47
CHAPTER-IV
OCCUPATIONS
Occupation refers to the activity to which one regularly devotes himself, especially
his regular work or means of earning for living. It is synonymous to vocation,
employment, pursuit, craft, business, profession, trade and the like.1 In 1947,
agriculture was the main occupation of the Lubanas. Majority of them depended
directly or indirectly on it for their livelihood.2 They were mainly self-cultivators.
They cultivated the land as peasant proprietors, occupancy tenants, tenants-at-will and
field labourers. Majority of the Lubanas had small size of holdings.3 Only those
Lubanas who had been allotted land by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British in the
canal colonies were the middle class farmers.4
After the partition of the Punjab, the land which was allotted to them was
mainly a hard kallar, banjar, barani, marshes in the bet areas of Kapurthala district of
Pepsu and Hoshiarpur district. Kallar was a serious handicap for cultivation.5 Besides,
the graded cuts had an adverse effect on them. It worked very harshly on small
peasant proprietors like Lubana Sikhs of Gujrat district.6 Moreover, the areas between
river Beas and black Bein were riverain areas with series of chhambs and marshes.
Flood was an annual feature of the area. The marshes were flooded in June or July
1. The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, Jess Stein (editor in Chief) The Tulsi
Shah Enterprises, Bombay-1 1970 (reprint- first published in 1966), p.996.
2. nkwdBh dk iohnk ;kvh pokdoh ftZu y/shpkVh s/ jh j? L Durga Singh, "Khetibarhi" Lobana
Sewak, October-November 1954, p.23. fJ; e"w dk w[y g/Fk y/shpkVh j? L Harnam Singh, Lubana Itihas, p.279. DG Hoshiarpur 1980, p.409; DG Kapurthala 1984, p.304, DG
Gurdaspur 1979, p.427 and DG Ludhiana 1970, p.150.
3. M.S. Randhawa, Out of the Ashes, p.94; YkJh eBkbK G'I s/oh s/ F{ek Fkeh ykbh.F{ek ;keh ykbh LBarkat Singh Anand, "Uth Jag" Chanan Munare, p.26. Tenancy was of two kinds: (1)
Occupancy and (2) at - will. The occupancy tenants enjoyed hereditary right of cultivation and
tenants-at-will having no security of tenure. Sucha Singh Gill, "Capitalism in Punjab
Agriculture", Studies in Punjab Economy, (editors R.S. Johar and J.S. Khanna), Punjab
School of Economics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 1983, p.67.
4. W.W. Hunter, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. I, Truber and Co; London 1885, pp.181-
82 and Jaswant Singh, The Lubanas in the Punjab: Social, Economic and Political Change
(1849-1947), p.54.
5. fJj fJbkek, 1947 ftZu r?o nkpkd s/ eZbo ;h L Sumittar Kaur, "Dur Darshi Baba Prem Singh Ji”, Simran (ed.) S. Beant Singh Sarhadi, Basti Sheikh, Jalandhar, Registration No.
30714/74, p.46. fgzv dh 20 gqshFs d/ eohp }whB jh tkj[D:'r ;h ns/ pkeh ;koh }whB eZbo vZp, pzio edhw ;h L Surinder Maksudpuri, Begowal: (Linguistic and Cultural Survey), p.9.
The barani lands in Bholath tahsil were entirely dependent on the rainfall: District and State
Gazetteer of the undivided Punjab (Prior to Independence), p.564, The Kapurthala tahsil was
the least fertile in state. There are few strips of land where the soil was saline: Imperial
Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series; Punjab, Vol. I, p.383.
6. M.S. Randhawa, Out of The Ashes, p.106.
48
and remained under water until September.7 Thus, the area was fit for the crop of
paddy. The Lubanas who came from Sheikhupura and Gujranawala district were
expert in its cultivation. They produced best type of paddy (basmati). So, that area
became a rice bowl.8 In that way, by working hard, they converted chhambs and
marshes into green fields. The anti-flood measures were taken by the government by
raising Dhusi Bund on the bank of river Beas. So, the Lubanas began to produce two
crops annually.9 The climate and the soil had been good for the growth of wheat and
rice. Both had been easily marketed. The area under wheat and rice increased
considerably.10 The production of paddy and rice due to high yielding varieties
increased more under the impact of Green Revolution.11 It led to high growth of food
grains, per capita income as well as employment generation in rural Punjab. The
higher income improved their economic condition and raised the social status.12
The Lubana women were also very laborious. Besides, domestic work, they
helped in all types of agricultural work except ploughing. They cut fodder for their
animals and looked after them. At night, they spinned till late hours.13
7. A.L. Anand (ed.) Census of India 1961: Punjab: Districts Census Handbook, No. 15,
Kapurthala District, Punjab Government Press, 1967, p.3. and D.G. Hoshiarpur 1980, p.112.
;kvk fJbkek fijVk j? fJj pVk jh gSfVnk fJbkek j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk J/E/ Floods Bkb pVh spkjh j[zdh j?. fiE/ gkDh yVk ofjzdk j? L Bawa Harnam Singh (Kapurthala), Punjab Vidhan
Sabha Debates, 25th March, 1958 Vol I, No. 26, Official Report, Contents, Controller of
Printing and Stationary Punjab, Chandigarh 1959, p. (26) 71. 8. S.P. Brar, Kapurthala Directory, Brar Publication Bureau, Shalimar Road, Kapurthala 1974,
p.75. The best rice is grown in the land situated on the bank of the Deg. Remarks on the
Revised Settlement and Assessment of Purgunah Shahdurah, Zilla Lahore, Appendix 7, p.11.
;kv/ fib/ eg{oEb/ ftZu g?vh dh c;b pj[s f}nkdk j?. fJ; fJbke/ ftZu uktb dh c;b bZyK wD fBebdh j? ns/ G'bE ns/ eg{oEb/ s'A pkjo iKdh j? L Bawa Harnam Singh (Kapurthala) Punjab Vidhan Sabha Debates, 25
th March 1958 Vol. I No. 26 Official Report, p. (26) 66.
9. X[;h pzB pDk e/ jV wko{ fJbke/ ~ pukfJnk frnk j? L Barkat Singh Anand, Chanan
Munare, p.18.
10. Harinder Singh, Nangal, Lubana (1956-88): A Study of Socio-Economic Chance, p.57.
11. Puran Singh, Dynamics of International Migration from Rural Punjab: A Case Study of
Hoshiarpur and Kapurthala districts, p.17.
12. Thanks to the Green Revolution effecting wheat and rice: K.S. Gill, "Agricultural
Development in Punjab" Studies in Punjab Economy, (ed.) R.S. Johars and J.S. Khanna,
Punjab School of Economics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 1983, p.2. Agricultural
development programme was implemented in the districts of Punjab as part of the Green
Revolution strategy. This strategy became a success story in Punjab as high yielding verities
of wheat and later on rice were cultivated through fertilizers and pesticides: Darshan S. Tatla,
"The Punjab Diaspora's Impact on Punjab's Economy and Society: An Assessment", Rural
Development in Punjab A Success Story Going Astray (ed.) Autar S. Dhesi Gurnail Singh,
Routledge, New Delhi 2008, p.465.
13. fJBQK dhnK n"osK th fwjBsh ns/ xo s'I pkjo d/ ezw eoB ~ p[ok BjhI ;wMdhnK L Piara Singh Tanda, "Bhai Makhan Shah Lubana", Lobana Sewak, January-February 2002. p.12. fJj pVh fwjBs w[;Zes dk ezw eodhnK jB ns/ wodK d/ f;o Bkb f;o i'V e/ ezw eodhnk jB L Major Sharam Singh, "Ghat Janu Lok Lubanai," Lobana Sewak¸ January 1956, p.16. gzikp
49
At the time of partition, the Lubanas were mainly dependent on the traditional
means of irrigation like wells, jhallars and jhata. Later on, the artificial means of
irrigation increased tremendously which led to the progress of agriculture.14 Bawa
Harnam Singh, a member of Pepsu Legislative Assembly did a lot to arrange artificial
means of irrigation in the Bholath constituency. On 7th July 1954, he questioned the
P.W.D. Minister about the proposal to sink tubewells in Bholath constituency.15
During 1954-55, a scheme was sanctioned for drilling 100 tubewells in the Kapurthala
district. It was implemented in 1955-56. The tubewells were energised in 1956. Out of
100 tubewells, 44 tubewells were sanctioned only for the Nadala Block which was
mainly inhabited by the Lubanas.16 In Bholath circle of Kapurthala district, 62
tubewells had been installed in different villages.17 Later on, the number of tubewells
y/shpkVh gqXkB gqKs j?. fgzvK dhnK n"osK th wodk d/ Bkb y/sh ftZu ;jkfJsk eokT[IdhnK jB L Manjeet Singh, Punjabi Sabhyachar Sandarbh, p.130.
14. Kapurthala District Census 1951, p.11, District and State Gazetteer of the Undivided Punjab
Prior to Independence, p.564. G[bZE ;oeb ftZu nwoheh tZv/ fNT{pt?b fpibh Bkb ubD tkb/ bkJ/ ik oj/ jB L Lobana Sewak, May 1955, p.12.
15. SINKING OF TUBEWELLS IN BHOLATH CONSTITUENCY
Q.No. 6 Bawa Harnam Singh: Will the P.W.D. Minister be pleased to state -
(a) Whether the Government propose to sink tubewell in Bholath constituency ;
(b) if so, the number of tubewells to be sunk in Bholath circle; and
(c) On what places the allocation is to be made for the purpose and in which villages?
Minister for P.W.D. (Genl. S. Shivdev Singh):
(a) Yes
(b) The exact number of tubewells will be determined after carrying detailed surveys
which are in progress.
(c) The sites will be determined after surveying the area which is in progress.
Pepsu Legislative Assembly Debates, Vol. No. IV, Sr. No. 1, 7th July, 1954, pp.6-7.
16. DG Kapurthala 1984, p.70 and The Tribune, June 25, 1956.
17. TUBEWELLS INSTALLED IN BHOLATH CIRCLE OF DISTRICT KAPURTHALA
Q.No. 2270. Bawa Harnam Singh : Will the Minister for irrigation and power be pleased to
state the total number of tubewells, if any, installed for irrigation purposes in Bholath circle,
district Kapurthala, together with the names of villages where these have been located.
S. Gian Singh Rarewala : Sixty-two tubewells.
The reply is placed on the table of the House :
List showing sixty-two tubewells, and name of villages located in Bholath Area (District
Kapurthala):
Sr. No. Tubewell No. Name of Village Sr. No. Tubewell No. Name of Village
1. 2 But 32. 36 Karnail Ganj
2. 3 Bhatnura Kalan 33. 37 Bhagwanpur
3. 5 Nadali 34. 38 Bazaz
4. 6 Shuparian 35. 39 Tandi
5. 7 Lakhan Kalan 36. 40 Jaid
6. 8 Hamira 37. 41 -do-
7 9 Dialpur 38. 42 Bassi
8. 10 Badshahpur 39. 43 Barriar
9. 11 Rajpur 40. 44 Kaluwal
10. 12 Bamuwal 41. 45 Narangpur
11. 13 Mudowal 42. 46 Begowal
12. 14 Jagbailol 43. 47 -do-
50
run by diesel and electricity increased considerably. The Lubanas, by the use of
artificial means of irrigation and farmyard manure converted the hard kallar soil into
fertile chahi. They brought a vast areas of banjar, barani and chhammab areas of bet
under cultivation.18 Thus, the artificial means of irrigation helped to convert the arid
area into a green belt and increased the production of food grains remarkably.19 It that
way, they contributed a lot to the economy of the Punjab. Besides, increase in
production also improved their economic condition.
Irrigation facilities were on the increase. The Lubana peasantry was sturdy and
hard working and exploited the opportunities offered under the Five-Year Plans. Their
holdings were generally small. They tried to make best use of them by raising at least
two crops in a year. They began to use improved seeds, implements, fertilizers and
new information which the government imparted through various agencies.20
13. 15 -do- 44. 48 Maksudpur
14. 16 Sherowal 45. 49 Raipur
15. 17 Nadala 46. 50. Surak
16. 18 Nadala 47. 51 Bishanpur
17. 19 Dabulian 48. 52 Lakhan Kalan
18. 20 Daala 49 53 Awan
19. 21 Bakarpur 50. 54 Hamira
20. 22 Mubarakpur 51. 55 Jabbowal
21. 24 Khassan 52. 56 Maksudpur
22. 25 -do- 53. 57 Dialpur
23. 26. Ramgarh 54. 58 Begowal
24. 27 Mehmatpur 55. 59 Murar
25. 28. Loharwala 56 60 Gudane
26. 29 Pandorian 57. 51 Dhilwan
27. 30 Matle 58. 63 Fojjiwal
28. 31 Bholath Shirki 59 75 Hothian
29. 32 Kumrai 60. 76 Mander Bet
30. 34 Begrian 61. 77 Thikriwal
31. 35 Boparai 62. 78 Lakhen Ke Pade
Punjab Vidhan Sabha Debates, 8th April 1958, Annexure to Vol. I-No. 34 (Morning Sitting)
(Official Report) Contents, Tuesday, 8th April 1958 Controller of Printing and Stationary,
Punjab, Chandigarh 1959, p.(34A) 261-62.
18. pzio ebZo s/ Szp t;kT[D tkbh p?mh iks fJj j? pkp/ gq/w f;zx dh p/N pdb fdZsh ;torg[oh nzdo fenk pks. J? fJj pkp/ gq/w f;zx dh L Darshan Singh Sajan, "Sant Prem Singh Ji", Gulcharan Singh, Jiwani Sant Prem Singh Ji
(Murala), p.83. 19. DG Kapurthala, 1984, p.70 and The Tribune, June 25, 1956.
20. A.L. Anand, Census Report of India 1961 Punjab, Kapurthala Districts Hnandbook No. 15,
p.11. Study after study indicates that small farm agriculture is more productive, can absorb
more labour, encourages more re-investment in agriculture and fullest utilization of land and
can yield savings at rates comparable to or even greater then large scale agriculture. R.N.
Vasist, "Strategies for Structural Change for Bridging the Gap between Rural Rich and Poor,"
Rajeshwar Prasad (ed). Social Reforms An Analysis of Indian Society, Y.K. Publishers, Agra
1990, p.87.
51
The Punjab and Pepsu Government did a remarkable work of consolidation of
holdings. It was started in November 1954. 21 On 12
th March 1958, it was in progress
in 111 villages of the Bholath circle of Kapurthala district.22 It was completed in
21. CONSOLIDATION OPERATIONS IN BHOLATH CIRCLE OF DISTRICT
KAPURTHALA
Q.No. 1767. Bawa Harnam Singh: Will the Minister for Consolidation and Health be pleased
to state: -
(a) the date when work with the consolidation of holdings commenced in the Bholath
circle of district Kapurthala together with the date when it is likely to be finalised;
(b) the number and the names of the villages brought under the consolidation operations
referred to above;
(c) the names and the number of villages where the work in connection with
consolidation of holdings has been finalised in the circle referred to in part (a) above;
(d) the total amount of expenses incurred and of the consolidation fees, if any, realised
from the villages referred to in part (b) above;
(e) whether the consolidation work in the villages of Bakarpore, Maqsudpore, Raipur,
Pir Bux, Bassi, Awan, in the circle mentioned in part (a) above has already begun ; if
so, the date, when the work started in each case;
(f) whether the consolidation work has also started in tashil Sultanpur district
Kapurthala; if so, when?
Chaudhari Suraj Mal : (a) First Part - In November, 1954.
Second Part - Not possible to give exact date.
(b) A list has been laid on the table.
(c) A list has been laid on the table.
(d) First Part - The budget is not sanctioned circle wise. Hence it is not possible to
furnish information regarding expenditure exclusive for Bholath circle:
Second Part - Consolidation release is Rs. 1,30,291/4/0.
Second Part - The date of starting work in each village is given below : -
1. Bakarpur ....... 11th January, 1955.
2. Maqsudpur .... 1st January, 1955
3. Raipur Pir Bux, .... Ditto
4. Bassi.......... 24th January, 1955
5. Awan........... 1st January 1955.
Punjab Vidhan Sabha, 12th March 1955, Vol. I, No. 17, (Official Report) Controller, Printings
and Stationary, Punjab 1959, p.(17) 22.
22. [Minister for Consolidation and Health]
List showing the names and number of villages where consolidation of holding work in
Bholath Circle is in progress mentioned in reply to part (b) of Assembly question No. 1767
asked by Bawa Harnam Singh M.L.A. regarding consolidation operations in Bholath circle of
district Kapurthala:
Sr.
No.
Name of Villages Sr.
No.
Name of Villages Sr.
No.
Name of Villages
1. Jaid 39. Nihal Garh 76. Feroze Sangowal
2. Bassi 40. Mand Miani
Bhagupurian
77. Balo Chak
3. Lamme 41. Mand Alsampur 78. Chek Som
4. Bhatnure Kalan 42. Mudowal 79. Mand Hussainpur
5. Bhatnure Khurd 43. Bamowal 80. Mandi Mand Kulla
6. Bholath Gharbi 44. Mirzapur 81. Mand Kulla
7. Bholath Sharki 45. Dandpur 82. Hussiarpur
8. Metla Kherabad 46. Mand Talwandi Kuka 83. Fatehgarh Sikri
9. Kamrai 47. Nadala 84. Chak Purana
10. Salamat Pur 48. Ibrahimwal Tarf
Arshad Khan
85. Daulhwal
11. Rajpur 49. Ibrahimwal Tarf
Ghulam Nabi Khan
86. Talwara
52
1961. It was done to solve the problem of fragmented growth and development of
agriculture. It opened a new chapter in the prosperity of the farmers. Area under
irrigation and cultivation increased. More wells and tubewells were sunk in the
villages soon after the consolidation operations. Mechanized farming became easier.
The farmers could concentrate at one place for agriculture. It became easy for the
Lubana farmers to look after their holdings. It helped a lot in the development of
agriculture.23 It made agriculture more profitable.
24
At the time of partition, agriculture was less mechanized. The peasants mostly
followed the traditional techniques of agriculture. At the time of sowing and
harvesting of wheat and paddy extra manpower was needed. So, the customs of mangi
12. Ramgarh 50. Chaugawan 87. Saitpur
14. Akala 51. Habibwal 88. Talwandi Purdal
15. Bagwan Pur 52. Raipur Raian 89. Bulewal
16. Karnail Gang 53. Mand Raipur Raian 90. Dhabulian
17. Jhal Bajar 54. Mand Ibrahimwal
Tarf Arshan Khan
91. Bakarpur
18. Lit 55. Mand Ibrahimwal
Ghulam Nabi Khan
92. Ghanzi Gudana
19. Shadipur 56. Dhakran 93. Mangwal
20. Surkh 57. Mand Kamal Pur 94. Shah Pur Piran
21. Mehandpur 58. Maqsoodpur 95. Mughal Chak
22. Musa Khel 59. Raipur Pir Bax wale 96. Jai Ram Pur
23. Khassan 60. Nangal Lubana 97. Mansoorwal
24. Meeranpur 61. Mand Nangal Lubana 98. Tajpur
25. Sher Singh Wala 62. Mandi Road 99. Kotli
26. Chak Chaka Kalan 63. Begowal 100. Sangrai
27. Mand Rawan 64. Bhadas 101. Kuluwal
28. Pakhuwal 65. Nadali 102. Haibatpur
29. Chak Shah Ala Din 66. Kaluwal 103. Muzaffarpur
30. Hassuwal 67. Isab-Ba chu 104. Sangowal
31. Mand Dhakran 68. Jabowal 105. Chakoki
32. Rawan 69. Awan 106. Gudani
33. Mand Gurdaspur 70. Naurangpur 107. Mand Dhilwan
34. Jag 71. Innowal 108. Ramidi
35. Behlolpur 72. Sarupwal 109. Lakhan Ke Padde
36. Billpur 73. Akbarpur 110. Dhilwan
37. Talwandikuka 74. Chak Dome 111. Mand Chakoki
38. Mand Talwani
Kuka
75. Mubarikpur
Punjab Vidhan Sabha Debates, 12th March 1958, Vol. I, No. 17 (Official Report), p. (17) 24.
23. The cultivation of fragmented holdings is often extremely wasteful of labour (especially in the
form of shortage of facilities and transport equipment) and even of land as well. Peter T.
Bauser and Basil's Yamey, The Economics of Under Development Countries, pp. 177-78. K.S.
Gill, "Agricultural Development in Punjab" Studies in Punjab Economy, (editor) R.S. Johars
and J.S. Khanna, Punjab School of Economics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 1983,
p.1. 1954 ftZu fJ; fgzv (we;{dg[o) dh w[oZpkpzdh g?g;{ ;oeko B/ F[o{ eo fdZsh. Bhagat Singh, "Dera Hoti Mardan N.W.F.P. Maksudpur Kiven Wasyas" Lobana Sewak April-June,
1985, pp.8-9. S. Harcharan Singh, Revenue Minister, Pepsu, "Consolidation of Holdings in
Pepsu", The Tribune, September 8, 1955, p.4.
24. The English Tribune, 6-2-2008, p.5.
53
was prevalent among them. Close relatives, neighbours and friends associated and
helped the concerned farmer in agricultural works. With the mechanization of
agriculture, the customs of mangi totally disappeared. Their ploughs were replaced by
tractors. The wells were replaced by electric motors, Phalas were replaced by
threshers. Moreover, combines not only cut and thrash their crops but also put the
grains in the trolley. With mechanization of agriculture, they were able to bring a very
large area of land under cultivation. It became very easy to complete the agricultural
work in time. It also increased the production.25
As farmers, the Lubanas had proved their worth. They were capable of
sustained physical labour. The Lubanas were industrious and acquisitive cultivators.26
The displaced Lubanas worked very hard in their fields for their resettlement. They
overcame their economic problems.27 They increased the size of their holdings by
industriousness, enterprise, savings from army and other departments and later on by
foreign currency. The foreign currency accelerated the process of acquisition of land.
It is important to note that the emigrated members sent money from abroad to their
families. It was utilized to purchase land and tractors.28 The purchase of additional
land improved their economic condition and enhanced their social status.29
After partition, the grant of land continued. Under the East Punjab War Ward
Act 1948, war Jagirs had been granted to parents, who got their children enlisted in
the armed forces, during the World War II, the period of emergency declared at the
time of the Chinese aggression and Indo-Pak Wars. No other grants were
25. y/shpkVh bJh tos/ iKd/ n"ikoK ftzu Y/o tkXk j'fJnk j?. jbK dh EK No?eNoK B/ b? bJh j?,
y{jK dh EK fpibh dhnK w'Nok bZr rJhnK jB, cfbnk dh EK Eo?Fo nk rJ/ jB ns/ c;bK dh eNkJh bJh ezpkJhBk dh tos'I j'D bZr gJh j? L Manjeet Singh, Punjabi Sabhyachar
Sandarbh p.136.
n?;h ebk s/oh ebk Xko nkJh fpibh, fNT{pt?b No?eNo gJ/ x{ed/ B/ pzioK ebZok ftZu pjko nkJh
Darshan Singh Sajan, "Sant Prem Singh Ji" Gulchararn Singh, Jiwni Sant Prem Singh Ji, p.83
Kapurthala Districts Census 1961, p.12.
26. M.S. Randhawa, Out of The Ashes, p.61: fJj b'e pV/ fwjBsh jB L Prem Singh, "Wanjara
Jati Ander Sikhi Jazba", Gurdwara Gazette Amritsar, May 1955, p.53.
27. "Partition and Land Resettlement" The Tribune, 18 September 1983, p.3 and B.D. Yadav,
"Presidential Address Modern Section", Proceedings of Punjab History Conference, Thirty-
Eighth Session, March 18-20, 2006, p.334.
28. Daljitam Singh, "Letter to Editor", Lobana Sewak, November-December 1998, p.3. Harinder
Singh, Nangal Lubana, 1956-88 Study of Socio-Economic Change, p.51.
29. W.H. McLeod, Punjabis in New Zealand: A History of Punjabi Migration (1890-1940), Guru
Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 1986, p.22.
54
sanctioned.30 Such type of War Jagirs were granted to many Lubana families. Besides,
graded cuts applied to all allotments made in the east Punjab and Pepsu with one
solitary exception in favour of those holdings of land in West Punjab in virtue of
gallantry awards for World War II. Those persons were exempted from the cuts and
received their allotment in full.31 In rural economy, land was a very crucial resource.
It was equivalent to wealth. The main assets of people were held in terms of land and
the main employment opportunities were in relation to land. The social status of the
rural people depended very much on the ownership of land.32 The ownership of land,
however, small in size conferred dignity and status to the Lubanas.33 It also provided
economic security to owners of the land.34
Domestication of animals was also their subsidiary occupation. After partition
of the Punjab, the Lubana had a good number of animals. They were far better at
looking after animals than the average Jats.35 They were very careful about their
cattle. They were specialised in decorating their cattle.36 They had buffaloes, cows
and oxen.37 They kept their cattle in yards with the facilities of sheds for them. There
was a proper arrangement of managers. They kept their cattle at dry ground. They
provided fresh fodder and water to their animals. Agriculture and animal husbandry
30. Annual Report of Land Revenue Administration of the Punjab State for the year ending 30
th
September 1970, Government Press, Chandigarh 1973, p. ii.
31. Tarlok Singh, Land Resettlement Mannual For Displaced Persons in Punjab & Pepsu, p.77.
32. R.N. Vasist, "Strategies For Structural Change For Bridging the Gap Between Rural Rich and
Poor", Rajeshwar Prasad (ed.) Social Reforms An Analysis of Indian Society, Y.K. Publishers,
Agra 1990, p.86.
33. M.S. Randhawa, Out of The Ashes, p.214.
34. Puran Singh, Dynamics of International Migration from Rural Punjab: A Case Study of
Hoshiarpur and Kapurthala Districts, p.104.
35. Major A.E. Barstow, The Sikh : An Ethnology, B.R. Publishing Corporation, 461, Vivekanand
Nagar Delhi 1981, (reprint - first published in 1928), p.70.
36. K.S. Singh, India's Communities, p.1973.
37. Harinder Singh, Nangal Lubana 1956-88; Study of Socio-Economic Change, p.60. Amit
Kumar Nag, "Indian Tribe with its roots on Danube, S. Bank", The Tribune, 3 November
1968, p.4.
;[D t/ w/o/ wkbek i/ ;[y jw/Fk ukjt/I s{zI . njksk fJe tbkfJe/ ftu pokvK gkt/I sz{ . e'mk w/o/ tk;s/ i/ o'FBdkB b[nkt/I sz{.
njks/ ns/ poKv/ ftZu y[obh g'u oykt/I sz{ . fuZeV j'D Bk d/thI EZb/ ;[Zeh irQk oykJhI sz{ . gZm/ ukohI e[so e[so e/ u'oh edh Bk gkJh sz{ . gkDh w?~ sk}k y{j'I eZY fgbkJh sz{ . e[opkB iktKrk s/o/ T[s'I go ;j[z Bk w/oh ykJhI sz{ . t/y w/ohnK ukbK fco sz{ ikw/I BjhI ;wkt/Irk . ed/ rohp Bk j't/Irk sz[ e'm/ Godk ikt/Irk . ykDh ns/ jzvkth wkbe y[FhnK ;dk wBkt/Irk . eo ;/tk @eosko# e"w dh ;[or j[bko/ ykt/Irk . Nambardar Kartar Singh, "Dangran Di Fariad" Lobana Sewak, May 1955, p.16.
55
had been combined and cooperated to each other. The production of crops was
facilitated by the use of animals as beasts of burden and motive power to draw
ploughs and other agricultural implements, to transport crops and to tread out grain, to
operate machines for grinding grain, irrigating fields, etc.38 They got milk from
buffaloes and cows. Extra milk and ghi were sold. It generated extra income. With the
mechanization of agriculture, there was notable decrease in the number of their
animals. In the end of twentieth century, they had animals to get milk only.
As they mainly settled in the bet areas, they were engaged in small scale
industry. The raw-material was available for making twines, ropes and grass mats.
They also made sutli from san. In their spare times, they remained busy for making
the above mentioned items for their domestic use and also for sale. Later on, their
small scale industry which was based on raw material of bet decreased day by day due
to the non-availability of raw material.39 The participation of the Lubanas in trade and
modern industry was considerable.40
Education was indispensable mean for securing employment in government
services.41 With the spread of education, they were able to avail the concessions of
backward class. So, they were able to join the civil services. They became doctors,
engineers, lawyers, teachers, tehsildars, lecturers, professors, and principals in schools
and colleges. They also joined Punjab Civil services and Indian Administrative
Services and Indian Postal Services.42
38. Peter B. Hammond, Cultural and Social Anthropology, The Mac million Company, New York
1964, p.37.
39. DG Ludhiana 1970, p.150 and DG Gurdaspur, 1979, p.144.
The term small scale unit includes all industrial units with a capital investment of not more
than Rs. twenty lac irrespective of the number of persons employed in it. Capital investment
for this purpose will mean investment in plant and machinery only: S. Jagtar Singh Kundles,
"Small Scale Industry-How to Start It?", Lobana Sewak, January 1982, p.36.
40. K.S. Singh, India's communities, Vol. V, p. 1975 .
41. M.N. Srinivas, Social Change in Modern India, p.114.
42. The Lubanas of Pepsu were included in the backward classes. Notification No. 6 dated
29.09.1953 by Pepsu Govt. Backward Classes Department. In 1956, the Lubanas of Punjab
were included in the list of Backward Classes. Notification No. 28585-WG-56/6014 dated
06.10.1956.
fJBQK ;e{bK dh pd'bs nZi b[pkDk GkJhuko/ d/ ikfJnk B/ c"ih ;/tktK, f;tb ;/tktK, i{vhFb ;/tktK, w?vheb y/so, fJzihBhno y/so s/ j'o y/soK ftZu tZvhnk wZbK wkohnK jB ns/ wko oj/ jB L S. Bhagat Singh (IAS), "Sant Prem Singh Ji Di Wadmuli Den", Lobana Sewak, Vol. 31.
No. 11, pp.8-9.
gVQ-fbZy e/ fJ; pokdoh d/ ftnesh jo y/so ftZu T[̀uhnK-T[̀uhnK gdthnK d/ g[i rJ/, fJj f;bf;bk j[D ikoh jh oj/rk. ;kv/ e'b iZi, w?i;No/N c"ih nca;o, j?vwk;No, fgqz;hgb, vkeNo, fJzihno nkfd ekch frDsh ftZu jB L Gulcharan Singh, Jiwni Sant Prem Singh Ji (Murala),
p.72.
56
The service in the army and police was the popular subsidiary occupation of
the agriculturist Lubanas. The Sikh Lubanas mainly served in the army. Due to
partition of the Punjab, their resettlement, scheme of graded cuts during allotment and
allotment of less fertile land increased their economic difficulties.43 So, their
dependence on military service increased. Due to strong military background, most of
their young boys joined army. Most of the Lubana families had ex-servicemen.44 They
also inspired the young boys to join army. Moreover, their periodical Lobana Sewak
(monthly) which was started in September 1954 advertised the dates and places of
recruitment.45 Besides, the Lobana Sewak Sabha which was their important
association passed many resolutions for maximum recruitment of the Lubanas in the
army.46 In their literature, they desired for higher ranks in the army and inspired to
make sacrifices for the country.47
It is important to mention that all their settlements were nurseries for military
service.48 Characterized by simplicity, hardiness and love for adventure the Lubana
Sikhs were well known for their valour and chivalry. On account of these qualities,
they had proved themselves as valuable soldiers in the Indian army and had
distinguished themselves in many battlefields.49 In October 1962, there was a war
between India and China. A good number of the Lubanas in defence forces fought the
43. The scheme of graded cuts was a harsh and cruel measure: The Tribune, 18-9-1983, p.3;
District and State Gazetteer of the Undivided Punjab (Prior to Independence), p.564 and
Manual of Reservation for Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes in service, Government of
Punjab, Department of Welfare (reservation cell), Chandigarh 1995, p.15.
44. Harinder Singh, Nangal Lubana 1956-88: Study of Socio-Economic Change, p.17.
45. c""ih Gosh fJ; wjhB/ ftZu 23 i[bkJh ;'wtko ~ fgzv Bvkbk, f}bQk eg{oEbk ftZu 9 t}/ j't/rh L "Zaruri Suchnawan" Lobana Sewak, July 1956, p.28.
46. Monthly Meeting of Lobana Sewak Sabha was arranged in Nagar Amar Singh Dian Taprian,
Tehsil Ropar, Distt. Ambala on 22nd and 23
rd June 1956. fJ; s'I pknd j/m fby/ r[ows/ ;op
;zwsh Bkb gk; j'J/ L wsk Bzpo 6 fJ; fJbke/ ftZu pj[s pko/ ;[jD/ itkB jB, fJBQK ~ c"i ftZu Gosh ehsk ikt/ L Major Sharan Singh, "Vichhrhe Vir Mile" Lobana Sewak, July 1956,
p.24.
47. j[D c"i nzdo egskB s/ w/io, pD/ eJh eoB?b sZeKrk. J/E/ pZ; Jh BjhAI fJ; s'I tZX e/, c"iK ftZu ioB?b sZeKrk. oD G{wh ftZu bV e/ :"X/, d/F bJh j'Id/ x?b sZeKrk L S. Sardar Singh Dardi, "Kaum De Naujawan", Lobana Sewak, February 1955, Vol. I, No. 5,
p.18.
48. The district is known as "Soldier District". Ten thousands from the district are serving in the
army, number of ex-servicemen in the district is fifteen thousands. Nadala block (mainly in
habited by the Lubanas) is considered to be the nursery of military recruitment. B.S. Brar,
Kapurthala Directory, Bar Publicity Bureau, Kapurthala 1984, p.59.
49. M.S. Randhawa, Out of The Ashes, p.61. The Lobanas is an important martial tribe in the
Punjab, Speech of Dr. Gopi Chand Bhargava, The Hon'ble Chief Minister of Punjab, Punjab
Vidhan Sabha Debates, dated 28th February, 1951, Vol. III, No. 1, Official Report,
Wednesday, 28th February to 16/3/1951, p.17. fjzd[;skB ftZu tDikok iksh fJZe F{otho iksh j? LPrem Singh, Wanjaza Jati, Ander Sikhi Jazba" Gurdwara Gazette, May 1955, p.53.
57
war. They displayed gallantry, determination and devotion to duty on the border of
Nefa and Ladakh. Many of them sacrificed their lives. Their valuable services were
recognized by the Punjab government. S. Partap Singh Kairon, the Chief Minister of
the Punjab laid the foundation stone of War Memorial in Nangal Lubana in Bholath
tahsil of Kapurthala district on 23rd March 1964.
50 S. Puran Singh Azad took a leading
50. B/ck s/ bdky d/ FjhdK dh :kdrko dk BhIj gZEo ;qH gqskg f;zx e?o'I w[Zy wzsqh gzikp B/ Bzrb b[pkDk fty/ nkgD/ gftsq jZEK Bkb 23-03-64 ~ oZfynk FjhdK d/ Bkw
BkfJe ;kX{ f;zx Bzrb b[pkDk Fgkjh fpeo f;zx Bzrb b[pkDk ## i'frzdo f;zx fwnkBh GZr{g[ohnK
## wfjzdo f;zx fJpokjhwtkb ## wzrb f;zx G'bZE ## pyFhF f;zx bZyB e/ gZv/ b?; BkfJe wfjzdo f;zx Ge{tkb ihHvhH n?;Hn?wH nwo f;zx fbNK L
Inscription, Government Senior Secondary School, Nangal Lubana, tahsil Bholath district
Kapurthala. 1962 ftZu uhB d/ :[ZX ;w/I GNB{ok b[pkDk sfj;hb ns/ f}bk ibzXo d/ 450 B"itkB Gkosh c"i ftZu ;kwb ;B, T[BQk ftZu 20 B"itkB ;ojZdK dh okyh eod/ j'J/ Fjhd j'J/ L Gurmit Singh Hans, "Dairy Bhatnura Lubana", Daily Ajit, 08-10-1994.
Table-1 List of Gallantry Awards of Distt. Kapurthala in Indo-China War.
Sr.
No.
Army No. Rank Name Award
Regt/
Corps
Award dt. Remarks
37. JC-84822 Honorary
Captain
Gian
Singh
Mention
in
Dispatch
17 Para
Field
Regiment
1962 VPO Nurpur
Lubana Teh.
Distt. Kapurthala
42. 12203913 Havildar Swaran
Singh
-do- Artillery 15-06-1963 VPO Nangal
Lubana Teh.
Bhaloth Distt.
Kapurthala
Districts Sainik Welfare Office, Kapurthala, p.16.
The following Sepoys gave up their lives in the battle-field during Indo-China War.
Sr.
No.
Army
No.
Rank Name Regiment
/Unit
Date of
Operation &
Date
Casualty
Permanent Home
Address
7. F3349275 Sepoy Karnail Singh Sikh
Regiment
16-11-1962 V.P.O. Tanda Ram Sahai
Teh. Dasuya Distt.
Hoshiarpur.
8. 3349228 Sepoy Rawail Singh -do- 16-11-1962 V. Ghore Shahwan P.O.
Ranipind. Teh. Dasuya
Distt. Hoshiarpur.
9. 3349853 Sepoy Surjit Singh -do- 16-11-1962 V. Chak Bamu P.O.
Alampur, Teh. Dasuya,
Distt. Hoshiarpur
18. 3345533 Sepoy Joginder Singh -do- 19-11-62 VPO Zahura Teh.
Dasuya District
Hoshiarpur.
58
part in mobilising the youth and students to work for the defence of the country
during and after the treacherous Chinese aggression in 1962. He published two
booklets, Role of Indian Youth to Defend their Motherland, and Indian Youth Accepts
Challenges.51 Besides, he led in October 1964, an Indian delegation of various youth
organizations in the country to World Youth Forum at Moscow where he spoke very
boldly and successfully against Chinese aggression on India and correctly explained
India's stand to the various participating world deliberations to that Forum.52
Immediately after the Indo-China War of 1962, an emergency commission
was granted to good number of Lubanas. After some time some of them were
discharged from regular army. They were adjusted in Central Reserve Police Force
and Border Security Force. They were able to get very high ranks in the para military
forces. It is important to note that S. Swaran Singh a resident of Raipur Pirbuxwala
became Commandant in Central Reserve Police Force. For his distinguished services,
he was honoured by the President of India on 26th January 1990.
53 S. Gurbachan
Singh of Nangal Lubana became commandant in Border Security Force. Besides,
Maninder Singh of Tanda Ram Sahai also became commandant in Border Security
Force. He was honoured for his meritorious services.54 Those, who were discharged
from the army, were considered ex-servicemen. They were able to adjust themselves
in civil services, So they were appointed school lecturers and headmasters in various
govt. high and higher secondary schools. Among them, Bawa Sangat Singh a resident
of village Begowal was promoted to district education officer. He was appointed a
21. 3348167 Sepoy Puran Singh -do- 19-11-62 V. Gorsian Kothe P.O.
Miani, Teh. Dasuya
Distt. Hoshiarpur
32. JC-4016 Subedar Sansar Singh -do- 16-11-62 VPO Umarpur, Teh
Dasuya Distt. Hoshiarpur
71. 4437701 Sepoy Malkiat
Singh
-do- Operation
Olympus
21-11-62
V. Bhoolpur, P.O. Miani
Teh Dasuya Distt.
Hoshiarpur
85. 2334574 Havildar Darshan Singh Punjab
Regiment
Operation
Loghorn 21-
10-62
VPO Ibrahimpur Teh.
Dasuya Distt. Hoshiarpur
District Sainik Welfare Office, Hoshiarpur, p.1-9.
51. Punjab Legislative Council Who's Who (As on 27th April 1964), Punjab Legislative Council,
Secretariat, Chandigarh, 1964, p.9.
52. Punjab Legislative Counci Who's Who (As on 27th April 1966), Punjab Vidhan Parishad
Secretariat, Chandigarh, 1966, p.9.
53. He was appointed as Emergency Commissioned Officer in the army on 06/10/1993. Proforma
'A' Recommendation for the Award of President's Police Medal for distinguished service on
the Occasion of Republic Day, 1990.
54. Commandant G.B. Singh, Lobana Sewak, October-December, 1986, p.22.
59
member of Department of Selection Committee for the recruitment of Class-III and
Class-IV posts in the department of education.55
The Lubana distinguished themselves in the Indo-Pak War of 1965. Lt. Col.
Gulcharan Singh commanded three platoons in Kashmir and occupied 25 square miles
area of Pakistan.56 They sacrificed their lives for their motherland.
57 They showed
bravery in the war and were honoured with Sena Medals and mention-in-Dispatches.58
55. The Government of Punjab pleased to constitute the following Department Selection
Committees for the Recruitment of Class-III and Class-IV posts in the Department of
Education, Punjab in terms of instructions contained in the Punjab Government, (Department
of Personnel and Administrative Reforms) Circular Letter No. 12/30/86-IGE/5139 dated 15
April, 1986
56. Gulcharan Singh, Jiwni Sant Prem Singh Ji (Murala). p.124.
57.
Sr.
No.
Army
No.
Rank Name Regt./
Unit
Name of
Operation &
Date of
Causality
Permanent
Address
Remarks
8. 3355792 Sepoy Charan
Singh
Sikh
Regiment
Operation
Riddle
6-9-1965
V. Bhushan
P.O. Sabdalpur
Teh. Dasuya
Distt.
Hoshiarpur.
65. 2439076 Havildar Pritam
Singh
Punjab
Regiment
Operation
Olympus
5-9-1965
VPO Porika
Teh Mukerian
Distt.
Hoshiarpur
76. 2445433 Sepoy Santokh
Singh
-do- Operation
Riddle
19-9-1965
-do
77. 2437214 Sepoy Jaswant
Singh
-do- Operation
Riddle
19-9-1965
VPO Jalalpur,
Tehsil Dasuya
Distt.
Hoshiarpur.
78. 2453170 Sepoy Piara
Singh
-do- Operation
Riddle
22-9-1965
VPO Tanda
Ram Sahai
Tehsil Dasuya
Distt.
Hoshiarpur.
87. 2450721 Sepoy Joginder
Singh
-do- Operation
Riddle
27-11-1965
v. Ckakbamu,
P.O. Alampur
Tehsil Dasuya
Distt.
Hoshiarpur
List of Casualties, District Sainik Welfare, Hoshiarpur, p.1-7.
58. Table1. List of Gallantry Awardees of Distt. Kapurthala.
Sr.
No.
Army
No.
Rank Name Awards Regt.
/Corps
Award
Date
Address
27. JC-80868 Sub-Maj
Honorary
Captain
Piara
Singh
Sena
Medal
7 Punjab
Regiment
1965 V. Fatehgarh, P.O.
Miani Bhagupurian
Teh. Bholath Distt.
Kapurthala
60
S. Puran Singh Azad was the director of first Border Youth National Service Camp
organized by him at Khemkaran from 4th July to 16
th July 1966, to help the war
affected people of Khemkaran area.59
The Lubana showed courage and bravery in the Indo-Pak War of 1971. R.S.
Sujlana was commissioned into 9th Batalian of the Sikh Regiment in June 1971. As a
young officer, he took part in the war.60 Many Lubanas laid down their lives for their
country. They were honoured with various awards like Sena Medals, Mention-in-
despatches, Vashist Sewa Medals and Vir Chakra.61 It is important to mention that
Sepoy Ajit Singh son of S. Mukhtiar Singh of village Kaulpur tahsil Dasuya district
Hoshiarpur was a gunner radio operator with the forward observation officers party
during the attack on an enemy position in the Fazilka sector. On the night of 8th
December 1971, during the assault, he was struck by a shell splinter and was seriously
40. JC-35026 Subedar Jaswant
Singh
Mention
in
Dispatch
14 Punjab 1965 VPO Maksudpur,
Tehsil Bholath Distt.
Kapurthala
41. 1148218 Hav. Harbhajan
Singh
-do- 13 Field
Regt.
1965 -do-
District Sainik Welfare Office, Kapurthala, pp.1-6.
59. Punjab Vidhan Parishad Who's Who (As on 27th April 1966), Punjab Vidhan Parishan
secretariat, Chandigarh, 1966, p.9.
60. Lieut. Gen. Sujlana is PPSC Chairman" The Tribune, 23 November 2011, p.5.
61. Table: 1 - List of Gallantry Awardees of Distt. Kapurthala.
Sr.
No.
Army No. Rank Name Award Regt./Cor
ps
Award
Date
Address
34. JC-51728 Risaldar
Honorary
Captain
Arjun Singh Mention in
Dispatch
Armed
Corps
19.1.72 V. Raipur Pir
Bakshwala Teh,
Bholath, Distt.
Kapurthala
43. 13801546 Sepoy Reghbir
Singh
-do- 24 Army
Supply
Corps
2.1.72 VPO Nurpur
Lubana Teh.
Distt. Kapurthala
52. 3341235 Company
Havildar
Major
Tehal Singh Sena Medal Sikh
Regiment
4.17.71 V. Fatehgarh,
P.O. Maini Teh.
Bholath Distt.
Kapurthala
65. 656471 Master
Chief Petty
Officer -II
Joginder
Singh
Naval
Service
Decoration
Navy Dec 71 -do-
35. JC-86928L Subedar
Major
Honorary
Captain
Fateh Singh Mention in
Dispatch
24 Punjab
Regiment
7.12.71 VOP Raipur
Arian Teh.
Bholath Distt.
Kapurthala
66. 10991 Squadron
Leder
Baldev
Singh
Vashist
Sewa
Medal
Air Force 26.1.74 V. Naurangpur
P.O. Begowal,
Tehsil Bholath
Distt. Kapurthala
61
wounded. Unmindful of his injuries, he continued to operate the radio set transmitting
the orders. As a result of which accurate artillery fire was brought down on the
enemy. In that action, Gunner Ajit Singh displayed gallantry, devotion and dedication
to duty of a high order. He showed great bravery in Fazilka sector and was honoured
with 'Vir Chakra by the Government of India.62
S. Swaran Singh who was a Deputy Superintendent of 16th Batalion, Central
Reserve Police Force contributed a lot towards the over all successful performance of
the Central Reserved Police during the Indo-Pak War of 1971. His valuable services
were appreciated by the Director General of Central Reserve Police Force for his
exceptional devotion to duty, loyalty and perserving hard work in the national
interest.63
They also took part in the campaigns of Sri Lanka in 1989 and Kargil in 1999.
They displayed gallantry, determination and devotion to duty. Naik Sukhdev Singh,
No. 13746410 of a Para-commando, displayed conspicuous courage, bravery and
valour in action against the militants. He was rocket launcher number one of I Troop
Alfa Team in Sri Lanka. On 4 March, 1989 the team faced a strong militant camp of
approximately 150. Under heavy fire, Naik Sukhdev Singh deployed his rocket
launcher. He was injured by a claymore mine, but continued to fire his rocket
launcher, warding off determined efforts by the militants to assault and encircle the
team. He continued to fire for nearly 90 minutes, till he was seriously hit in the head
and was evacuated. He later succumbed to injuries on 13 March, 1989. So, he was
List of Gallantry Awarders of District Kapurthala, District Sainik Welfare Office, Kapurthala,
pp.1-6; Gallantry/ Distinguished Defence/ Civilian Award Records Register, p.54 and Giani
Hem Singh, "Vir Chakra", Lobana Sewak, November-December 1994, p.9.
In Hoshiarpur the following were the Gallantry Awardees.
Sr.
No.
Army
No.
Rank Name Award Award Date Address
17. 3357455 Sepoy Gurdip Singh Mention
in
Dispatch
1971 V. Godra Tehsil Dasuya
19. Naik Dhian Singh -do- 1971 V. Tahli Tehsil Dasuya
Distt. Hoshiarpur
List of Gallantry Awardees of Hoshiarpur district, p. 1-6.
62. Citation, Citation in respect of Gunner (Operator Radio Artillery) Ajit Singh (1243715), The
Regiment of Artillery, awarded Vir Chakra. Government of India, Ministry of Defence, New
Delhi.
63. It has given me great pleasure to learn of your signal contribution towards the overall
successful performance of the CRPF during the 1971 Indo-Pak War. Amad Ali, Director
General Central Reserve Police Force's Letter No. M.II-5/72-dated 21st June 1972, to Shri
Swaran Singh Dy. S.P. 16th Batalion, Central Reserve Police Force.
62
honoured with Vir Chakra posthumously on April 13, 1990.64 Many other Lubanas
sacrificed their lives in Sri Lanka and Kargil. For instance, Captain Ajit Singh s/o
Mukhtiar Singh resident of Kaulpur tahsil Dasuya distt. Hoshiarpur, sacrificed his life
in an encounter with militants in Doda district in Srinagar in 22-06-1994. On 22nd
June 1994, Captain Ajit Singh of 229 Field Regiment was leading a quick reaction
team in civil vehicles to apprehend approximately 12 militants of Hizbul Mujahideen
group camping in village Khanan. As the leading vehicle stopped 800 meters short of
village Khanan to cordon it from two sides, militants opened fire with automatic
weapons from the hills in front and to the right. The initial burst severely injured him
in the right arm. Undaunted by the injury, he jumped from the vehicle and opened fire
on the militants. He organized other ranks from the second vehicle and gave covering
fire to an assaulting team under another officer. Simulteneously, exhibiting
conspicuous bravery, totally unmindful of injury and personal safety, he assaulted the
militants while firing from hip, killing Gulam Muhammad, a Pakistani trained
militant. During the assault he was injured for the second time in abdomen. He was
immediately evacuated to 92 Base hospital where he later succumbed to his injuries.
For this courage, Captain Ajit Singh was recommended for the award of 'Sena Medal'
(Posthumously).65 Major Kamal Gulzar Singh son of Major Kartar Singh resident of
Jalandhar sacrificed his life at Kupwara in Kargil sector of Jammu and Kashmir in
counter insurgency operation on 23rd July 1999. Naik Sajjan Singh sacrificed his life
in 1989 in Sri Lanka.66
64. India's Highest Gallantry Awards and the Men Who Won Them 1947-1995, p.761.
65. Sena Medal (Gallantry) 22/06/1994.
CAPTAIN Ajit Singh (RC-554) VIR CHAKRA, ARTILLERY (POSTHUMOUS).
Gazette of India Notification No. 183-Pres./95 dated 15 August 1995 published in part-I,
Section-I of the Gazette of India dated 07 October 1995.
66. List in the District Sainik Welfare Office, Jalandhar, p.5. Giani Hem Singh, "Vir Chakra",
Lobana Sewak, Nov.-Dec. 1994, p.9.
Sr.
No.
Army
No.
Rank Name Regt. Date of
causality
Place of
Casualty
Address
53. 3371156 Naik Sujan
Singh
Sikh 1989 Sri Lanka VPO Begowal
Tehsil Bhalath,
Distt. Kapurthala
101. IC-
45086
Major Kamal
Gulzar
Singh
5/9
Grenadier
3-7-99 Kargil 112, Vivek Vihar,
Jalandhar.
War/Campaign Wise State of War Widows since Independence, e.g. 1947-48, 1962, 1956, 1971
and Kargil War, Sainik Welfare Office, Jalandhar, p.5. "Major killed" The Indian Express, July
5, 1999, p.1.
63
The Lubana girls also became commissioned officer in the army. Navneet
Lubana daughter of Jagtar Singh resident of Kapurthala was selected as a
commissioned officer in 2001.67 She did her training in Officers Training Academy,
Madras in March 2002. She did her training with distinction and was honoured with
silver medal.68
Some of the Lubanas got commission in the army. They were promoted to the
ranks of Captain, Major, Lieutenant Colonel, Colonel, Brigadiers and Major General.
They were honoured with Vashisht Sewa Medals, Mention-in-Despatches and Vir
Chakra. Thus, they got an opportunity to move up in the society.69 The pay and
67. "Bale Ni Punjab Die Sher Bachie" Ajit, 19-03-2002.
68. Navneet Lubana, Himti Aurat Lai Kujh Mushkal Nahin", Ajit, 23-03-2002.
69. List of Gallantry Awardees of District Kapurthala, District Gurdaspur District, District Sainik
Welfare Office, Gurdaspur, pp.1-6; Distinguished Service Awards District Jalandhar, District
Sainik Welfare Office, Jalandhar, pp.1-6, India's Highest Gallantry Awards and Men Who
Won Them 1947-1995, The Defence Review, New Delhi 1995, p.761.
The following table shows the military officers of the Lubanas, their ranks and addresses
Sr. No. Name Rank Address
1. S. Tarlok Singh
Chaudhry
Major
General
V. Miani Afganan tahil Dasuya, district
Hoshiarpur.
2. S. Jagir Singh Brigadier Sector- 27, Chandigarh.
3. Dr. Daljitam Singh Brigadier V. Begowal, tahsil Bholath, district Kapurthala
4. Kuldeep Singh Colonel 265, New Jawahar Nagar, Jalandhar City.
5. S. Mohinder Singh
Pelia
Colonel V. Subhanpur tahsil & distt. Kapurthala.
6. S. Gulcharan Singh Lt. Col. 196, Model Town, Jalandhar City.
7. S. Partap Singh Lt. Col. 92, Sector-18 A, Chandigarh.
8. S. Harnam Singj Lt. Col. 189, New Jawahar Nagar, Jalandhar City.
9. S. Gurdial Singh Lt. Col Tanda, tahsil Dasuya, district Hoshiarpur
10. Khazan Singh Lt. Col. 85, Purana Road, Jalandhar Cantt.
11. S. Kulwant Singh
Bhagiana
Lt. Col. Dakha, Jalandhar City.
12. S. Thaman Singh Lt. Col. V. Begowal, tahsil Bholath, distt. Kapurthala
13. S.Surinder Singh
Chaudhary
Lt. Col. V. Miani Afganan, tahsil Dasuya, distt.
Hoshiarpur
14. S.Mukhtiar Singh Lt.Col. V. Gilzian, tahsil Dasuya, distt. Hoshiarpur
15. S. Gurcharan Singh Lt.Col 253, Lajpat Nagar, Jalandhar City.
16. S. Kuldip Singh
Multani
Lt. Col. V.P.O. Nadala, tahsil Bholath, distt.
Kapurthala.
17. S. Rajinder Singh Lt. Col. V. Mandi Road, P.O. Nangal Lubana, distt.
Kapurthala
18. S. Sood Singh Lt. Col. V.P.O Jalalpur, tahsil Dasuya, distt.
Hoshiarpur.
19. S. Banta Singh Major 334, Defence Colony, Jalandhar City.
20. S. Jetha Singh Major 85, Purana Road, Jalandhar Cantt.
21. S. Lachhman Singh Major V.P.O. Nangal Lubana, tahsil Bholath, distt.
Kapurthala.
22. S. Mehar Singh Major Balarwal, distt. Gurdaspur.
23. S. Shamsher Singh Major 253, Lajpat Nagar, Jalandhar City.
24. S. Harnam Singh Major Defence Colony, Jalandhar City.
25. S. Satbir Singh Major 547, Sirajgang, Jalandhar City.
64
pension improved their economic condition. During service, they visited different
parts of the country. They had more exposure.70 They became better citizens. Military
services inculcated discipline and other good qualities among them. Moreover, they
became aware of the wider social order and new value system. It generated new social
aspirations among them.71
A good number of the Lubanas joined police, Border Security Force and
Central Reserve Police Force. The traditional Kabaddi game facilitated their
recruitment in the police. Due to good performance in Kabaddi games, they were
promoted to the ranks of Assistant Sub-Inspector, Sub Inspector and Deputy
Superintendent of Police. S. Balkar Singh resident of Bhatnura Lubana, district
Jalandhar, qualified for Indian Police Service.72 Moreover, Captain K.B.S. Jallo son
“Know Thy Brethren-3” Lobana Sewak, October- December 1982, p.45.
“Know Thy Brethren -4” Lobana Sewak, April – June 1983 pp.54-55.
70. Satish Sabharwal, Mobile Men: A Limit to Social Change in the Urban Life, pp.11-12.
71. Gulcharan Singh, "Lekhak Bare", Jiwni Sant Prem Singh Ji (Murala), p.122. and List of
Executive Committee Members of Sant Prem Singh Lubana Welfare, Society, Regd. 278-S,
Model Town, Jalandhar, Sr. No. 1-37.
72. The following table shows the recruitment of the Lubanas in police on the basis of their
performance of Kabaddi :
Sr.
No.
Name Father's Name Address Date of
Joining
Rank in 2002
1. Amarjit
Singh
S. Makhan Singh V. Fatehgarh
P.O. Begowal,
Distt.
Kapurthala
1.10.1975 Deputy
Superintendent.
of Police
2. Balwinder
Singh
(Fidda)
S. Banta Singh V. Tandi P.O.
Ibrahimwal
Distt.
Kapurthala
15.11.1979 -do-
3. Gurkewal
Singh
S. Gian Singh V.P.O.
Ibrahimwal
Distt.
Kapurthala
11.6.1979 -do-
4. Mohinder
Mohan
Singh
S. Karan Singh VPO Begowal
Distt.
Kapurthala
1.11.1975 -do-
5. Shivdev
Singh
S. Pala Singh V. Fatehgarh
P.O. Begowal
Distt.
Kapurthala
1.10.1975 -do-
6. Satnam
Singh
S. Sewak Singh V.P.O.
Alampur
Distt.
Hoshiarpur
7.7.1986 Assist Sub
Inspector
7. Sukha
Singh
S. Ajeet Singh VPO
Maksudpur
Distt.
Kapurthala
18.5.1985 Sub. Inspector
65
of Major Narinder Singh Jallo was selected for Punjab Police Service in 1990. S.
Harbhajan Singh Son of Gian Singh resident of village Bains Awan was selected for
Punjab Police Service in 1994.73
The Lubana girls availed the benefit of reservation of seats and age relaxation
due to their inclusion in the lists of backward classes and backward areas.74 By getting
higher education, they became school teachers and school and college lecturers in
good numbers. Teaching was the most popular profession for them.75 Surinder Kaur
Rupiyal was selected for National Teacher Award in 1998. She was honoured on
Teacher's Day on 5 September 1998.76 They also became doctors, lawyers, civil
engineers and child development and project officers.77 Bakshish Kaur qualified
Punjab Civil Service Judicial examination in 1965. She was appointed sub-judge and
civil judge magistrate in 1965 in Jalandhar. She was promoted to Additional Session
Judge in 1984 and to District Session Judge in 1992. From 1994-1998, she remained
Judicial Officer as Legal Remembrance in Punjab Secretariat, Chandigarh. She was
the first women judicial officer. On 14th May 1999, she was appointed as a judge in
the Punjab and Haryana High Court at Chandigarh. She retired from that post on 6th
8. Udham
Singh
S. Mukhtiar Singh VPO
Ramgarh
Distt.
Kapurthala
1.10.1974 -do-
9. Pardhan
Singh
S. Thakur Singh V. Firoze
Sangowal
P.O. Begowal
Distt.
Kapurthala
1.1.1981 Left as
constable.
R.S. Gill, Grit Glory The Magnificent Performance of the Punjab Police in Sports 1925-2001,
Phulkian Press, Patiala 2002, pp.390-401.
73. Lobana Sewak, June 1996, p.10.
74. FACILITIES EXTENDED TO BACKWARD CLASSES IN THE STATE: -
S. Partap Singh Kairon's, Hon'ble Chief Minister of the Punjab's, answer to Question No. 2015
of S. Atma Singh
(i) 2 per cent seats have been reserved for them in state government services and for
admission in the educational, technical and professional institutions on the basis of
population in the Punjab.
(ii) Candidates belonging to these classes have been granted age concession for entry
into service under the Punjab State Government.
Punjab Vidhan Sabha Debates, 14th December 1959, Vol. III, No. 1, Official Report,
Contents, Controller Punjab Stationary, Punjab, Chandigarh, 1960, p.(1)388.
75. S. Milka Singh, Lobana Sewak, April-June 1983, pp. 42-43; Personal Diary of Principal
Waryam Singh, (Retd.) 1 Aman Nagar, Kapurthala Education
76. Lobana Sewak, July-September 1998, p.30.
77. Ajit, 19.03.2002 and 22.03.2002. In 1984, two sisters Smt. Sandip Kaur and Ajit Multani,
were appointed as child development and project officer. Letter No.
1/24/19SW/83/8331/26/4/84.
66
July, 2002.78 Thus, some of the Lubana Girls became gazetted officers. Serving
women sent their children in good educational institutions. Thus, they were able to
raise their standard of living.79
A good number of them joined banking services as clerks, cashiers and
managers.80 They were promoted to manager and chief managers. They showed deep
sense of responsibility and devotion to their duties. For example Rajinder Singh
resident of village Begowal tashil Bholath district Kapurthala was a clerk-cum-cashier
in Sahal Quazian Branch of Punjab & Sind Bank in Jalandhar district. On 2nd August
1988, Jasbir Singh, Branch Manager handed over to him one set of safe keys. He
came to the office and placed the cash keys in the drawer of the desk. At about 10.00
a.m., terrorists pointed a pistol on the branch manager to open the cash safe. The
branch manager applied the wrong set of keys. The dacoit pressed the trigger and
killed Jasbir Singh.81 Both the dacoits opened fire and shoot at Rajinder Singh four
times. He dropped on the ground. The terrorists thinking that he had died left the
place. Thus, Rajinder Singh displayed exemplary courage and presence of mind and
foiled the bid for looting the bank cash. The President of India approved the award of
'Shaurya Chakra' to Rajinder Singh for his act of gallantry with effect from 2nd
August, 1988.82
They were selected for the posts of Punjab Civil Services Executive Branch
and allied services. Puran Singh Multani was the first Lubana who was selected for
78. Kamaljit Singh, "The Role, Place and Contribution of Lubana Women in Punjab History"
Proceedings Punjab History Conference, 42th session, March 19-21, 2010. p.281. Gradation
and Distribution List of Officers of the Judicial Department, Punjab Corrected up to Ist July
2001. Printed by The Controller of Printing and Stationery, U.T., Chandigarh, 2001, p.2.
79. Personal Diary of Principal Waryam Singh (Retd.) I, Aman Nagar, Kapurthala.
World University Encyclopedia Unabridged, Vol. 16, Book Inc, New York 1986, p.5568.
80. "Know they Brethern_-1" Lobana Sewak, July-September 1982, pp. 44-47.
The following table showing the bank managers of the Lubanas in 1982:
Sr.
No.
Name Designation Posting Address
1 S. Bhagwan
Singh Multani
Manager PNB, Banga, Jalandhar. Ithadgarh, Saifabadi Gate,
Patiala.
2 S. Rawel Singh
Multani
Manager PNB, Shankar, Jalandar 432, New Jawahar Nagar,
Jalandhar City.
3 S. Dalip Singh Manager Punjab & Sind Bank,
Jahura, Hoshiarpur.
VPO. Miani Afgana, tahsil
Dasuya, district Hoshiarpur
4 S. Baldev Singh Manager Punjab & Sind Bank,
Mahalpur, Hoshiarpur.
V. Talwandi Sallan, tahsil
Dasuya, district Hoshiarpur.
“Know Thy Brethren- 1” Lobane Sewak, July- September 1982 PP46-47.
81. President's Secretariat Notification New Delhi, the 26th January 1989 No. 25-Pres/89,
Published in Part-I, Section 1 of the Gazette of India Dated Saturday, The 8th April, 1989,
p.11.
82. Ibid. p. 11.
67
the appointment to the post of PCS (Executive Branch). He was appointed as E.A.C.
on 1st April 1939.
83 He was appointed under secretary, Forests and Games
preservation on 2nd December 1957.
84 On 23
rd April 1986, Sardar Balwinder Singh
resident of Tanda district Hoshiarpur was appointed to the post of Punjab Civil
Service Executive Branch.85 On 28
th May 1988, the names of three Lubana candidates
had been recommended by the Punjab Public Service Commission, Patiala, for
appointment to the posts of Punjab Civil Service allied services.86 Gurmeet Singh a
resident of Talwandi Dadian district Hoshiarpur was appointed to the post of Punjab
Civil Service on 13th March 1996.
87 Kulbir Singh A-I was promoted to Punjab Civil
Services Executive Branch in March 1989. He was appointed Subdivision Magistrate
on 22nd August 2001.
88
Sardar Bhagat Singh was the first Lubana who was directly selected for the
Indian Administrative Services in 1967. He competed successfully at the combined
competitive examination hold in 1966.89 He was appointed to Indian administrative
83. Part V. Gradation List of members of the Punjab Civil Services (Executive Branch)
Punjab Civil list corrected to 1st January, 1958, published by authority compiled in the Punjab
Civil Secretariat, Printed by Controller Printing and Stationery Punjab, p.46.
84. Ibid, p.25
85. Gradation and distribution list of officer of the Indian Administrative Service (Punjab Cadre)
and the Punjab Civil Service (Executive Branch), corrected up to 1st August 2002, p.39.
86.
Sr.
No.
Name Application No. Category
1. Nishan Singh 3966 General Category
2. Makhan Singh 9958 General Category
3. Surinder Singh Garha 11790 Ex-Servicean.
The Tribune, May 29, 1988.
87. Gradation and distribution list of officer of the Indian Administrative Service (Punjab Cadre)
and the Punjab Civil Service (Executive Branch), corrected up to 1st August 2002, p.55.
88. Ibid, p. 43.
89. Union Public Service Commission Press Note
Indian Administrative Service etc.
Examination, 1966.
The following are the lists, in order of merit of the candidates
(i) Indian Administrative Services
(ii) Indian Foreign Services
S.No. Name Roll No.
53 Bhagat Singh 4770
Notification No. 3/4/67. AIS (1)
Govt. of India
New Delhi -1 The 31st July 1967.
68
services on probation on 17th April 1967 in Punjab Cadre.
90 He was posted as a
financial commissioner (Revenue) on 8th October 2001.
91
In order to inspire the young generation of the Lubanas for higher jobs, the
editorial board of Lobana Sewak started a new feature of publishing the names,
designations and addresses of the prominent Lubanas who were outstanding in one
field or the other.92 Besides, the Lobana Sewak Sabha had already planned to guide
the unemployed youngmen for proper jobs.93
90. Notification: Under rule 6 of the Indian Administrative Service (recruitment) Rules, 1954, the
present is pleased to appoint the following candidates, who competed successfully at the
combined competitive examination held in 1966, to the Indian Administrative Service on
Probation with effect from the date shown against their name. The state of allotment of these
probation will be notified later.
No. Name Date of Appointment
75 Shri Bhagat Singh 17/04/1967 A.N.
A.N.Batabyani
Under Secretary To The Govt. of Indian
No. 03/04/67 - AIS (i), New Delhi-1
July 1967.
91. Gradation and distribution list of officer of the Indian Administrative Service (Punjab Cadre)
and the Punjab Civil Service (Executive Branch), corrected up to 1st August 2002, p.7.
92. List of I.A.S., IPS, PCS
Sr.
No.
Name Designation Address
1. S. Puran Singh I.A.S. Bromley Estate, Bharari, Simla
2. S. Bhagat Singh I.A.S. (Deputy
Commissioner) Faridkot
V. Mukerian Distt. Hoshiarpur
3. S. Gurmit Singh
Lobana
I.P.S. Deputy Director
General (Post & Telegarh),
New Delhi
V. Raipur Pirbuxwala Distt.
Kapurthala
4. S. Balkar Singh IPS (Indian Police Service) V. Bhatnura Distt. Jalandhar
5. S. Gurdial Singh PCS (Judicial) Additional -do-
6. S. Niranjan Singh PCS (Judicial) Additional &
Session Judge
V. Tanda Ram Sahai District
Hoshiarpur
7. Mrs. Bakshish
Kaur
PCS (Judicial) C.J.M. V. Ballarwal District
Gurdaspur
8. S. Mohinder Singh
Lobana
PCS (Judicial Dy. Registrar
Punjab & Haryana High
Court Chandigarh
V. Gohot Pokhar Distt.
Gurdaspur
9. S. Balbir Singh
Multani
PCS (Judicial) A.L.R. Under
Secretary, Law Department
Punjab, Chandigarh
V. Talwandi Dadian, Distt.
Hoshiarpur
10. S. Dhian Singh PCS (Judicial) V. Tahli, Distt. Hoshiarpur
11. S. Darshan Singh
Multani
P.C.S. (Executive) Director,
Local Bodies
V. Jalapur Distt. Hoshiarpur
12. S. Gurbax Singh
Multani
PCS (Executive) SDM Patti V. Talwand Dadian, Distt.
Hoshiarpur
13. S. Balwinder Singh PCS (Executive) E.T.O. -do-
"Know Thy Breathern-I, "Lobana Sewak, July-September, 1982, pp.44-47.
93. “Is Sabha De Mukh Mantav eh Honge”, Lobana Sewak, September 1954, p.6.
69
Dr. Pritam Singh resident of village Begowal, district Kapurthala was
promoted to the post of principal. He remained the principal of Government Medical
Colleges, Amritsar, from 1974 to 1978. Under his proper guidance and inspiration a
good number of doctors were produced by the Lubanas. It is important to note that the
whole family of Dr. Pritam Singh has been known as a family of doctors. In 1978, he
was further promoted to the post of director research and medical education.94 He
retired from that post in 1979. The village Begowal has the distinction of producing
many doctors of medicine and surgery of national and international level.95
94. Pritam Singh, Lobana Sewak, April 1980, p.33.
95. Dr. Brig. Daljitam Singh, “Letter to Editor”, Lobana Sewak, November-December 1998, p.3.
The following table shows the doctors of the Lubanas:
Sr.
No.
Name Degree India or
Abroad
Original Residence
1 Dr. Pritam Singh PCMS(1) India V.P.O. Begowal, tahsil Bholath,
district Kapurthala.
2 Dr. Surjit Singh MD,
Neurologist
U.S.A. V.P.O. Begowal, tahsil Bholath,
district Kapurthala.
3 Dr. Ranjit Kaur MBBBS,
Pathalogist
U.S.A. V.P.O. Begowal, tahsil Bholath,
district Kapurthala.
4 Dr. Satwant Singh MD,
Nefrologist
U.S.A. V. Tanda Mari, district
Gurdaspur.
5 Dr. Kuldip Kaur MBBS,
Psychatrist
U.S.A. V.P.O. Begowal, tahsil Bholath,
district Kapurthala.
6 Dr. Harbhajan
Singh
MBBS,
Surgical
Specialist
U.S.A. V.P.O. Begowal, tahsil Bholath,
district Kapurthala.
7 Dr. Satinder Kaur MBBS U.S.A. W/o Harbhajan Singh, V.P.O.
Begowal, tahsil Bholath, district
Kapurthala.
8 Dr. Paramjit Singh MBBS U.S.A. V.P.O. Begowal, tahsil Bholath,
district Kapurthala.
9 Dr. Sukhbir Kaur MBBS U.S.A. W/o Paramjit Singh, V.P.O.
Begowal, tahsil Bholath, district
Kapurthala.
10 Major Dr. Hardev
Singh
B.D.S. Lucknow V.P.O. Begowal, tahsil Bholath,
district Kapurthala.
11 Captain Dr. Baldev
Singh
B.D.S. Poona V.P.O. Begowal, tahsil Bholath,
district Kapurthala.
12 Dr. Surinder Singh MS,
PCMS,
Orthopedic
Amritsar V.P.O. Begowal, tahsil Bholath,
district Kapurthala.
13 Dr. Kanwaljit Kaur MBBS Lucknow W/o Surinderjit Singh, V.P.O.
Begowal, tahsil Bholath, district
Kapurthala.
14 Dr. Harbans Singh MBBS U.S.A. V.P.O. Nadala, tahsil Bholath,
district Kapurthala.
15 Dr. Ravinder Singh MBBS Jalandhar V. Gilzian, tahsil Dasuya, distt.
Hoshiarpur.
16 Dr. Gurjit Singh MBBS,
PCMS
Chandigarh V.P.O, Nangal Lobana, tahsil
Bholath, district Kapurthala.
17 Dr. Amrik Singh MBBS Amritsar V. Habibwal, tahsil Bholath,
district Kapurthala.
70
The Lubanas in civil services put on western clothes and met the people of
many castes and religions during the course of their work. In that way, their life-style
gradually underwent change.96 The government jobs improved their economic
conditions and conferred considerable social status on them.97
To sum up, the agriculture was the main occupation of the Lubanas. They
were careful, industrious and acquisitive cultivators. The displaced Lubanas worked
very hard for their proper settlement and became prosperous. They increased the size
of their holding by industriousness and saving from non-conventional sources like
army and civil services and foreign currency. The development of agriculture
improved their economic condition. The Lubanas joined the Indian Army and
distinguished themselves in Indo-China War of 1962, Indo-Pak Wars of 1965 and
1971, in Sri Lanka and Kargil respectively. They were promoted to higher ranks. The
pays and pensions improved their economic conditions and raised their social status.
They became aware of the wider social order and new value system. That generated
new social aspirations among them. A good number of them joined Punjab Police,
Border Security Force and Central Reserve Police Force. With the spread of higher
education, many of them joined civil services. Some of them became gazetted
officers. Many became teachers, lecturers, professors, principals, doctors, lawyers,
clerks and managers in banks. They also joined Punjab Civil Services and Indian
Administrative Services. Their life-style gradually underwent change. The
government services conferred considerable social status on them.
18 Dr. Jagir Singh
Pelia
MBBS,
PCMS
Begowal V. Nangal Lobana tahsil
Bholath, district Kapurthala.
19 Dr. Daljit Singh MBBS,
PCMS
Begowal V. Sahib Da Pind, tahsil
Mukerian, district Hoshiarpur.
20 Dr. Balbir Singh
Ghotra
BDS,
PCMS
Mukerian Mukerian, district Hoshiarpur.
21 Dr. Manraj Singh MBBS Machhiwara Machhiwara, district Ludhiana.
22 Dr. Surinder Singh MBBS Dasuya Mukerian, district Hoshiarpur.
23 Dr. Jasbir Kaur
Multani
MBBS Nadala V.P.O Nadala, tahsil Bholath,
district Kapurthala
24 Capt. Dr. Gurmeet
Singh
A.M.C. Nadala V.P.O Nadala, tahsil Bholath,
district Kapurthala
25 Dr. Rattan Singh MBBS Ajnala V.P.O Begowal, tahsil Bholath,
district Kapurthala
“Know Thy Brethren-2”, Lobana Sewak, October-December 1982, pp.46-47.
96. M.N. Srinivas, Social Change in Modern India, Orient Longman, Delhi 1977, p.134.
97. PHM Van Den Dungun, "Changes in Status and Occupation in Nineteenth Century Punjab"
Soundings in Modern South Asian History (ed. D.A. Low). Widenfield and Nicholson,
London 1968, p.59.
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