5 17.0
Rangel 8.1 4.2 2.7 7.6 0.8
Sambizanga 12.3 14.5 22.9 14.1 17.0
Cazenga 4.2 6.5 2.7 11.8 3.1
K.Kiaxi 15.0 17.2 17.2 17.9 16.6
Samba 13.5 15.6 14.1 10.7 23.2
Cacuaco 8.5 13.4 8.4 3.4 5.4Viana 16.2 11.5 12.6 18.3 13.5
Total 100 100 100 100 100
Nivel de consumoMunicipio
Urban Challenges
76% of Luanda’s population
lives in informal Musseques
Financing urban development
• Large-scale investment is needed in bulk provision, such as mains water supply and treatment, final rubbish disposal sites and mains sewerage.
• Financing urban development in a situation such as Luanda, which has a low fiscal base, is a severe challenge.
• This is due partly to the poverty of the majority of the inhabitants.
• The weak taxation regime in general partly due to a lack of up-to-date cadastre and population census.
• Financing is required at a scale that even the state cannot afford.
• Partnerships with private sector and international lenders are necessary.
• China has been the principal financer of Angolan reconstruction.
Background on Angola & China
• Angola is China’s principal African trading partner
• 25% of China’s African commerce is with Angola
• 15% of China’s petroleum imports are from Angola
• Angola and China are two of the fastest urbanising countries in the world.
• At 7% growth Luanda is the fastest growing city in Southern Africa.
• Much of Angola’s post-war reconstruction is financed by Chinese credit lines.
• Chinese – Angolan economic cooperation is estimated to be about US$ 25 billion over the last decade.
Contracts of Chinese Companies in Angola (2003 – 2009), US$ millions
Chinese Economic Cooperation
One million house programme
115,000 houses to be supplied by State
685,000 houses to be self-built
SISTEMA NACIONAL DE
INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL
Obrigado
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