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Market based system
Foreign trade and foreign investment as integralpart if Indian economy
Fastest growing economy
World·s second largest labor force
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Centrally planned Economy
Private businesses and capitalism weresuppressed
Privatization of Farmland
Promotion of foreign investment
Flourishing small scale entrepreneurs
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50 yrs ago, India and China were among the poorest and economically
most isolated countries in the world.
How did China and India emerge aseconomic giants?
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GDP ² real growth rate:
9.8% (2008) country comparison to the world:
13% (2007)
11.6% (2006)
GDP-Per capita (PPP-Purchasing power parity):
$6,000 (2008)country comparison to the world:
$5,500 (2007)
$4,900 (2006)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
GDP ² composition by sector:
agriculture: 10.6%
industry: 49.2%
services: 40.2% (2008)
China ² Economic Fact Sheet
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GDP- real growth rate:6.6% (2008)
9% (2007)
9.6% (2006)
GDP ² per capita (PPP ² Purchasing power parity)
$2,800 (2008)
$2,700 (2007)
$2,500 (2006)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
GDP ² Composition by sector:agriculture: 17.2%
industry: 29.1%
services: 53.7% (2008)
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Indicators India ChinaPolitical System Multi-party
Democracy
One-party
authoritarian rule
Speed of Growth Economic reforms
started in 1991.
Average 6% growth
rate in past two
decades.
Economic reforms
started in 1978.
Average 9.5% growth
rate in past two
decades.
Areas of Specialization
Rising power insoftware, design,
services, and
precision industry.
Dominant in massmanufacturing,
electronics and heavy
industrial plants
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Indicators India China
Gini index
(standard measure
of inequality)
36.8
47.0 (up 10 points
from 15 yrs ago)
Foreign DirectInvestment
6.8% (up from 0.3%in 2004)
17.8%
Future Areas of
growth
R&D, bio-
technology, high-
value IT enabledservices (legal,
medical, engineering
architecture),
manufacturing, agro-
based industry
IT business, services
and continued
manufacturing
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AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE SECTOR SECTOR
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y India is an agricultural country.y Growth of service sector is pushing down thecontribution of agriculture.y Contributing 17.2% of the GDP.y Largely depends on monsoon.y Provides employment to two-thirds of the totalpopulation.y 15% of export earningsy Rural women play a vital role, 50% of rural labor force.y Yields per hectare of crops in India are very low
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13.1 : India's Imports and Exports of Agricultural Commodities vis-à-vis
Total National Imports/ Exports During 1990-91 to 2007-08
(Value in Rupees
Crore)
Year Agriculture Total National %age Agriculture Agriculture Total National %age Agriculture
Imports Imports Imports to Total Exports Exports Exports to Total
National Imports National Exports
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1990-91 1205.86 43170.82 2.79 6012.76 32527.28 18.49
1991-92 1478.27 47850.84 3.09 7838.04 44041.81 17.80
1992-93 2876.25 63374.52 4.54 9040.30 53688.26 16.84
1993-94 2327.33 73101.01 3.18 12586.55 69748.85 18.05
1994-95 5937.21 89970.70 6.60 13222.76 82673.40 15.99
1995-96 5890.10 122678.14 4.80 20397.74 106353.35 19.18
1996-97 6612.60 138919.88 4.76 24161.29 118817.32 20.33
1997-98 8784.19 154176.29 5.70 24832.45 130100.64 19.09
1998-99 14566.48 178331.69 8.17 25510.64 139751.77 18.25
1999-00 16066.73 215528.53 7.45 25313.66 159095.20 15.91
2000-01 12086.23 228306.64 5.29 28657.37 201356.45 14.232001-02 16256.61 245199.72 6.63 29728.61 209017.97 14.22
2002-03 17608.83 297205.87 5.92 34653.94 255137.28 13.58
2003-04 21972.68 359107.66 6.12 37266.52 293366.75 12.70
2004-05 22811.84 501064.54 4.55 41602.65 375339.53 11.08
2005-06 21499.22 660408.90 3.26 49216.96 456417.86 10.78
2006-07 29637.86 840506.31 3.53 62411.42 571779.28 10.92
2007-08(P) 29777.01 964849.76 3.09 77769.71 640172.14 12.15
P Provisional
Source : DGCI&S, Ministry of Commerce, Kolkata.
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y Agriculture accounted for 10.6 % of the GDPy 33o million- over 45% of labor force still makes livingfrom farming.y Farming methods have been improved in China.
y China produces wheat, rice, potatoes, peanuts,millet, cotton.y Only 15 percent of the total land available in Chinacan be cultivated.
y more than 75 percent of the total cultivated land isused for producing food crops.
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Variety 1949 1978 2005
grain 11,318 30,477 50,839
cotton 44.4 216.7 383.1
oil-bearing crops 256.4 521.8 2,601.2
sugarcane 264.2 2,111.6 7,470
sugarbeet 19.1 270.2 864
flue-cured tobacco 4.3 105.2 218.5
tea 4.1 26.8 67.6
fruit 120.0 657.0 6,237.6
meat 220.0 856.3 5,960.9
aquatic products 45 466 4,122
Increases in Output of Major Agricultural Products
(10,000 tons)
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Variety 1949 1978 2005
grain 11,318 30,477 50,839
cotton 44.4 216.7 383.1
oil-bearing crops 256.4 521.8 2,601.2
sugarcane 264.2 2,111.6 7,470
sugarbeet 19.1 270.2 864
flue-cured tobacco 4.3 105.2 218.5
tea 4.1 26.8 67.6
fruit 120.0 657.0 6,237.6
meat 220.0 856.3 5,960.9
aquatic products 45 466 4,122
Increases in Output of Major Agricultural Products
(10,000 tons)
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INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
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y Manufacturing contributes around 15% of GDP of thecountry.y According to CSO data quartely estimate of GDP for
manufacturing stood at 38.1 billion US $.y According to the data the cumulative growth inmanufacturing index for April-June has been 3.2%.y In the manufacturing sector the value of new projectannounced in 2nd half of 2008-09 stood at 13.2 billion
US $.
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y India rank¶s among top 12 producers of manufacturing
value added products.
y In Textile it ranks 4th after China, US & Italy.
y In Electrical machinery & apparatus India ranks 5th.y India holds 6th position in basic metals category.
y 7th in Chemicals & chemicals products, 10th in leather
& leather products, 12th in machinery & equipment &
motor vehicals.
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y According to CSO the industrial output clocked an annual
growth rate of 6.8% in July 2009.
y There are many Companies who wants to make India as their
manufacturing hub, they are
LG wants to make India its global manufacturing hub for its
mobile handsets.Hyundai has make India the manufacturing & exporting hub for
its small cars. Their i10 is being manufactured only in India &
exported to the world.
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y Luxury brands like Louis Vuitton are looking at India
as a manufacturing base for their products.
y Skoda Auto plans to make India its regional
manufacturing hub. Aircraft manufacturing Airbus isconsidering India as one of the centres for design &
development of its long haul A350 plane.
y Samsung plans to invest 100 million US $ in its
manufacturing plant near Chennai & make it its globalhub.
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y Suzuki too is making India its manufacturing hub for its
small cars.
y
According to Investment Commission of India themanufacturing sector is estimated to have 180 billion US $
investment opportunity over next 5 years.
y Manufacturing sector is the largest employer which
employes 25.5 million people of the total workforce.y Employment growth rate is 2.78%
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y Chinese manufacturing sector accounts for 43% of
Chinese economy.
y Its economy growth in average of almost 8% every
year.y Chinese manufacturing sector ranks 4th in the world
after US, Japan, & Germany.
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y China¶s fast growing domestic market worldwide
demand for Chinese goods & the cost advantage China
offers to manufacturers are fueling the growth of
manufacturing sector in China.y Purchasing Manager¶s Index (PMI) which measures
manufacturing activity nationwide.
y PMI index rose to 54 points in August up from 53.3 in
July.
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y China has 50% share of worldwide camera market.
& 30% of Air conditioners .
y 25% of Washing Machines & 20% of Refrigerators.
y China¶s crude steel production rose by 28.25%.
y Investment in chemical industry grew by 35.9%.
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SERVICE
SECTOR
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Can be classified into 2 types:
Old
New
Old Services includes:
Petty Trading
Domestic Services
Catering and Hotel Services
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New Services includes:
Communications
Business and legal practicesCulture, research and education.
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INDIA V/S CHINA
INDIA CHINA
54 per cent of GDP Below 41 per cent of GDP
Since 1978 to 2008 :AverageAnnual Growth rate is 7.0% Average Annual Growth rate is 10.8%
Employment Opportunities :
Low High
Most advanced service sector :
Delhi with a GDP share of 77 per cent Beijing with a GDP share of 61 per cent
A net exporter of services A net importer of services
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Service Sectors China India Australia Korea Japan UK US
Finance and Insurance 16.50 13.27 11.83 15.53 9.78 6.89 10.35
Government and SocialOrganizations
8.01 10.78 6.06 10.47 6.72 6.62 10.35
Real Estate 6.07 11.64 29.15 22.34 30.66 32.16 30.92
Wholesale, Retail Trade andCatering
23.57 30.39 19.15 17.98 18.54 20.81 20.05
Transport,
Telecommunications etc
16.96 19.18 12.11 13.09 8.91 10.00 7.89
Transport and Storage 8.76 10.86
Post andTelecommunications
8.20 8.32
Education, Health, Researchetc
28.87 14.73 21.69 20.59 25.40 23.51 20.44
Education, Culture and Arts 8.71 7.98
Health, Sports and SocialWelfare
2.96 2.14
Scientific Research andPolytechnic
2.25 0.89
Others 14.95 3.71
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
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Year 1 INR =
CYN
% Change 1 USD = INR % Change I USD =
CYN
% Change
2000 0.1910 43.55 8.2798
2001 0.1774 (7.12) 46.75 7.34 8.2773 (0.20)
2002 0.1714 (3.38) 48.28 7.15 8.2766 (0.20)
2003 0.1723 0.52 48.05 (0.47) 8.28 0.40
2004 0.1817 5.45 45.55 (5.20) 8.2767 (0.40)
2005 0.1912 5.22 43.35 (4.83) 8.2765 0.00
2006 0.1796 (6.06) 44.92 3.62 8.0702 (2.50)
2007 0.1764 (1.78) 44.24 (1.51) 7.8051 (3.28)
2008 0.1853 5.04 39.26 (11.08) 7.2755 (6.78)
2009 0.1409 (23.96) 48.41 23.30 6.8225 (6.22)
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y The forex reserves of the Republic of Chinaamounted to US$332.24 bn at the end of Sep09,showing an increase of US$6.82 bn from the previous
month.y The main factors responsible for the increase are:1. The EUR, JPY and other major currenciesappreciated against the US dollar. Foreign exchangereserves denominated in these currencies were worth
more in terms of the base currency, the US dollar.2. Returns from foreign exchange reservesmanagement.
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EFFECTIVE DATE OF
CHANGE DISCOUNT
ACCOMMODATIONS
WITH COLLATERAL
ACCOMMODATIONS
WITHOUT COLLATERAL
2009-02-19 1.25 1.625 3.5
2009-01-08 1.500 1.875 3.750
2008-12-12 2 2.375 4.25
2008-11-10 2.75 3.125 5
2008-10-30 3 3.375 5.25
2008-10-09 3.25 3.625 5.5
2008-09-26 3.5 3.875 5.75
2008-06-27 3.625 4 5.875
2008-03-28 3.5 3.875 5.75
2007-12-21 3.375 3.75 5.625
2007-09-21 3.25 3.625 5.5
2007-06-22 3.125 3.5 5.375
2007-03-30 2.875 3.25 5.125
2006-12-29 2.75 3.125 5
2006-09-29 2.625 3 4.875
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y According to a recent report from internationaleconomic think tanks, India and China soon plans toform a trade coalition in Asia and that is projected to
boost 65% of world trade by near 2020.Both thecountries India and China are determined to achievethat and create a huge impact on world economicbodies.
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THANKYOU
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