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THE MOLE
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MODULE THE MOLE
One mole
atom
Relative atomic mass = 1 mole of atoms = (6.02 x 1023 atoms) = ( A i! "ams
Example :Each 7g lithium, 12g carbon, 56g iron, 64g copper, 197g gold contains6.2 x 12! atoms "1 mole atom#
[Relative atomic mass: Li,7 ; C,12 ; Fe,56 ; Cu,64 ; Au,197 ]
One molemole#$le
Relative mole#$la mass = 1 mole of mole#$les = (6.02 x 1023 mole#$les)= ( M i! "ams )
Example :Each 2g h$drogen gas, 16g methane gas, 17g ammonia gas, 44g carbon dioxidegas contains 6.2 x 12! molecules.[Relative atomic mass : H,1 ; C,12 ; N,14 ;,16 ]
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A%T&'&T 1
%omplete the table belo&.Lengkapkan jadual dibawah
Relative atomi# mass* A + %*12 , Al*2- , He* , H*1 , O*16 , /*1 A + Atomi# mass !isim atomM + Mole#$la mass !isim mole"ul
$sta!#e[#a$a%]
molo
[Fo&mula ]
A o M Mass of1 mole
[!isim 1mol]
Mass of6.02 x1023 4ati#les
[!isim 6'(2 )1( 2* +a&a$]
Mola mass[!isimmola&]
%arbon% 12
1%12" 12" 12"mol51
'luminium 2-"
(eliumHe "
($drogen
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H2 2 x 12H
2 "mol51
%arbon)ioxide
'mmonia 1-"
($drogenchloride
x Mola mass
Mola mass
Or &rite in *ormula,
Mass of s$sta!#e i! "am !isim a$a% -alam .&am
Nume& o/ moles o/ a susta%ce +Bilangan mol bahan Mola mass of s$sta!#e !isim mola& a.i a$a%
Examle 1+
%alculate the number o* moles o* an atom &hich is *ound in 2g o* iron.Hitung bilangan mol bagi atom yang terdapat didalam 28g besi.[ Relative atomic mass !e" #$ %
Mass (g)Number of moles
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ol$tio! +
masste1 -umber o* moles +
relatie atomic mass
te 2 2 +
56
+ .5 mol
Examle 2 +
%alculate the mass o* .5 mol carbon dioxide, %O2 /Hitung jisim &.# mol karbon dioksida" '(2 )
[ Relative atomic mass '" *2+ ("*$ %
ol$tio! + masste 1 -umber o* moles +
0elatie molecular mass
te 2 .5 + mass
12 " 2 x 16 #
.5 + mass
44
hus, 3ass o* carbon dioxide + .5 x 44
+ 22g
roblem inoling relationships bet&een !$me of moles* !$me of ati#les a!7mass of s$sta!#e can be soled using a combination o* both euations.,erkaitan masaalah perhubungan diantara bilangan mol" bilangan -arah dan jisimbahan boleh diselesaikan dengan mengabungkan keduadua persamaan.
Number of particles
[Bilangan zarah]
Number of moles =
[Bilangan mol] NA
Mass
Number of moles =
Ar or Mr
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o sole uestions on the relationship bet&een number o* moles, numbero* particles and mass o* substance, the *ollo&ing step can be used.
/ntuk menyelesaikan perhubungan diantara bilangan mol" bilangan -arah dan jisimbahan" langkahlangkah berikut boleh digunakan.
te 1La%."a$ 1
rite the *ormula :0ulis 1ormula
-umber o* particles mass
+- ' 'r or 3r
te 2La%."a$ 2
ubstitute the alues gien into the *ormula.antikan nilai yang diberikan kedalam 1ormula
Examle 3 +
%alculate the number o* atoms *ound in 2g o* iron.Hitung bilangan atom yang didapati didalam 28g besi.[ Relative atomic mass !e"#$ + 3 4 5 $.&2 6 *& 27 mol * %
ol$tio! +
-umber o* atoms mass
Number of particles Mass
=NA Ar or Mr
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+- ' relatie atomic mass
-umber o* atoms 2+
6.2 x 12! 56
2hus, the number o* atoms + x 6.2 x 12! atoms 56
+ !.1 x 12! atoms
Examle + %alculate the mass in gram *or 1.5 x 124 chlorine molecules.Hitung jisim dalam gram bagi *.# 6 *& 2 molekul klorin
" 0elatie atomic mass : %l,!5.5 8 - ' + 6.2 x 12! #
ol$tio! + -umber o* atoms mass
+- ' relatie molecular mass
1.5 x 124 + mass
6.2 x 12! 2 x !5.5
hus, the mass o* chlorine + 1.5 x 124 x 71
6.2 x 12!
+ 177.5 g
AC003 2:
%omplete the table belo&Lengkapkan jadual dibawah
[ Relati1 atomic mass 3e"2& + 9n"$# + H"* + 'l"7#.# + 3a"27 + ("*$ + 4l"2: + ;"72 + '"*2 +Ba"*7: +
4vagdro 3umber" 3 4 5 $.&2 6 *& 27 mol * %
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/o Eleme!tMass
(")
/$me of moles( mol )
/$me of ati#les
1/eo!*/e
2 8i!#* 8! 29 x 10
2
atoms
3 H7o#:loi# a#i7* H%l1.9
o7i$m oxi7e* /a2O 2;
9 Al$mi!i$m#:loi7e*Al%l3
;.9 x 1022 io!s
A%T&'&T 3 + %AL%ULAT&/< RELAT&'E MOLE%ULAR MA
NH0N !8 LL RLA0F
/o/ame of %omo$!7
Nama seatia%
om$la of %omo$!7
Fo&mulaseatia%
Relative Mole#$le Mass>Relative om$la Mass!isim mole"ul &elati/!isim /o&mula &elati/
A!s!<
1 %opper"# chloride %u%l2 64 2"!5.5# + 1!5 1!5
2 otassium chloride 74.5
! odium sulphate 142
4 3agnesium sulphate 125 in; carbonate 125
6 otassium nitrate 11
7 ron"# oxide 72
%alcium nitrate 164
9 <arium sulphate 2!!
1 in"# chloride 19
11 =ead"# oxide 22!
12 'luminum chloride1!!.
5
1! 'mmonium nitrate
14 odium nitrate 5
15 iler oxide 2!2
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16 ron"# chloride162.
5
17 odium bromide 1!
1 odium oxide 62
19 =ead"# sulphate !!
2 =ithium oxide !
21 3agnesium nitrate 14
22 otassium iodide 166
2! otassium sulphate 174
24 3agnesium oxide 4
/o /ame of %omo$!7 om$la of %omo$!7
Relative Mole#$le Mass>Relative om$la Mass
A!s
25 ron"# carbonate 116
26 %arbon dioxide 44
27 %opper"# carbonate 124
2 odium iodide 15
29 'mmonium nitrate
! %opper"# h$droxide 9
!1 %alcium carbonate 1
!2 'mmonium sulphate 1!2
!! odium carbonate 16
!4 iler sulphate !12
!5 'luminum oxide 12
!6 'luminum sulphate !42
!7 ron"# oxide 16
! ron"# sulphate 4
!9 otassium carbonate 1!
4 'cetic acid 6
41 ul*uric acid 9
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42 ($drochloric acid !6.5
4! -itric acid 6!
44 3agnesium h$droxide 5
45 %opper"# nitrate 1
46 3agnesium etanoat "%(!%OO#23g 142
473agnesium sulphate
h$drate3gO4.7(2O 246
4 %opper"# sulphate h$drate %uO4.5(2O 25
49 <utanoic acid %!(7%OO(
5 otassium manganese"># ?3nO4 15
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A%T&'&T +
1. %alculate the number o* moles in each uestion :Hitung bilangan mol bagi setiap soalan
"a# 1 g odium h$droxide
A!s?e+i. !ormula 1or sodium hydro6ide 5 3a(H ii. Relative molecular mass 1or sodium hydro6ide 5 *<27=>*<*$=>*<*=
5 & iii. ?olar mass 1or sodium hydro6ide 5 &g
iv. 3umber o1 mole 5 5 &.2# mol
"b# 2 g %opper"# sulphate
"c# 1.44 g otassium sulphate
"d# 4.75 g 3agnesium chloride
"e# 2.97 g @inc h$droxide
*& g & g
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"*# 1.44 g sodium carbonate
"g# 2.769 g aluminum nitrate
"h# !2 g iron"# sulphate
"i# 5.22 g magnesium h$droxide
"A# 1.655 g lead"# nitrate
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2. %alculate the mass o* :Hitung jisim bagi
"a# .5 mol sodium oxide
A!s?e+
i. !ormula 1or sodium o6ide 5 3a2 (ii. Relative molecular mass 1or sodium o6ide 5 2<27= > *<*$= 5 $2 iii. ?olar mass 1or sodium o6ide 5 $2g v. 3umber o1 mole 5 &.# mol vi. ?ass 1or &.# mol sodium o6ide 5 &.# 6 $25 *1'(.
"b# 1.2 mol tin"# chloride
"c# .25 mol copper"# carbonate
"d# .! mol calcium chloride
"e# .125 mol iron"# sulphate
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"*# .!4 mol potassium sulphate
"g# .2 mol barium sulphate
"h# .! mol siler nitrate
"i# .12 mol magnesium nitrate
"A# .5 mol calcium sulphate
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A%se&:
*. <a= &.2# mol <b= &.&*2# mol <c= &.&$ mol <d= &.&# mol <e= &.&7 mol <1= &.&* mol <g= &.&*7 mol <h= &.&8mol <i= &.&@ mol<j=&.&&# mol
2. <a= 7*.&g <b= 228.&g <c= 7*.& g <d= 77.7& g <e= *@.& g <1= #@.*$ g <g= $.$& g <h= #*.&g <i= *:.:$ g <j=$.8& g
A%T&%&T 9 +
1. %alculate the number o* atoms in :Hitung bilangan atom didalam
"a# 4 g ox$gen atom [answer+*.# 6 *& 27 %
A!s?e+
i. !ormula 1or o6ygen 5 (ii. 0otal o1 an atoms in o6ygen 5 *iii. Relative atomic mass 1or o6ygen 5 *$ iv. ?olar mass 1or o6ygen 5 *$g
v. 3umber o1 mole 5 5 &.2#
vi. 3umber o1 atoms 5 &.2# 6 * 6 $.&2 6 *& 27 5 1'5(5 ) 1(2*
"b# 1.9 g @inc [answer+*.8 6 *& 22 %
"c# ! g magnesium [answer:.# 6 *& 22 %
"d# 2 g h$drogen atom [answer*.2 6 *& 2 %
"e# 1. g iron [answer*.&8 6 *& 27 %
4 g
16 g
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"*# .2 mol sul*ur [answer*.2 6 *& 27 %
"g# .12 mol nitrogen atom [answer:.$8 6 *& 22 %
2. %alculate the number o* atom in :
Hitung bilangan atom didalam
"a# 4 g ox$gen gas [answer*.#&# 6 *& 27 %
A!s?e+
i. !ormula 1or o6ygen gas 5 (2
ii. 0otal o1 an atoms in o6ygen gas 5 2 iii. Relative atomic mass 1or o6ygen 5 2<*$=
5 72 iv. ?olar mass 1or o6ygen 5 72g
v. 3umber o1 mole 5 5 &.*2#
vi. 3umber o1 atom 5 &.*2# 6 2 6 $.&2 6 *& 27 5 1'5(5 ) 1(2*
"b# 5.6 g magnesium oxide [answer*.$8 6 *& 27 %
"c # 4.9 g sulphuric acid [answer2.* 6 *& 27 %
4 g
!2 g
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"d# 1. g magnesium sulphate [answer#. 6 *& 22 %
"e# 1.96 g copper"# h$droxide [answer$ 6 *& 22 %
"*# 2.6625 g aluminum nitrate [answer@.:# 6 *& 22 %
!. %alculate the number o* ion in :Hitung bilangan ion didalam
"a# 4.9 g dilute sulphuric acid [answer@ .&7 6 *& 22 %
A!s?e+
i. !ormula 1or sulphuric acid 5 H 2 ;(
ii. 0otal o1 an ions in sulphuric acid 5 7 5 2H > > *;(2
iii. Relative atomic mass 1or sulphuric acid 5 2<*= > *<72= > <*$= 5 @8 iv. ?olar mass 1or sulphuric acid 5 @8g
v. 3umber o1 mole 5 5 &.&#
vi. 3umber o1 ions 5 &.&# 6 7 6 $.&2 6 *& 27 5 9'(* ) 1(2*
<b= 1. g aueous magnesium sulphate [answer*.8 6 *& 22 %
4.9 g
98 g
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<c= 4.7 g auase copper"# nitrate [answer.# 6 *& 22 %
<d= 17 g aueous @inc chloride [answer2.2# 6 *& 27 %
<e= 17 g aueous siler nitrate [answer*.2 6 *& 27 %
<1= 414 g aueous potassium carbonate [answer#. 6 *& 2 %
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4. %alculate the mass o* :Hitung jisim bagi
"a# ! x 12! ox$gen atom [answer8.& g%
A!s?e+
i. !ormula 1or o6ygen atom 5 (ii. Relative atomic mass 1or o6ygen atom 5 *$ iii. molar mass 1or o6ygen 5 *$g
iv. 3umber o1 mole 5 5 &.#& mol
v. mass 1or 7 6 *& 27 o6ygen atom 5 &.#& 6 *$ 5 ='(.
<b= 7.2 x 12! @inc atom [answer:8 g%
<c= 7.5 x 122 sul*ur atom [answer.& g%
<d= 1. x 121 lead atom [answer&.$2*g%
<e= 2.4 x 122 magnesium atom [answer&.@$ g%
7 6 *& 27 atom$.&2 6 *& 27 atom
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<1= ! h$drogen atom [answer+# 6 *& 2 g%
<g= 12 helium atom [answer*.2 6 *& 22 g%
A%T&'&T 6+ MOLE &/ %HEM&%AL E@UAT&O/ & L >>ALA ?R8AAAN A 1
1. !.1 g o* copper"# carbonate is heated to produced copper"# oxide and carbondioxide gas.7.*g kuprum<AA= karbonat dipanaskan untuk menghasilkan kuprum<AA= oksida dan gaskarbon dioksida.
[ relative atomic mass 1or 'u"$+'"*2+("*$+ ?olar olume is 22. dm7 at ;0,%
%u%O! %uO %O2
Brom the reaction, calculate:Caripada tindakbalas" hitung
"a# the mass o* copper "# oxide produced.Disim kuprum<AA= oksida yang terhasil.
"b# the olume o* carbon dioxide gas produced at isipadu gas karbon dioksida yang terhasil pada ;0,.
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2. %a%O! %aO %O2
n this reaction, ! cm! carbon dioxide gas are produced &hen calcium carbonate isheated.Calam tindakbalas ini" 7&& cm7 gas karbon dioksida dihasilkan apabila kalsium
karbonat dipanaskan.[ relative atomic mass 1or 'u"$+'"*2+("*$+ ?olar olume is 22. dm7 at ;0,%
%alculate:Hitung
"a# the mass o* calcium carbonate used.Disim kalsium karbonat yang digunakan.
"b# mass o* calcium oxide produced.Disim kalsium oksida yang dihasilkan.
!. 2-a 2(2O 2-aO( (2
hen .2! g o* sodium is added to &ater, the metal &ill react igorousl$ at the sur*aceo* the &ater.
4pabila &.27g natrium dimasukkan kedalam air" logam tersebut bertindakbalasdengan cergas dipermukaan air.[Relative atomic mass 1or 3a"27+H"*+("*$+?olar volume is 2 dm7 at roomtemperature%
%alculate:Hitung
"a# he mass sodium h$droxide produced.Disim natrium hidroksida yang dihasilkan.
"b# >olume o* h$drogen gasses $ang being produced at temperature room.Asipadu gas hidrogen yang dihasilkan pada suhu bilik.
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4. 23g O2 23gO
' strip o* magnesium has a &eight o* 1.2 g are being burn &ith surplus ox$gen toproduced magnesium oxide.
Eepingan magnesium seberat *.2g dibakar dengan campuran oksigen untuk menghasilkan magnesium oksida.[Relative atomic mass ?g"2+("*$%
%alculate:Hitung
"a# he mass magnesium oxide being produced.Disim magnesium oksida yang dihasilkan
"b# he mass o* ox$gen that needed *or this reaction.Cisim o;sigen $ang diperlu;an bagi tinda;balas ini.
5. %!( 5O2 !%O2 4(2O
%hemical euation aboe sho&s &hen propane gas &as burned in ox$gen. * !.!6 dm!
o* carbon dioxide gas are produced in this reaction at ,,ersamaan diatas menunjukkan apabila gas propane dibakar didalam oksigen.;ekiranya 7.7$ dm 7 gas karbon dioksida dihasilkan dalam tindakbalas ini pada ;0,"
[ relative atomic mass 1or '"*2+("*$+H"*+ ?olar olume is 22. dm7 at ;0,%
%alculate:(itung:
"a# he mass o* propane burnedDisim propana yang terbakar.
"b# >olume o* ox$gen gas that reactedAsipadu oksigen yang bertindakbalas.
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6. 2'l !%uO 'l2O! !%u
1.!5g o* aluminium po&der and copper "# oxide &as heated strongl$ in laborator$ to
produced aluminium oxide and copper.*.7#g serbuk aluminium dan kuprum<AA= oksida dipanaskan dengan kuat didalammakmal untuk menghasilkan aluminium oksida dan kuprum.[ relative atomic mass 1or 4l"2:+("*$+'u"$%
%alculate:Hitung
"a# he mass o* copper "# oxide reactedDisim kuprum<AA= oksida yang bertindakbalas.
"b# he mass o* aluminium oxide produced.Disim aluminium oksida yang dihasilkan.
"c# he mass o* copper produced.Disim kuprum yang dihasilkan.
4nswer
*. <a= 2 g <b= &.#$ dm7 2.<a= *.2# g <b= &.: g 7. <a= &.g <b= &.*2 dm7
. <a= 2 g <b= &.8 g #.<a= 2.2 g <b= #.$ dm7 $.<a= $ g <b= 2.## g <c= .8 g
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A%T&'&T 6 +MOLE &/ %HEM&%AL E@UAT&O/ &&
1. 4? O2 2?2O
11.7 g o* potassium &as burnt in ox$gen to produce potassium oxide.**.:g kalium dipanaskan didalam oksigen untuk menghasilkan kalium oksida [Relative atomic mass E" 7@+ (" *$+ ?olar olume is 2 dm7 at room temperature%
%alculate:Hitung
"a# 3ass o* potassium oxide being producedDisim kalium oksida yang dihasilkan.
"b# >olume o* ox$gen reacts at room temperatureDisim oksigen yang bertindakbalas pada suhu bilik.
2. 2Be !%l2 2Be%l!!!.6 g o* iron react &ith chlorine gas to produced iron "# chloride at room temperature.!!.6g besi bertinda;balas dengan gas ;lorin menghasil;an Berum"# ;lorida pada suhubili;.[Relative atomic mass !e" #$+ 'l" 7#.#+ ?olar olume is 2 dm7 at room temperature%
%alculate:Hitung
"a# 3ass o* iron "# chloride producedDisim 1erum<AAA= klorida yang dihasilkan.
"b# >olume o* chlorine gas reactsAsipadu gas klorin yang bertindakbalas.
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!. 23g O2 23gO
!.4 g o* magnesium &as burnt in ox$gen gas to produced magnesium oxide in a
laborator$.7.8g magnesium dibakar didalam oksigen untuk menghasilkan magnesium oksidadidalam makmal. DRelative atomic mass ?g" 2+ (" *$+ ?olar olume is 2 dm7 at room temperature%
%alculate:Hitung
"a# 3ass o* magnesium oxide produced.Disim magnesium oksida yang dihasilkan.
"b# >olume o* ox$gen reacts &ith magnesium at room temperature.Asipadu oksigen yang bertindakbalas dengan magnesium pada suhu bilik.
4. 2?-O! 2?-O2 O2
5.5 g o* potassium nitrate &as heated strongl$ to produce potassium nitrite and ox$gengas at standard temperature.#.&#g kalium nitrat dipanaskan dengan kuat menghasilkan kalium nitrat dan gas oksigen pada suhu piawai. [Relative atomic mass E" 7@+ 3" *+ (" *$+ ?olar olume is 22. dm 7 at standard temperature%
%alculate:(itung:
"a# 3ass o* potassium nitrite produced
Disim kalium nitrat yang dihasilkan.
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"b# >olume o* ox$gen produced Asipadu gas oksigen yang dihasilkan.
5. 2b"-O!#2 2bO 4-O2 O2
7.22 g o* lead nitrate &as heated strongl$ to produce products as aboe at .:.282g plumbum nitrat dipanaskan dengan kuat untuk menghasilkan bahan tindakbalasseperti diatas pada ;0,.[Relative atomic mass ,b" 2&:+ 3" *+ (" *$+ ?olar olume is 22. dm7 at standardtemperature and pressure%
%alculate:Hitung
"a# 3ass o* lead "# oxideDisim plumbum<AA= oksida.
"b# >olume o* nitrogen dioxide gas releasedAsipadu gas nitrogen dioksida yang dibebaskan.
"c# >olume o* ox$gen produced in the experiment.Asipadu gas oksigen yang dihasilkan didalam eksperimen.
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6. 2'l 6(%l 2'l%l! !(2
!.24 g o* aluminum po&der are added to h$drochloric acid in a conical *las;. hereaction released a h$drogen gas and produced a aluminum chloride solution.7.2g serbuk aluminium ditambahkan kedalam asid hidroklorik didalam kelalang kon.0indakbalas tersebut menghasilkan gas hidrogen dan larutan aluminium klorida.[Relative atomic mass 4l" 2:+ 'l" 7#.#+ H" *+ ?olar olume is 2 dm7 at roomtemperature%
%alculate:Hitung
"a# 3ass o* h$drochloric acid reacts &ith aluminumDisim asid hidroklorik yang bertindakbalas dengan aluminium
"b# 3ass o* aluminum chloride producedDisim aluminium klorida yang dihasilkan.
"c# >olume o* h$drogen gas released at room temperatureAsipadu gas hydrogen yang dibebaskan pada suhu bilik.
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7. !3g Be2O! !3gO 2Be
! g o* magnesium po&der &as added to iron "# oxide and heated er$ strongl$. hereaction produced a &hite *ume o* magnesium oxide and a bro&n metal o* iron.7 g serbuk magnesium ditambah kepada 1erum<AAA= oksida dan dipanaskan dengan kuat.0indakbalas tersebut menghasilkan wasap putih magnesium oksida dan logam perang besi.[Relative atomic mass ?g" 2+ (" *$+ !e" #$%
%alculate:(itung:
"a# 3ass o* iron "# oxide reacts &ith magnesium.Disim 1erum<AAA= oksida yang bertindakbalas dengan magnesium.
"b# 3ass o* the &hite *ume released in the reactionDisim wasap putih yang dibebaskan didalam tindakbalas.
"c# 3ass o* iron producedDisim besi yang dihasilkan.
4nswer
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*. <a= *.* g <b= *.8 dm7 2.<a= @:.# g <b= 2*.$ dm7 7.<a= $. g <b= *.@2 dm7
. <a= .2# g <b= &.#$ dm7 #. <a= .@&$ g <b= &.@8#$ dm7 <c= &.2$ dm7
$. <a= *7.* g <b= *$.&2 g <c= .72 dm7 :.<a= $.$: g <b= # g <c= .$: dm7
A%T&'&T - + OBE%T&'E @UET&O/
1 he euation belo& represents the reaction to extract aluminium *rom aluminium oxide.,ersamaan dibawah mewakili tindakbalas pengekstakan aluminium daripada aluminiumoksida.
2Al2O3 Al C 3O2
hat is the mass o* aluminium that can be extracted *rom 12 g o* aluminium oxide/ 4pakah jisim bagi aluminium yang boleh di ekstrak daripada *&2g aluminium oksida)[Relative atomic mass (" *$+ 4l"2:%
' 1!.5 g< 27. g
% 54. g) 1. g
2 %O3 O C %O2
he euation aboe sho&s the action o* heat on the carbonate salt o* metal .(o& man$ moles o* %O! are needed to produced 4. g o* oxide /,ersamaan diatas menunjukkan tindak balas pemanasan garam karbonat bagi logam F.Berapa mol F'(7 yang diperlukan bagi menghasilkan .&g oksida F )[Relative atomic mass '" *2+ (" *$+ F" $%
' .!< .5% .) .9
3 ulphuric acid used as an electrol$te in a car batter$ has a concentration o* .5 mol dmF!.(o& man$ moles o* sulphuric acid is there in 1 cm!/
4sid sul1uric digunakan sebagai elektrolit bateri kereta yang berkepekatan &.# mol dm7 .Berapakah mol asid sul1uric didalam *&& cm 7 asid itu)
' .25< .5% .1) .5
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)iagram 1 sho&s the setFup o* apparatus *or the titration o* potassium h$droxide solution&ith sulphuric acid.0aAah 1 menunAu;;an susunan radas bagi pentitratan larutan ;alium hidro;sida dengan
asid sul*uric.
)iagram 1
hat is the total olume o* the mixture in the conical *las; at the end point o* the titrationin )iagram 1 / 4pakah jumlah isipadu campuran didalam kelalang kon pada titik akhir pentitratan padaRajah *
' 1 cm!
< 2 cm!% ! cm!
) 4 cm!
9 )iagram 2 sho&s an energ$ leel diagram.Rajah 2 menunjukkan rajah aras tenaga
Energ$
C "s# 2"a#
C 2"a# "s#
)iagram 2
<ased on )iagram 2, &hat is the increase in temperature o* the solution i* excess Cpo&der is added to 5 cm! o* salt solution .2 mol dm F!/Berdasarkan Rajah 2" apakah pertambahan suhu terhadap larutan sekiranya serbuk Dsecara berlebihan ditambah kepada #& cm 7 larutan garam 0 &.2 mol dm 7 )[;peci1ic heat capacity o1 solution .& D g * & ' * %
' 4.4 %
2 cm!
o* potassium h$droxidesolution .1 mol dmF! andphenolphthalein as an indicator
ulphuric acid .1mol dmF!
GH522&kDmol *
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< 5.5 %% . %) 11. %
6 hich o* the *ollo&ing uantities o* substance contain 6 x 122 molecules/?anakah antara kuantiti bahan berikut mengandungi $ 6 *& 22 molekul.[Relative atomic mass H" *+ '" *2+ (" *$+ 4vogadros 'onstant $ F *& 27 mol * %
1. g &ater 1. g h$drogen gas !.2 g ox$gen gas> 4.4 g carbon dioxide
' and onl$< and > onl$% , , and > onl$) , , , and >
he euation belo& represents the decomposition o* h$drogen peroxide solution.,ersamaan dibawah mewakili penguraian larutan hydrogen peroksida.
2(2O2"a# 2(2O"l# O2"g#
hich o* the *ollo&ing are produced &hen 1 mole o* h$drogen peroxide is decomposedcompletel$/?anakah antara berikut menghasilkan * mol hydrogen peroksida apabila penguraianlengkap berlaku)
[* mole o1 gas occupies 2 dm7 at room condition+ 4vogadros 'onstant $.& F *& 27 mol * %
2 moles o* &ater 12x dm! o* ox$gen gas ! x 12! o* ox$gen molecules> 1.2 x 124 o* &ater molecules
' and onl$< and > onl$% and onl$) and > onl$
9. hat is the number o* molecules in 1 mole o* ammonia, -(!/Gse the in*ormation that the 'ogadro constant + 6. x 12! molF1
4pakah bilangan molekul didalam * mol ammonia" 3H 7 )unakan maklumat bahawa pemalar 4vogadro 5 $.& 6 *& 27 mol *
' 1.5 12! molecules< 6. 12! molecules%1.2 124 molecules)2.4 124 molecules
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1. ' compound &ith *ormula 2%O! has a relatie *ormula mass o* 1!.hat is the relatie atomic mass o* /Gse the in*ormation that the relatie atomic mass o* % + 12 and O + 16.;ebatian yang ber1ormula F 2 '(7 mempunyai jisim 1ormula relative *78. 4pakah jisim atom relative bagi F )unakan maklumat dimana jisim atom ralti1 bagi ' 5 *2 dan ( 5 *$
' !9< 69
% 7 ) 11
11. he euation sho&s the reaction bet&een sulphuric acid and sodium h$droxide.
,ersamaan menunjukkan tindakbalas antara asid sul1uric dan natrium hidroksida.
H2O C 2/aOH /a2O C 2H2O
hat is the olume o* 1. mol dmF! sodium h$droxide solution &hich can neutrali@e25. cm! o* 1. mol F! sulphuric acid/ 4pakah isipadu bagi *.& mol dm 7 natrium hidroksida yang boleh meneutralkan 2#.&cm 7 asid sul1uric *.& mol dm 7 .
'. 12.5 cm!
<. 25. cm!
%. 5. cm!
). 75. cm!
12. !.2 g o* cooper"# oxide po&der is reacted &ith excess dilute nitric acid.hat is the mass o* cooper"# nitrate *ormed in the reaction/7.2 g serbuk kuprum<AA= oksida berttindakbalas dengan asid nitric cair secaraberlebihan. 4pakah jisim kuprum<AA= nitrat yang terbentuk dalam tindakbalas tersebut)
Gse the in*ormation that the relatie atomic mass o* - + 14, O + 16 and %u + 64.unakan maklumat dimana jisim atom relative bagi 35*" (5*$ dan 'u5$.
'. !.76 g<. 4.96 g%. 5.4 g). 7.52 g
1!. he *ollo&ing euation sho&s the combustion o* heptane, %7(16, in excess ox$gen.0indakbalas berikut menunjukkan pembakaran bagi heptana" ' : H *$ " didalam oksigenberlebihan.
%7(16 "l# 112 "g# 7%O2 "g# (2O "l#, H ( + F5 512 ;C molF1
he combustion o* heptane in excess ox$gen released 1,!7 ;C o* energ$.hat is the mass o* heptane used/
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,embakaran heptana didalam oksigen berlebihan membebaskan *"7:8 kD tenaga. 4pakah jisim heptana yang digunakan )
Gse the in*ormation that the relatie atomic mass o* ( + 1 and % + 12.unakan maklumat dimana jisim atom relative bagi H5* dan '5*2.
'. 25.g<. !6.g%. 77.g). .g
14. he diagram sho&s t&o balloons *illed &ith ox$gen gas and h$drogen gas.Rajah menunjukkan dua belon yang disikan penuh dengan gas oksigen dan gashirogen.
hich o* the *ollo&ing statements is true about the t&o gases/?anakah antara berikut kenyataan benar tentang keduadua gas )
'. he number o* moles o* ox$gen gas is greater than h$drogen gas Bilangan mol gas oksigen adalah lebih besar berbanding gas hydrogen.
<. he number o* moles o* ox$gen gas and h$drogen gas is eual Bilangan mol gas oksigen dan gas hydrogen adalah sama %. he number o* ox$gen gas molecules is greater than h$drogen gas molecules Bilangan molekul gas oksigen adalah lebih besar berbanding molekul gas hydrogen
). he number o* ox$gen gas molecules is *e&er than h$drogen gas molecules Bilangan molekul gas oksigen adalah kurang berbanding molekul gas hidrogen
15. ' h$drocarbon compound is burnt completel$ in air to *orm 17.6 g o* carbon dioxide gasand 7.2 g o* &ater.hat is the molecular *ormula o* the h$drocarbon compound/;ebatian hidrokarbon terbakar lengkap diudara membentuk *:.$g gas karbon dioksidadan :.2 g air. 4pakah 1ormula molekul bagi sebatian hidrokarbon tersebut)
Iien that the relatie atomic mass o* %+12, (+1, O+16.Ciberikan jisim atom relative bagi '5*2" H5*" (5*$.
'. %2(6
<. %!(
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%. %4(
). %4(1
16. he picture sho&s a &aste disposal site. he actiit$ o* microorganisms in the &asteproduces methane gas.ambar menunjukkan kawasan pembuangan bahan buangan. 4ktiviti mikroorganismaterhadap bahan buangan menghasilkan gas methana.
hat is the mass o* methane gas produced/ 4pakah jisim gas methana yang dihasilkan)
Iien that the relatie atomic mass o* (+1, %+12, and 1 mol o* gas occupies 24dm! atroom temperature and pressure.Ciberikan jsim atom relati1 bagi H5*" '5*2 dan * mol sebarang gas memenuhi 2 dm 7 pada suhu bilik dan tekanan piawai.
'.12g<.16g%.21g
).27g
17. 5 g o* element reacted &ith g o* elements J to *orm a compound &ith the *ormulaJ2.hat is the relatie atomic mass o* element /#g unsur F bertindakbalas dengan 8g unsur I untuk membentuk sebatian ber1ormula FI 2 . 4pakah jisim atom relati1 bagi unsur F)
Iien that the relatie atomic mass o* J+.Ciberikan jisim atom relati1 bagi I 5 8&.
'. 25<. 4%. 5).1
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1. .12 g o* magnesium reacts &ith excess h$drochloric acid to produced h$drogen gas.Iien that the relatie molecular mass o* (+1, 3g+24, %l+!5.5 and 1 mol o* gasoccupies 24 dm!at room temperature pressure.hich o* the *ollo&ing is true about the reaction/&.*2g magnesium bertindakbalas dengan asid hidroklorik berlebihan untukmenghasilkan gas hidrogen.Ciberikan jisim atom relati1 bagi H5*" ?g52" 'l57#.# dan * mol sebarang gasmemenuhi 2 dm 7 pada suhu bilik dan tekanan piawai.?anakah antara berikut adalah benar bagi tindakbalas tersebut)
. 3g 2(3g2 (2
. >olume o* gas released is 12 cm!
Asipadu gas yang dibebaskan ialah *2& cm 7
. 3ass o* the salt *ormed is .!g
Disim garam yang terbentuk ialah &.7&g.>. his is a redox reaction
Ani merupakan tindakbalas redo6
'. and onl$<. and onl$%. , and > onl$). , and > onl$
19. n an experiment, the decomposition o* 25cm! o* .1 mol dmF! h$drogen peroxidesolution produces ox$gen gas.
Cidalam eksperimen penguraian 2# cm 7 larutan hidrogen peroksida &.* mol dm 7 meghasilkan gas oksigen.
* the experiment is repeatedusing another solution, &hich solution &ill produce cure K/;ekiranya eksperimen diulangi dengan menggunakan larutan lain" larutan yangmanakan menghasilkan lengkung J )
'. 25 cm! o* .15 mol dmF! h$drogen peroxide<. 2 cm! o* .15 mol dmF! h$drogen peroxide%. 15 cm! o* .15 mol dmF! h$drogen peroxide). 1 cm! o* .25 mol dmF! h$drogen peroxide
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2. he chemical *ormula *or potassium hexac$ano*errate"# is ?!Be"%-#6.hat is its relatie *ormula mass/!ormula kimia bagi kalium heksasiano1errat ialah E 7!e<'3=$ .
4pakah jisim 1ormula relati1nya)
D0elatie atomic mass o* % +12, -+14, ?+!9 and Be + 56L
' 121< 199% 251) !29
21. * the 'ogadro number is represented b$ the letter 6 , &hat is the number o* h$drogengas particles, (2, &ith the molar olume o* 24 dm! molF1 at room temperature and
pressure/;ekiranya nombor avogadro diwakili oleh huru1 6" apakah bilangan -arah gas hidrogen"H 2 dengan isipadu molarnya ialah 2 dm 7 mol * pada suhu dan tekanan piawai )
' 6 < 2x% x2
) 1 x2
22. ' dibase acid, (2C has the concentration o* .5 mol dmF!
=etter C is not the actual s$mbol o* the element. hat is the olume o* potassium
h$droxide, ?O(, 1. mol dmF! that can neutrali@e 25.cm! o* the (2C acid solution/ 4sid dwibes" H 2 D mempunyai kepekatan &.# mol dm 7.Huru1 D bukan merupakan symbol sebenar bagi unsur. 4pakah isipadu bagi kaliumhidroksida" E(H" *.& mol dm 7 yang boleh meneutralkan 2#.& cm 7 larutan asid H 2 D )
' 6.25 cm!
< 12.5 cm!
% 25. cm!
) 5. cm!
2!. hich o* the *ollo&ing reactants produces the highest rate o* reaction &ith @inc po&der/?anakah antara berikut bahan tindakbalas yang menghasilkan kadar tindakbalas yang
tinggi bagi serbuk -ink )
' 25 cm! o* sulphuric acid .1 mol dmF!
< 25 cm! o* ethanoic acid .1 mol dmF!
% 25 cm! o* nitric acid .1 mol dmF!
) 25 cm! o* h$drochloric acid .1 mol dm F!
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24. )iagram 2 sho&s three t$pes o* substances.Rajah 2 menunjukkan tiga jenis bahan
)iagram 2
hich o* the *ollo&ing is true about the substance in )iagram 2/Iang manakah berikut adalah benar bagi bahan pada Rajah 2)
. he number o* particles in gas is !x6M2x12!
Bilangan -arah didalam gas 9 ialah 76$K&26*& 27
. 'll the substances hae onl$ 6M2x12! particles;emua bahan mempunyai hanya $K&26*& 27 -arah
. he number o* particles in liuid is less than in gas .Bilangan -arah didalam larutan F adalah kurang berbanding gas 9.
>. he number o* particles in solid J is t&o times greater than in liuid .Bilangan -arah dalam pepejal I ialah dua kali ganda berbanding larutan F.
' and onl$< and > onl$
% , and > onl$) , and > onl$.
25. hich o* the *ollo&ing gases contains M4 mol o* atoms at room temperature andpressure/?anakah antara gasgas berikut mengandungi &. mol atom pada suhu bilik dantekanan piawai )D1 mol o* gas occupies the olume o* 24 dm! at room temperature and pressureL[* mol gas memenuhi isipadu sebanyak 2 dm 7 pada suhu bilik dan tekanan piawai%
' 4M dm! (e
< 4M dm! (2
% 4M dm! O!
) 4M dm! %O2
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26. he *ollo&ing euation sho&s the decomposition reaction o* copper"# carbonate&hen heated at room temperature and pressure.,ersamaan berikut menunjukkan penguraian bagi tindakbalas kuprum<AA= karbonatapabila dipanaskan pada suhu bilik dan tekanan piawai.
%u%O! %uO %O2
hich o* the *ollo&ing is !ot true &hen 1 mol o* copper "# carbonate isdecomposed/Jang mana;ah antara beri;ut tida; benar apabila 1 mol ;uprum"# ;arbonatdiurai;an /D0elatie atomic mass: %+12, O+16, %u+64 and 1 mol o* gas occupies the olume o* 24 dm! at room temperature and pressure.L[Disim atom relative '5*2+ (5*$ dan * mol gas memenuhi isipadu 2 dm 7 padasuhu dan tekanan piawai%
' 1 mol o* copper"# oxide is *ormed* mol kuprum<AA= oksida terbentuk
< 1 molecule o* carbon dioxide gas is gien o** * molekul gas karbon dioksida dibebaskan.
% g copper"# oxide is *ormed8&g kuprum<AA= oksida terbentuk
) 24 dm! o* carbon dioxide gas is gien o** 2 dm 7 gas karbon dioksida dibebaskan.
27. )iagram 1! sho&s the neutrali@ation reaction bet&een a strong acid and a strongal;ali.Rajah *7 menunjukkan tindakbalas penenutralan diantara asid kuat dan alkali kuat.
)iagram 1!
hat is the olume o* the al;ali needed to produced 1M4625 g o* salt/ 4pakah isipadu alkali yang diperlukan bagi menghasilkan *.$2#g garam )
D0elatie atomic mass: -a+2!, %l+!5M5, (+1, O+16L [Disim atom relati13a527" 'l57#.#" H5*" (5*$%
' M5 cm!
< M25 cm!
% 5M cm!
) 25M cm!
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2. n an experiment, 2M4 g o* magnesium po&der is added to 1 cm! o* 2M mol dm! copper"# sulphate solution.he temperature o* the mixture increases b$ 1M %.hat is the heat o* reaction in the experiment/Cidalam satu eksperimen" 2.g serbuk magnesium ditambahkan kepada *&& cm7
larutan kuprum<AA= sul1at 2.& mol dm7
4pakah haba tindakbalas bagi eksperimen tersebut)
D;peci1ic heat capacity o1 a solution 5 K2 D g *& ' *+ Relative atomic mass o1 ?g 5 2% [?uatan haba tentu larutan 5 K2 D g *& ' *+ Disim atom relati1 bagi ?g 5 2%
' FM42 ;C molF1< FM4 ;C molF1% F4M2 ;C molF1) F4M ;C molF1
29. ropane burns completel$ in ox$gen according to the euation sho&n belo&.,ropana terbakar dengan lengkap dalam oksigen mengikut persamaan dibawah.
%!( "g# 5O2 "g# !%O2 "g# 4(2O <l=
* 1. mole o* propane gas is burnt completel$, &hich olume o* gaseous product isobtained, measured at room temperature and pressure /;ekiranya *.& mol gas propana terbakar dengan dengkap" manakah isipadu gasyang dihasilkan" diukur pada suhu bilik dan tekanan )
' .1 dm! % 2.4 dm!
< .! dm! ) 7.2 dm!
!. ' mixture containing 1 mole o* ethane and 4 mole o* ox$gen is ignited, in a sealedcontainer at 1 %. he reaction occurring is sho&n b$ the euation belo&.'ampuran yang mengandungi * mol ethane dan mol o6ygen dinyalakan didalambekas yang tertutup pada suhu *&& & ' . 0indakbalas terbentuk ditunjukkan pada persamaan dibawah.
%2(4 "g# !O2 "g# 2%O2 "g# 2(2O "g#
hat &as the total number o* moles o* gas at the end o* the reaction/ 4pakah jumlah bilangan mol bagi gas pada akhir tindakbalas )
' 2 % 4< ! ) 5
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A%T&'&T ; + TRU%TURED @UET&O/
1. )iagram aboe sho&s the structural *ormula o* aspirin.Rajah menunjukkan 1ormula struktur bagi 1ormula aspirin
"a# hat is the molecular *ormula o* aspirin/ 4pakah 1ormula molekul bagi aspirin )
"b# hat is the molecular mass o* aspirin/Gse the in*ormation that the relatie atomic mass o* ( + 1, % + 12 and O + 16. 4pakah jisim molekul bagi aspirinunakan maklumat dimana jisim atom relative bagi H5*" '5*2 dan (5*$.
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[4nswer <a= ' @H 8 ( <b= *8& % 2. he ionic euation *or the precipitation reaction o* siler chloride is:
,ersamaan ion bagi tindakbals pemendakan argentums klorida adalah
A"C(a) C %l5(a) A"%l(s)
hat is the number o* moles o* 'g ions that reacted &ith %lF ions/ 4pakah bilangan mol bagi ion 4g > yang bertindakbalas dengan ion 'l )
[4nswer &.&*2# mol%
7. hen 1cm! o* .5 mol dmF! sodium sulphate solution is added to excess lead"#
nitrate solution, a &hite precipitate lead"# sulphate is *ormed. 4pabila *& cm7 larutan natrium sul1at &.# mol dm 7 ditambah kepada larutan plumbum<AA= nitrat berlebihan" mendakan putih terbentuk.
i. rite the chemical euation *or the reaction.0ulis persamaan kimia bagi tindakbalas tersebut.
ii. )escribe the chemical euation in "!#"i#.,erihalkan persamaan di <7=<i=
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iii. %alculate the number o* mole o* sodium sulphate in the solution.Hitungkan bilangan mol natrium sul1at didalam larutan
i. %alculate the mass o* precipitate *ormed.
Iien that the relatie atomic mass o* O+16, +!2, b+27.Hitung jisim mendakan yang terbentuk.Ciberikan jisim atom relative bagi (5*$" ;572" ,b52&:
[4nswer <i= ,b<3(7 =2 > 3a2 ;( ,b;( > 23a3(7
<ii= * mole lead<AA= nitrate reacts with * mole o1 sodium sulphate to produce
* mole o1 lead<AA= sulphate and 2 moles o1 sodium nitrate<iii= &.&&# mol <iv= *.#*#g %
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. %hemical euation belo& sho&s ho& a nitrogen dioxide is conerted into nitric acid.,ersamaan kimia dibawah menunjukkan bagaimana nitrogen dioksida ditukarkankepada asid nitrik
4-O "g# 2(2O "l# !O2 4(-O! "a#
%alculate :Hitung
"a# he number o* mole o* nitrogen"# oxide, -O.Bilangan mol bagi nitrogen<AA= oksida" 3(.
"b# he maximum mass o* nitric acid &hich can be produce *rom 72 dm ! o*nitrogen"# oxide, -O at room temperature and pressure.Disim maksima asid nitric yang dihasilkan daripada :2& dm7 nitrogen<AA=
okside"3( pada suhu bilik dan tekanan.
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