Chapter 4 Final - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/20582/11/11...47 CHAPTER-IV...

47

CHAPTER-IV

OCCUPATIONS

Occupation refers to the activity to which one regularly devotes himself, especially

his regular work or means of earning for living. It is synonymous to vocation,

employment, pursuit, craft, business, profession, trade and the like.1 In 1947,

agriculture was the main occupation of the Lubanas. Majority of them depended

directly or indirectly on it for their livelihood.2 They were mainly self-cultivators.

They cultivated the land as peasant proprietors, occupancy tenants, tenants-at-will and

field labourers. Majority of the Lubanas had small size of holdings.3 Only those

Lubanas who had been allotted land by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British in the

canal colonies were the middle class farmers.4

After the partition of the Punjab, the land which was allotted to them was

mainly a hard kallar, banjar, barani, marshes in the bet areas of Kapurthala district of

Pepsu and Hoshiarpur district. Kallar was a serious handicap for cultivation.5 Besides,

the graded cuts had an adverse effect on them. It worked very harshly on small

peasant proprietors like Lubana Sikhs of Gujrat district.6 Moreover, the areas between

river Beas and black Bein were riverain areas with series of chhambs and marshes.

Flood was an annual feature of the area. The marshes were flooded in June or July

1. The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, Jess Stein (editor in Chief) The Tulsi

Shah Enterprises, Bombay-1 1970 (reprint- first published in 1966), p.996.

2. nkwdBh dk iohnk ;kvh pokdoh ftZu y/shpkVh s/ jh j? L Durga Singh, "Khetibarhi" Lobana

Sewak, October-November 1954, p.23. fJ; e"w dk w[y g/Fk y/shpkVh j? L Harnam Singh, Lubana Itihas, p.279. DG Hoshiarpur 1980, p.409; DG Kapurthala 1984, p.304, DG

Gurdaspur 1979, p.427 and DG Ludhiana 1970, p.150.

3. M.S. Randhawa, Out of the Ashes, p.94; YkJh eBkbK G'I s/oh s/ F{ek Fkeh ykbh.F{ek ;keh ykbh LBarkat Singh Anand, "Uth Jag" Chanan Munare, p.26. Tenancy was of two kinds: (1)

Occupancy and (2) at - will. The occupancy tenants enjoyed hereditary right of cultivation and

tenants-at-will having no security of tenure. Sucha Singh Gill, "Capitalism in Punjab

Agriculture", Studies in Punjab Economy, (editors R.S. Johar and J.S. Khanna), Punjab

School of Economics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 1983, p.67.

4. W.W. Hunter, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. I, Truber and Co; London 1885, pp.181-

82 and Jaswant Singh, The Lubanas in the Punjab: Social, Economic and Political Change

(1849-1947), p.54.

5. fJj fJbkek, 1947 ftZu r?o nkpkd s/ eZbo ;h L Sumittar Kaur, "Dur Darshi Baba Prem Singh Ji”, Simran (ed.) S. Beant Singh Sarhadi, Basti Sheikh, Jalandhar, Registration No.

30714/74, p.46. fgzv dh 20 gqshFs d/ eohp }whB jh tkj[D:'r ;h ns/ pkeh ;koh }whB eZbo vZp, pzio edhw ;h L Surinder Maksudpuri, Begowal: (Linguistic and Cultural Survey), p.9.

The barani lands in Bholath tahsil were entirely dependent on the rainfall: District and State

Gazetteer of the undivided Punjab (Prior to Independence), p.564, The Kapurthala tahsil was

the least fertile in state. There are few strips of land where the soil was saline: Imperial

Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series; Punjab, Vol. I, p.383.

6. M.S. Randhawa, Out of The Ashes, p.106.

48

and remained under water until September.7 Thus, the area was fit for the crop of

paddy. The Lubanas who came from Sheikhupura and Gujranawala district were

expert in its cultivation. They produced best type of paddy (basmati). So, that area

became a rice bowl.8 In that way, by working hard, they converted chhambs and

marshes into green fields. The anti-flood measures were taken by the government by

raising Dhusi Bund on the bank of river Beas. So, the Lubanas began to produce two

crops annually.9 The climate and the soil had been good for the growth of wheat and

rice. Both had been easily marketed. The area under wheat and rice increased

considerably.10 The production of paddy and rice due to high yielding varieties

increased more under the impact of Green Revolution.11 It led to high growth of food

grains, per capita income as well as employment generation in rural Punjab. The

higher income improved their economic condition and raised the social status.12

The Lubana women were also very laborious. Besides, domestic work, they

helped in all types of agricultural work except ploughing. They cut fodder for their

animals and looked after them. At night, they spinned till late hours.13

7. A.L. Anand (ed.) Census of India 1961: Punjab: Districts Census Handbook, No. 15,

Kapurthala District, Punjab Government Press, 1967, p.3. and D.G. Hoshiarpur 1980, p.112.

;kvk fJbkek fijVk j? fJj pVk jh gSfVnk fJbkek j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk J/E/ Floods Bkb pVh spkjh j[zdh j?. fiE/ gkDh yVk ofjzdk j? L Bawa Harnam Singh (Kapurthala), Punjab Vidhan

Sabha Debates, 25th March, 1958 Vol I, No. 26, Official Report, Contents, Controller of

Printing and Stationary Punjab, Chandigarh 1959, p. (26) 71. 8. S.P. Brar, Kapurthala Directory, Brar Publication Bureau, Shalimar Road, Kapurthala 1974,

p.75. The best rice is grown in the land situated on the bank of the Deg. Remarks on the

Revised Settlement and Assessment of Purgunah Shahdurah, Zilla Lahore, Appendix 7, p.11.

;kv/ fib/ eg{oEb/ ftZu g?vh dh c;b pj[s f}nkdk j?. fJ; fJbke/ ftZu uktb dh c;b bZyK wD fBebdh j? ns/ G'bE ns/ eg{oEb/ s'A pkjo iKdh j? L Bawa Harnam Singh (Kapurthala) Punjab Vidhan Sabha Debates, 25

th March 1958 Vol. I No. 26 Official Report, p. (26) 66.

9. X[;h pzB pDk e/ jV wko{ fJbke/ ~ pukfJnk frnk j? L Barkat Singh Anand, Chanan

Munare, p.18.

10. Harinder Singh, Nangal, Lubana (1956-88): A Study of Socio-Economic Chance, p.57.

11. Puran Singh, Dynamics of International Migration from Rural Punjab: A Case Study of

Hoshiarpur and Kapurthala districts, p.17.

12. Thanks to the Green Revolution effecting wheat and rice: K.S. Gill, "Agricultural

Development in Punjab" Studies in Punjab Economy, (ed.) R.S. Johars and J.S. Khanna,

Punjab School of Economics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 1983, p.2. Agricultural

development programme was implemented in the districts of Punjab as part of the Green

Revolution strategy. This strategy became a success story in Punjab as high yielding verities

of wheat and later on rice were cultivated through fertilizers and pesticides: Darshan S. Tatla,

"The Punjab Diaspora's Impact on Punjab's Economy and Society: An Assessment", Rural

Development in Punjab A Success Story Going Astray (ed.) Autar S. Dhesi Gurnail Singh,

Routledge, New Delhi 2008, p.465.

13. fJBQK dhnK n"osK th fwjBsh ns/ xo s'I pkjo d/ ezw eoB ~ p[ok BjhI ;wMdhnK L Piara Singh Tanda, "Bhai Makhan Shah Lubana", Lobana Sewak, January-February 2002. p.12. fJj pVh fwjBs w[;Zes dk ezw eodhnK jB ns/ wodK d/ f;o Bkb f;o i'V e/ ezw eodhnk jB L Major Sharam Singh, "Ghat Janu Lok Lubanai," Lobana Sewak¸ January 1956, p.16. gzikp

49

At the time of partition, the Lubanas were mainly dependent on the traditional

means of irrigation like wells, jhallars and jhata. Later on, the artificial means of

irrigation increased tremendously which led to the progress of agriculture.14 Bawa

Harnam Singh, a member of Pepsu Legislative Assembly did a lot to arrange artificial

means of irrigation in the Bholath constituency. On 7th July 1954, he questioned the

P.W.D. Minister about the proposal to sink tubewells in Bholath constituency.15

During 1954-55, a scheme was sanctioned for drilling 100 tubewells in the Kapurthala

district. It was implemented in 1955-56. The tubewells were energised in 1956. Out of

100 tubewells, 44 tubewells were sanctioned only for the Nadala Block which was

mainly inhabited by the Lubanas.16 In Bholath circle of Kapurthala district, 62

tubewells had been installed in different villages.17 Later on, the number of tubewells

y/shpkVh gqXkB gqKs j?. fgzvK dhnK n"osK th wodk d/ Bkb y/sh ftZu ;jkfJsk eokT[IdhnK jB L Manjeet Singh, Punjabi Sabhyachar Sandarbh, p.130.

14. Kapurthala District Census 1951, p.11, District and State Gazetteer of the Undivided Punjab

Prior to Independence, p.564. G[bZE ;oeb ftZu nwoheh tZv/ fNT{pt?b fpibh Bkb ubD tkb/ bkJ/ ik oj/ jB L Lobana Sewak, May 1955, p.12.

15. SINKING OF TUBEWELLS IN BHOLATH CONSTITUENCY

Q.No. 6 Bawa Harnam Singh: Will the P.W.D. Minister be pleased to state -

(a) Whether the Government propose to sink tubewell in Bholath constituency ;

(b) if so, the number of tubewells to be sunk in Bholath circle; and

(c) On what places the allocation is to be made for the purpose and in which villages?

Minister for P.W.D. (Genl. S. Shivdev Singh):

(a) Yes

(b) The exact number of tubewells will be determined after carrying detailed surveys

which are in progress.

(c) The sites will be determined after surveying the area which is in progress.

Pepsu Legislative Assembly Debates, Vol. No. IV, Sr. No. 1, 7th July, 1954, pp.6-7.

16. DG Kapurthala 1984, p.70 and The Tribune, June 25, 1956.

17. TUBEWELLS INSTALLED IN BHOLATH CIRCLE OF DISTRICT KAPURTHALA

Q.No. 2270. Bawa Harnam Singh : Will the Minister for irrigation and power be pleased to

state the total number of tubewells, if any, installed for irrigation purposes in Bholath circle,

district Kapurthala, together with the names of villages where these have been located.

S. Gian Singh Rarewala : Sixty-two tubewells.

The reply is placed on the table of the House :

List showing sixty-two tubewells, and name of villages located in Bholath Area (District

Kapurthala):

Sr. No. Tubewell No. Name of Village Sr. No. Tubewell No. Name of Village

1. 2 But 32. 36 Karnail Ganj

2. 3 Bhatnura Kalan 33. 37 Bhagwanpur

3. 5 Nadali 34. 38 Bazaz

4. 6 Shuparian 35. 39 Tandi

5. 7 Lakhan Kalan 36. 40 Jaid

6. 8 Hamira 37. 41 -do-

7 9 Dialpur 38. 42 Bassi

8. 10 Badshahpur 39. 43 Barriar

9. 11 Rajpur 40. 44 Kaluwal

10. 12 Bamuwal 41. 45 Narangpur

11. 13 Mudowal 42. 46 Begowal

12. 14 Jagbailol 43. 47 -do-

50

run by diesel and electricity increased considerably. The Lubanas, by the use of

artificial means of irrigation and farmyard manure converted the hard kallar soil into

fertile chahi. They brought a vast areas of banjar, barani and chhammab areas of bet

under cultivation.18 Thus, the artificial means of irrigation helped to convert the arid

area into a green belt and increased the production of food grains remarkably.19 It that

way, they contributed a lot to the economy of the Punjab. Besides, increase in

production also improved their economic condition.

Irrigation facilities were on the increase. The Lubana peasantry was sturdy and

hard working and exploited the opportunities offered under the Five-Year Plans. Their

holdings were generally small. They tried to make best use of them by raising at least

two crops in a year. They began to use improved seeds, implements, fertilizers and

new information which the government imparted through various agencies.20

13. 15 -do- 44. 48 Maksudpur

14. 16 Sherowal 45. 49 Raipur

15. 17 Nadala 46. 50. Surak

16. 18 Nadala 47. 51 Bishanpur

17. 19 Dabulian 48. 52 Lakhan Kalan

18. 20 Daala 49 53 Awan

19. 21 Bakarpur 50. 54 Hamira

20. 22 Mubarakpur 51. 55 Jabbowal

21. 24 Khassan 52. 56 Maksudpur

22. 25 -do- 53. 57 Dialpur

23. 26. Ramgarh 54. 58 Begowal

24. 27 Mehmatpur 55. 59 Murar

25. 28. Loharwala 56 60 Gudane

26. 29 Pandorian 57. 51 Dhilwan

27. 30 Matle 58. 63 Fojjiwal

28. 31 Bholath Shirki 59 75 Hothian

29. 32 Kumrai 60. 76 Mander Bet

30. 34 Begrian 61. 77 Thikriwal

31. 35 Boparai 62. 78 Lakhen Ke Pade

Punjab Vidhan Sabha Debates, 8th April 1958, Annexure to Vol. I-No. 34 (Morning Sitting)

(Official Report) Contents, Tuesday, 8th April 1958 Controller of Printing and Stationary,

Punjab, Chandigarh 1959, p.(34A) 261-62.

18. pzio ebZo s/ Szp t;kT[D tkbh p?mh iks fJj j? pkp/ gq/w f;zx dh p/N pdb fdZsh ;torg[oh nzdo fenk pks. J? fJj pkp/ gq/w f;zx dh L Darshan Singh Sajan, "Sant Prem Singh Ji", Gulcharan Singh, Jiwani Sant Prem Singh Ji

(Murala), p.83. 19. DG Kapurthala, 1984, p.70 and The Tribune, June 25, 1956.

20. A.L. Anand, Census Report of India 1961 Punjab, Kapurthala Districts Hnandbook No. 15,

p.11. Study after study indicates that small farm agriculture is more productive, can absorb

more labour, encourages more re-investment in agriculture and fullest utilization of land and

can yield savings at rates comparable to or even greater then large scale agriculture. R.N.

Vasist, "Strategies for Structural Change for Bridging the Gap between Rural Rich and Poor,"

Rajeshwar Prasad (ed). Social Reforms An Analysis of Indian Society, Y.K. Publishers, Agra

1990, p.87.

51

The Punjab and Pepsu Government did a remarkable work of consolidation of

holdings. It was started in November 1954. 21 On 12

th March 1958, it was in progress

in 111 villages of the Bholath circle of Kapurthala district.22 It was completed in

21. CONSOLIDATION OPERATIONS IN BHOLATH CIRCLE OF DISTRICT

KAPURTHALA

Q.No. 1767. Bawa Harnam Singh: Will the Minister for Consolidation and Health be pleased

to state: -

(a) the date when work with the consolidation of holdings commenced in the Bholath

circle of district Kapurthala together with the date when it is likely to be finalised;

(b) the number and the names of the villages brought under the consolidation operations

referred to above;

(c) the names and the number of villages where the work in connection with

consolidation of holdings has been finalised in the circle referred to in part (a) above;

(d) the total amount of expenses incurred and of the consolidation fees, if any, realised

from the villages referred to in part (b) above;

(e) whether the consolidation work in the villages of Bakarpore, Maqsudpore, Raipur,

Pir Bux, Bassi, Awan, in the circle mentioned in part (a) above has already begun ; if

so, the date, when the work started in each case;

(f) whether the consolidation work has also started in tashil Sultanpur district

Kapurthala; if so, when?

Chaudhari Suraj Mal : (a) First Part - In November, 1954.

Second Part - Not possible to give exact date.

(b) A list has been laid on the table.

(c) A list has been laid on the table.

(d) First Part - The budget is not sanctioned circle wise. Hence it is not possible to

furnish information regarding expenditure exclusive for Bholath circle:

Second Part - Consolidation release is Rs. 1,30,291/4/0.

Second Part - The date of starting work in each village is given below : -

1. Bakarpur ....... 11th January, 1955.

2. Maqsudpur .... 1st January, 1955

3. Raipur Pir Bux, .... Ditto

4. Bassi.......... 24th January, 1955

5. Awan........... 1st January 1955.

Punjab Vidhan Sabha, 12th March 1955, Vol. I, No. 17, (Official Report) Controller, Printings

and Stationary, Punjab 1959, p.(17) 22.

22. [Minister for Consolidation and Health]

List showing the names and number of villages where consolidation of holding work in

Bholath Circle is in progress mentioned in reply to part (b) of Assembly question No. 1767

asked by Bawa Harnam Singh M.L.A. regarding consolidation operations in Bholath circle of

district Kapurthala:

Sr.

No.

Name of Villages Sr.

No.

Name of Villages Sr.

No.

Name of Villages

1. Jaid 39. Nihal Garh 76. Feroze Sangowal

2. Bassi 40. Mand Miani

Bhagupurian

77. Balo Chak

3. Lamme 41. Mand Alsampur 78. Chek Som

4. Bhatnure Kalan 42. Mudowal 79. Mand Hussainpur

5. Bhatnure Khurd 43. Bamowal 80. Mandi Mand Kulla

6. Bholath Gharbi 44. Mirzapur 81. Mand Kulla

7. Bholath Sharki 45. Dandpur 82. Hussiarpur

8. Metla Kherabad 46. Mand Talwandi Kuka 83. Fatehgarh Sikri

9. Kamrai 47. Nadala 84. Chak Purana

10. Salamat Pur 48. Ibrahimwal Tarf

Arshad Khan

85. Daulhwal

11. Rajpur 49. Ibrahimwal Tarf

Ghulam Nabi Khan

86. Talwara

52

1961. It was done to solve the problem of fragmented growth and development of

agriculture. It opened a new chapter in the prosperity of the farmers. Area under

irrigation and cultivation increased. More wells and tubewells were sunk in the

villages soon after the consolidation operations. Mechanized farming became easier.

The farmers could concentrate at one place for agriculture. It became easy for the

Lubana farmers to look after their holdings. It helped a lot in the development of

agriculture.23 It made agriculture more profitable.

24

At the time of partition, agriculture was less mechanized. The peasants mostly

followed the traditional techniques of agriculture. At the time of sowing and

harvesting of wheat and paddy extra manpower was needed. So, the customs of mangi

12. Ramgarh 50. Chaugawan 87. Saitpur

14. Akala 51. Habibwal 88. Talwandi Purdal

15. Bagwan Pur 52. Raipur Raian 89. Bulewal

16. Karnail Gang 53. Mand Raipur Raian 90. Dhabulian

17. Jhal Bajar 54. Mand Ibrahimwal

Tarf Arshan Khan

91. Bakarpur

18. Lit 55. Mand Ibrahimwal

Ghulam Nabi Khan

92. Ghanzi Gudana

19. Shadipur 56. Dhakran 93. Mangwal

20. Surkh 57. Mand Kamal Pur 94. Shah Pur Piran

21. Mehandpur 58. Maqsoodpur 95. Mughal Chak

22. Musa Khel 59. Raipur Pir Bax wale 96. Jai Ram Pur

23. Khassan 60. Nangal Lubana 97. Mansoorwal

24. Meeranpur 61. Mand Nangal Lubana 98. Tajpur

25. Sher Singh Wala 62. Mandi Road 99. Kotli

26. Chak Chaka Kalan 63. Begowal 100. Sangrai

27. Mand Rawan 64. Bhadas 101. Kuluwal

28. Pakhuwal 65. Nadali 102. Haibatpur

29. Chak Shah Ala Din 66. Kaluwal 103. Muzaffarpur

30. Hassuwal 67. Isab-Ba chu 104. Sangowal

31. Mand Dhakran 68. Jabowal 105. Chakoki

32. Rawan 69. Awan 106. Gudani

33. Mand Gurdaspur 70. Naurangpur 107. Mand Dhilwan

34. Jag 71. Innowal 108. Ramidi

35. Behlolpur 72. Sarupwal 109. Lakhan Ke Padde

36. Billpur 73. Akbarpur 110. Dhilwan

37. Talwandikuka 74. Chak Dome 111. Mand Chakoki

38. Mand Talwani

Kuka

75. Mubarikpur

Punjab Vidhan Sabha Debates, 12th March 1958, Vol. I, No. 17 (Official Report), p. (17) 24.

23. The cultivation of fragmented holdings is often extremely wasteful of labour (especially in the

form of shortage of facilities and transport equipment) and even of land as well. Peter T.

Bauser and Basil's Yamey, The Economics of Under Development Countries, pp. 177-78. K.S.

Gill, "Agricultural Development in Punjab" Studies in Punjab Economy, (editor) R.S. Johars

and J.S. Khanna, Punjab School of Economics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 1983,

p.1. 1954 ftZu fJ; fgzv (we;{dg[o) dh w[oZpkpzdh g?g;{ ;oeko B/ F[o{ eo fdZsh. Bhagat Singh, "Dera Hoti Mardan N.W.F.P. Maksudpur Kiven Wasyas" Lobana Sewak April-June,

1985, pp.8-9. S. Harcharan Singh, Revenue Minister, Pepsu, "Consolidation of Holdings in

Pepsu", The Tribune, September 8, 1955, p.4.

24. The English Tribune, 6-2-2008, p.5.

53

was prevalent among them. Close relatives, neighbours and friends associated and

helped the concerned farmer in agricultural works. With the mechanization of

agriculture, the customs of mangi totally disappeared. Their ploughs were replaced by

tractors. The wells were replaced by electric motors, Phalas were replaced by

threshers. Moreover, combines not only cut and thrash their crops but also put the

grains in the trolley. With mechanization of agriculture, they were able to bring a very

large area of land under cultivation. It became very easy to complete the agricultural

work in time. It also increased the production.25

As farmers, the Lubanas had proved their worth. They were capable of

sustained physical labour. The Lubanas were industrious and acquisitive cultivators.26

The displaced Lubanas worked very hard in their fields for their resettlement. They

overcame their economic problems.27 They increased the size of their holdings by

industriousness, enterprise, savings from army and other departments and later on by

foreign currency. The foreign currency accelerated the process of acquisition of land.

It is important to note that the emigrated members sent money from abroad to their

families. It was utilized to purchase land and tractors.28 The purchase of additional

land improved their economic condition and enhanced their social status.29

After partition, the grant of land continued. Under the East Punjab War Ward

Act 1948, war Jagirs had been granted to parents, who got their children enlisted in

the armed forces, during the World War II, the period of emergency declared at the

time of the Chinese aggression and Indo-Pak Wars. No other grants were

25. y/shpkVh bJh tos/ iKd/ n"ikoK ftzu Y/o tkXk j'fJnk j?. jbK dh EK No?eNoK B/ b? bJh j?,

y{jK dh EK fpibh dhnK w'Nok bZr rJhnK jB, cfbnk dh EK Eo?Fo nk rJ/ jB ns/ c;bK dh eNkJh bJh ezpkJhBk dh tos'I j'D bZr gJh j? L Manjeet Singh, Punjabi Sabhyachar

Sandarbh p.136.

n?;h ebk s/oh ebk Xko nkJh fpibh, fNT{pt?b No?eNo gJ/ x{ed/ B/ pzioK ebZok ftZu pjko nkJh

Darshan Singh Sajan, "Sant Prem Singh Ji" Gulchararn Singh, Jiwni Sant Prem Singh Ji, p.83

Kapurthala Districts Census 1961, p.12.

26. M.S. Randhawa, Out of The Ashes, p.61: fJj b'e pV/ fwjBsh jB L Prem Singh, "Wanjara

Jati Ander Sikhi Jazba", Gurdwara Gazette Amritsar, May 1955, p.53.

27. "Partition and Land Resettlement" The Tribune, 18 September 1983, p.3 and B.D. Yadav,

"Presidential Address Modern Section", Proceedings of Punjab History Conference, Thirty-

Eighth Session, March 18-20, 2006, p.334.

28. Daljitam Singh, "Letter to Editor", Lobana Sewak, November-December 1998, p.3. Harinder

Singh, Nangal Lubana, 1956-88 Study of Socio-Economic Change, p.51.

29. W.H. McLeod, Punjabis in New Zealand: A History of Punjabi Migration (1890-1940), Guru

Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 1986, p.22.

54

sanctioned.30 Such type of War Jagirs were granted to many Lubana families. Besides,

graded cuts applied to all allotments made in the east Punjab and Pepsu with one

solitary exception in favour of those holdings of land in West Punjab in virtue of

gallantry awards for World War II. Those persons were exempted from the cuts and

received their allotment in full.31 In rural economy, land was a very crucial resource.

It was equivalent to wealth. The main assets of people were held in terms of land and

the main employment opportunities were in relation to land. The social status of the

rural people depended very much on the ownership of land.32 The ownership of land,

however, small in size conferred dignity and status to the Lubanas.33 It also provided

economic security to owners of the land.34

Domestication of animals was also their subsidiary occupation. After partition

of the Punjab, the Lubana had a good number of animals. They were far better at

looking after animals than the average Jats.35 They were very careful about their

cattle. They were specialised in decorating their cattle.36 They had buffaloes, cows

and oxen.37 They kept their cattle in yards with the facilities of sheds for them. There

was a proper arrangement of managers. They kept their cattle at dry ground. They

provided fresh fodder and water to their animals. Agriculture and animal husbandry

30. Annual Report of Land Revenue Administration of the Punjab State for the year ending 30

th

September 1970, Government Press, Chandigarh 1973, p. ii.

31. Tarlok Singh, Land Resettlement Mannual For Displaced Persons in Punjab & Pepsu, p.77.

32. R.N. Vasist, "Strategies For Structural Change For Bridging the Gap Between Rural Rich and

Poor", Rajeshwar Prasad (ed.) Social Reforms An Analysis of Indian Society, Y.K. Publishers,

Agra 1990, p.86.

33. M.S. Randhawa, Out of The Ashes, p.214.

34. Puran Singh, Dynamics of International Migration from Rural Punjab: A Case Study of

Hoshiarpur and Kapurthala Districts, p.104.

35. Major A.E. Barstow, The Sikh : An Ethnology, B.R. Publishing Corporation, 461, Vivekanand

Nagar Delhi 1981, (reprint - first published in 1928), p.70.

36. K.S. Singh, India's Communities, p.1973.

37. Harinder Singh, Nangal Lubana 1956-88; Study of Socio-Economic Change, p.60. Amit

Kumar Nag, "Indian Tribe with its roots on Danube, S. Bank", The Tribune, 3 November

1968, p.4.

;[D t/ w/o/ wkbek i/ ;[y jw/Fk ukjt/I s{zI . njksk fJe tbkfJe/ ftu pokvK gkt/I sz{ . e'mk w/o/ tk;s/ i/ o'FBdkB b[nkt/I sz{.

njks/ ns/ poKv/ ftZu y[obh g'u oykt/I sz{ . fuZeV j'D Bk d/thI EZb/ ;[Zeh irQk oykJhI sz{ . gZm/ ukohI e[so e[so e/ u'oh edh Bk gkJh sz{ . gkDh w?~ sk}k y{j'I eZY fgbkJh sz{ . e[opkB iktKrk s/o/ T[s'I go ;j[z Bk w/oh ykJhI sz{ . t/y w/ohnK ukbK fco sz{ ikw/I BjhI ;wkt/Irk . ed/ rohp Bk j't/Irk sz[ e'm/ Godk ikt/Irk . ykDh ns/ jzvkth wkbe y[FhnK ;dk wBkt/Irk . eo ;/tk @eosko# e"w dh ;[or j[bko/ ykt/Irk . Nambardar Kartar Singh, "Dangran Di Fariad" Lobana Sewak, May 1955, p.16.

55

had been combined and cooperated to each other. The production of crops was

facilitated by the use of animals as beasts of burden and motive power to draw

ploughs and other agricultural implements, to transport crops and to tread out grain, to

operate machines for grinding grain, irrigating fields, etc.38 They got milk from

buffaloes and cows. Extra milk and ghi were sold. It generated extra income. With the

mechanization of agriculture, there was notable decrease in the number of their

animals. In the end of twentieth century, they had animals to get milk only.

As they mainly settled in the bet areas, they were engaged in small scale

industry. The raw-material was available for making twines, ropes and grass mats.

They also made sutli from san. In their spare times, they remained busy for making

the above mentioned items for their domestic use and also for sale. Later on, their

small scale industry which was based on raw material of bet decreased day by day due

to the non-availability of raw material.39 The participation of the Lubanas in trade and

modern industry was considerable.40

Education was indispensable mean for securing employment in government

services.41 With the spread of education, they were able to avail the concessions of

backward class. So, they were able to join the civil services. They became doctors,

engineers, lawyers, teachers, tehsildars, lecturers, professors, and principals in schools

and colleges. They also joined Punjab Civil services and Indian Administrative

Services and Indian Postal Services.42

38. Peter B. Hammond, Cultural and Social Anthropology, The Mac million Company, New York

1964, p.37.

39. DG Ludhiana 1970, p.150 and DG Gurdaspur, 1979, p.144.

The term small scale unit includes all industrial units with a capital investment of not more

than Rs. twenty lac irrespective of the number of persons employed in it. Capital investment

for this purpose will mean investment in plant and machinery only: S. Jagtar Singh Kundles,

"Small Scale Industry-How to Start It?", Lobana Sewak, January 1982, p.36.

40. K.S. Singh, India's communities, Vol. V, p. 1975 .

41. M.N. Srinivas, Social Change in Modern India, p.114.

42. The Lubanas of Pepsu were included in the backward classes. Notification No. 6 dated

29.09.1953 by Pepsu Govt. Backward Classes Department. In 1956, the Lubanas of Punjab

were included in the list of Backward Classes. Notification No. 28585-WG-56/6014 dated

06.10.1956.

fJBQK ;e{bK dh pd'bs nZi b[pkDk GkJhuko/ d/ ikfJnk B/ c"ih ;/tktK, f;tb ;/tktK, i{vhFb ;/tktK, w?vheb y/so, fJzihBhno y/so s/ j'o y/soK ftZu tZvhnk wZbK wkohnK jB ns/ wko oj/ jB L S. Bhagat Singh (IAS), "Sant Prem Singh Ji Di Wadmuli Den", Lobana Sewak, Vol. 31.

No. 11, pp.8-9.

gVQ-fbZy e/ fJ; pokdoh d/ ftnesh jo y/so ftZu T[̀uhnK-T[̀uhnK gdthnK d/ g[i rJ/, fJj f;bf;bk j[D ikoh jh oj/rk. ;kv/ e'b iZi, w?i;No/N c"ih nca;o, j?vwk;No, fgqz;hgb, vkeNo, fJzihno nkfd ekch frDsh ftZu jB L Gulcharan Singh, Jiwni Sant Prem Singh Ji (Murala),

p.72.

56

The service in the army and police was the popular subsidiary occupation of

the agriculturist Lubanas. The Sikh Lubanas mainly served in the army. Due to

partition of the Punjab, their resettlement, scheme of graded cuts during allotment and

allotment of less fertile land increased their economic difficulties.43 So, their

dependence on military service increased. Due to strong military background, most of

their young boys joined army. Most of the Lubana families had ex-servicemen.44 They

also inspired the young boys to join army. Moreover, their periodical Lobana Sewak

(monthly) which was started in September 1954 advertised the dates and places of

recruitment.45 Besides, the Lobana Sewak Sabha which was their important

association passed many resolutions for maximum recruitment of the Lubanas in the

army.46 In their literature, they desired for higher ranks in the army and inspired to

make sacrifices for the country.47

It is important to mention that all their settlements were nurseries for military

service.48 Characterized by simplicity, hardiness and love for adventure the Lubana

Sikhs were well known for their valour and chivalry. On account of these qualities,

they had proved themselves as valuable soldiers in the Indian army and had

distinguished themselves in many battlefields.49 In October 1962, there was a war

between India and China. A good number of the Lubanas in defence forces fought the

43. The scheme of graded cuts was a harsh and cruel measure: The Tribune, 18-9-1983, p.3;

District and State Gazetteer of the Undivided Punjab (Prior to Independence), p.564 and

Manual of Reservation for Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes in service, Government of

Punjab, Department of Welfare (reservation cell), Chandigarh 1995, p.15.

44. Harinder Singh, Nangal Lubana 1956-88: Study of Socio-Economic Change, p.17.

45. c""ih Gosh fJ; wjhB/ ftZu 23 i[bkJh ;'wtko ~ fgzv Bvkbk, f}bQk eg{oEbk ftZu 9 t}/ j't/rh L "Zaruri Suchnawan" Lobana Sewak, July 1956, p.28.

46. Monthly Meeting of Lobana Sewak Sabha was arranged in Nagar Amar Singh Dian Taprian,

Tehsil Ropar, Distt. Ambala on 22nd and 23

rd June 1956. fJ; s'I pknd j/m fby/ r[ows/ ;op

;zwsh Bkb gk; j'J/ L wsk Bzpo 6 fJ; fJbke/ ftZu pj[s pko/ ;[jD/ itkB jB, fJBQK ~ c"i ftZu Gosh ehsk ikt/ L Major Sharan Singh, "Vichhrhe Vir Mile" Lobana Sewak, July 1956,

p.24.

47. j[D c"i nzdo egskB s/ w/io, pD/ eJh eoB?b sZeKrk. J/E/ pZ; Jh BjhAI fJ; s'I tZX e/, c"iK ftZu ioB?b sZeKrk. oD G{wh ftZu bV e/ :"X/, d/F bJh j'Id/ x?b sZeKrk L S. Sardar Singh Dardi, "Kaum De Naujawan", Lobana Sewak, February 1955, Vol. I, No. 5,

p.18.

48. The district is known as "Soldier District". Ten thousands from the district are serving in the

army, number of ex-servicemen in the district is fifteen thousands. Nadala block (mainly in

habited by the Lubanas) is considered to be the nursery of military recruitment. B.S. Brar,

Kapurthala Directory, Bar Publicity Bureau, Kapurthala 1984, p.59.

49. M.S. Randhawa, Out of The Ashes, p.61. The Lobanas is an important martial tribe in the

Punjab, Speech of Dr. Gopi Chand Bhargava, The Hon'ble Chief Minister of Punjab, Punjab

Vidhan Sabha Debates, dated 28th February, 1951, Vol. III, No. 1, Official Report,

Wednesday, 28th February to 16/3/1951, p.17. fjzd[;skB ftZu tDikok iksh fJZe F{otho iksh j? LPrem Singh, Wanjaza Jati, Ander Sikhi Jazba" Gurdwara Gazette, May 1955, p.53.

57

war. They displayed gallantry, determination and devotion to duty on the border of

Nefa and Ladakh. Many of them sacrificed their lives. Their valuable services were

recognized by the Punjab government. S. Partap Singh Kairon, the Chief Minister of

the Punjab laid the foundation stone of War Memorial in Nangal Lubana in Bholath

tahsil of Kapurthala district on 23rd March 1964.

50 S. Puran Singh Azad took a leading

50. B/ck s/ bdky d/ FjhdK dh :kdrko dk BhIj gZEo ;qH gqskg f;zx e?o'I w[Zy wzsqh gzikp B/ Bzrb b[pkDk fty/ nkgD/ gftsq jZEK Bkb 23-03-64 ~ oZfynk FjhdK d/ Bkw

BkfJe ;kX{ f;zx Bzrb b[pkDk Fgkjh fpeo f;zx Bzrb b[pkDk ## i'frzdo f;zx fwnkBh GZr{g[ohnK

## wfjzdo f;zx fJpokjhwtkb ## wzrb f;zx G'bZE ## pyFhF f;zx bZyB e/ gZv/ b?; BkfJe wfjzdo f;zx Ge{tkb ihHvhH n?;Hn?wH nwo f;zx fbNK L

Inscription, Government Senior Secondary School, Nangal Lubana, tahsil Bholath district

Kapurthala. 1962 ftZu uhB d/ :[ZX ;w/I GNB{ok b[pkDk sfj;hb ns/ f}bk ibzXo d/ 450 B"itkB Gkosh c"i ftZu ;kwb ;B, T[BQk ftZu 20 B"itkB ;ojZdK dh okyh eod/ j'J/ Fjhd j'J/ L Gurmit Singh Hans, "Dairy Bhatnura Lubana", Daily Ajit, 08-10-1994.

Table-1 List of Gallantry Awards of Distt. Kapurthala in Indo-China War.

Sr.

No.

Army No. Rank Name Award

Regt/

Corps

Award dt. Remarks

37. JC-84822 Honorary

Captain

Gian

Singh

Mention

in

Dispatch

17 Para

Field

Regiment

1962 VPO Nurpur

Lubana Teh.

Distt. Kapurthala

42. 12203913 Havildar Swaran

Singh

-do- Artillery 15-06-1963 VPO Nangal

Lubana Teh.

Bhaloth Distt.

Kapurthala

Districts Sainik Welfare Office, Kapurthala, p.16.

The following Sepoys gave up their lives in the battle-field during Indo-China War.

Sr.

No.

Army

No.

Rank Name Regiment

/Unit

Date of

Operation &

Date

Casualty

Permanent Home

Address

7. F3349275 Sepoy Karnail Singh Sikh

Regiment

16-11-1962 V.P.O. Tanda Ram Sahai

Teh. Dasuya Distt.

Hoshiarpur.

8. 3349228 Sepoy Rawail Singh -do- 16-11-1962 V. Ghore Shahwan P.O.

Ranipind. Teh. Dasuya

Distt. Hoshiarpur.

9. 3349853 Sepoy Surjit Singh -do- 16-11-1962 V. Chak Bamu P.O.

Alampur, Teh. Dasuya,

Distt. Hoshiarpur

18. 3345533 Sepoy Joginder Singh -do- 19-11-62 VPO Zahura Teh.

Dasuya District

Hoshiarpur.

58

part in mobilising the youth and students to work for the defence of the country

during and after the treacherous Chinese aggression in 1962. He published two

booklets, Role of Indian Youth to Defend their Motherland, and Indian Youth Accepts

Challenges.51 Besides, he led in October 1964, an Indian delegation of various youth

organizations in the country to World Youth Forum at Moscow where he spoke very

boldly and successfully against Chinese aggression on India and correctly explained

India's stand to the various participating world deliberations to that Forum.52

Immediately after the Indo-China War of 1962, an emergency commission

was granted to good number of Lubanas. After some time some of them were

discharged from regular army. They were adjusted in Central Reserve Police Force

and Border Security Force. They were able to get very high ranks in the para military

forces. It is important to note that S. Swaran Singh a resident of Raipur Pirbuxwala

became Commandant in Central Reserve Police Force. For his distinguished services,

he was honoured by the President of India on 26th January 1990.

53 S. Gurbachan

Singh of Nangal Lubana became commandant in Border Security Force. Besides,

Maninder Singh of Tanda Ram Sahai also became commandant in Border Security

Force. He was honoured for his meritorious services.54 Those, who were discharged

from the army, were considered ex-servicemen. They were able to adjust themselves

in civil services, So they were appointed school lecturers and headmasters in various

govt. high and higher secondary schools. Among them, Bawa Sangat Singh a resident

of village Begowal was promoted to district education officer. He was appointed a

21. 3348167 Sepoy Puran Singh -do- 19-11-62 V. Gorsian Kothe P.O.

Miani, Teh. Dasuya

Distt. Hoshiarpur

32. JC-4016 Subedar Sansar Singh -do- 16-11-62 VPO Umarpur, Teh

Dasuya Distt. Hoshiarpur

71. 4437701 Sepoy Malkiat

Singh

-do- Operation

Olympus

21-11-62

V. Bhoolpur, P.O. Miani

Teh Dasuya Distt.

Hoshiarpur

85. 2334574 Havildar Darshan Singh Punjab

Regiment

Operation

Loghorn 21-

10-62

VPO Ibrahimpur Teh.

Dasuya Distt. Hoshiarpur

District Sainik Welfare Office, Hoshiarpur, p.1-9.

51. Punjab Legislative Council Who's Who (As on 27th April 1964), Punjab Legislative Council,

Secretariat, Chandigarh, 1964, p.9.

52. Punjab Legislative Counci Who's Who (As on 27th April 1966), Punjab Vidhan Parishad

Secretariat, Chandigarh, 1966, p.9.

53. He was appointed as Emergency Commissioned Officer in the army on 06/10/1993. Proforma

'A' Recommendation for the Award of President's Police Medal for distinguished service on

the Occasion of Republic Day, 1990.

54. Commandant G.B. Singh, Lobana Sewak, October-December, 1986, p.22.

59

member of Department of Selection Committee for the recruitment of Class-III and

Class-IV posts in the department of education.55

The Lubana distinguished themselves in the Indo-Pak War of 1965. Lt. Col.

Gulcharan Singh commanded three platoons in Kashmir and occupied 25 square miles

area of Pakistan.56 They sacrificed their lives for their motherland.

57 They showed

bravery in the war and were honoured with Sena Medals and mention-in-Dispatches.58

55. The Government of Punjab pleased to constitute the following Department Selection

Committees for the Recruitment of Class-III and Class-IV posts in the Department of

Education, Punjab in terms of instructions contained in the Punjab Government, (Department

of Personnel and Administrative Reforms) Circular Letter No. 12/30/86-IGE/5139 dated 15

April, 1986

56. Gulcharan Singh, Jiwni Sant Prem Singh Ji (Murala). p.124.

57.

Sr.

No.

Army

No.

Rank Name Regt./

Unit

Name of

Operation &

Date of

Causality

Permanent

Address

Remarks

8. 3355792 Sepoy Charan

Singh

Sikh

Regiment

Operation

Riddle

6-9-1965

V. Bhushan

P.O. Sabdalpur

Teh. Dasuya

Distt.

Hoshiarpur.

65. 2439076 Havildar Pritam

Singh

Punjab

Regiment

Operation

Olympus

5-9-1965

VPO Porika

Teh Mukerian

Distt.

Hoshiarpur

76. 2445433 Sepoy Santokh

Singh

-do- Operation

Riddle

19-9-1965

-do

77. 2437214 Sepoy Jaswant

Singh

-do- Operation

Riddle

19-9-1965

VPO Jalalpur,

Tehsil Dasuya

Distt.

Hoshiarpur.

78. 2453170 Sepoy Piara

Singh

-do- Operation

Riddle

22-9-1965

VPO Tanda

Ram Sahai

Tehsil Dasuya

Distt.

Hoshiarpur.

87. 2450721 Sepoy Joginder

Singh

-do- Operation

Riddle

27-11-1965

v. Ckakbamu,

P.O. Alampur

Tehsil Dasuya

Distt.

Hoshiarpur

List of Casualties, District Sainik Welfare, Hoshiarpur, p.1-7.

58. Table1. List of Gallantry Awardees of Distt. Kapurthala.

Sr.

No.

Army

No.

Rank Name Awards Regt.

/Corps

Award

Date

Address

27. JC-80868 Sub-Maj

Honorary

Captain

Piara

Singh

Sena

Medal

7 Punjab

Regiment

1965 V. Fatehgarh, P.O.

Miani Bhagupurian

Teh. Bholath Distt.

Kapurthala

60

S. Puran Singh Azad was the director of first Border Youth National Service Camp

organized by him at Khemkaran from 4th July to 16

th July 1966, to help the war

affected people of Khemkaran area.59

The Lubana showed courage and bravery in the Indo-Pak War of 1971. R.S.

Sujlana was commissioned into 9th Batalian of the Sikh Regiment in June 1971. As a

young officer, he took part in the war.60 Many Lubanas laid down their lives for their

country. They were honoured with various awards like Sena Medals, Mention-in-

despatches, Vashist Sewa Medals and Vir Chakra.61 It is important to mention that

Sepoy Ajit Singh son of S. Mukhtiar Singh of village Kaulpur tahsil Dasuya district

Hoshiarpur was a gunner radio operator with the forward observation officers party

during the attack on an enemy position in the Fazilka sector. On the night of 8th

December 1971, during the assault, he was struck by a shell splinter and was seriously

40. JC-35026 Subedar Jaswant

Singh

Mention

in

Dispatch

14 Punjab 1965 VPO Maksudpur,

Tehsil Bholath Distt.

Kapurthala

41. 1148218 Hav. Harbhajan

Singh

-do- 13 Field

Regt.

1965 -do-

District Sainik Welfare Office, Kapurthala, pp.1-6.

59. Punjab Vidhan Parishad Who's Who (As on 27th April 1966), Punjab Vidhan Parishan

secretariat, Chandigarh, 1966, p.9.

60. Lieut. Gen. Sujlana is PPSC Chairman" The Tribune, 23 November 2011, p.5.

61. Table: 1 - List of Gallantry Awardees of Distt. Kapurthala.

Sr.

No.

Army No. Rank Name Award Regt./Cor

ps

Award

Date

Address

34. JC-51728 Risaldar

Honorary

Captain

Arjun Singh Mention in

Dispatch

Armed

Corps

19.1.72 V. Raipur Pir

Bakshwala Teh,

Bholath, Distt.

Kapurthala

43. 13801546 Sepoy Reghbir

Singh

-do- 24 Army

Supply

Corps

2.1.72 VPO Nurpur

Lubana Teh.

Distt. Kapurthala

52. 3341235 Company

Havildar

Major

Tehal Singh Sena Medal Sikh

Regiment

4.17.71 V. Fatehgarh,

P.O. Maini Teh.

Bholath Distt.

Kapurthala

65. 656471 Master

Chief Petty

Officer -II

Joginder

Singh

Naval

Service

Decoration

Navy Dec 71 -do-

35. JC-86928L Subedar

Major

Honorary

Captain

Fateh Singh Mention in

Dispatch

24 Punjab

Regiment

7.12.71 VOP Raipur

Arian Teh.

Bholath Distt.

Kapurthala

66. 10991 Squadron

Leder

Baldev

Singh

Vashist

Sewa

Medal

Air Force 26.1.74 V. Naurangpur

P.O. Begowal,

Tehsil Bholath

Distt. Kapurthala

61

wounded. Unmindful of his injuries, he continued to operate the radio set transmitting

the orders. As a result of which accurate artillery fire was brought down on the

enemy. In that action, Gunner Ajit Singh displayed gallantry, devotion and dedication

to duty of a high order. He showed great bravery in Fazilka sector and was honoured

with 'Vir Chakra by the Government of India.62

S. Swaran Singh who was a Deputy Superintendent of 16th Batalion, Central

Reserve Police Force contributed a lot towards the over all successful performance of

the Central Reserved Police during the Indo-Pak War of 1971. His valuable services

were appreciated by the Director General of Central Reserve Police Force for his

exceptional devotion to duty, loyalty and perserving hard work in the national

interest.63

They also took part in the campaigns of Sri Lanka in 1989 and Kargil in 1999.

They displayed gallantry, determination and devotion to duty. Naik Sukhdev Singh,

No. 13746410 of a Para-commando, displayed conspicuous courage, bravery and

valour in action against the militants. He was rocket launcher number one of I Troop

Alfa Team in Sri Lanka. On 4 March, 1989 the team faced a strong militant camp of

approximately 150. Under heavy fire, Naik Sukhdev Singh deployed his rocket

launcher. He was injured by a claymore mine, but continued to fire his rocket

launcher, warding off determined efforts by the militants to assault and encircle the

team. He continued to fire for nearly 90 minutes, till he was seriously hit in the head

and was evacuated. He later succumbed to injuries on 13 March, 1989. So, he was

List of Gallantry Awarders of District Kapurthala, District Sainik Welfare Office, Kapurthala,

pp.1-6; Gallantry/ Distinguished Defence/ Civilian Award Records Register, p.54 and Giani

Hem Singh, "Vir Chakra", Lobana Sewak, November-December 1994, p.9.

In Hoshiarpur the following were the Gallantry Awardees.

Sr.

No.

Army

No.

Rank Name Award Award Date Address

17. 3357455 Sepoy Gurdip Singh Mention

in

Dispatch

1971 V. Godra Tehsil Dasuya

19. Naik Dhian Singh -do- 1971 V. Tahli Tehsil Dasuya

Distt. Hoshiarpur

List of Gallantry Awardees of Hoshiarpur district, p. 1-6.

62. Citation, Citation in respect of Gunner (Operator Radio Artillery) Ajit Singh (1243715), The

Regiment of Artillery, awarded Vir Chakra. Government of India, Ministry of Defence, New

Delhi.

63. It has given me great pleasure to learn of your signal contribution towards the overall

successful performance of the CRPF during the 1971 Indo-Pak War. Amad Ali, Director

General Central Reserve Police Force's Letter No. M.II-5/72-dated 21st June 1972, to Shri

Swaran Singh Dy. S.P. 16th Batalion, Central Reserve Police Force.

62

honoured with Vir Chakra posthumously on April 13, 1990.64 Many other Lubanas

sacrificed their lives in Sri Lanka and Kargil. For instance, Captain Ajit Singh s/o

Mukhtiar Singh resident of Kaulpur tahsil Dasuya distt. Hoshiarpur, sacrificed his life

in an encounter with militants in Doda district in Srinagar in 22-06-1994. On 22nd

June 1994, Captain Ajit Singh of 229 Field Regiment was leading a quick reaction

team in civil vehicles to apprehend approximately 12 militants of Hizbul Mujahideen

group camping in village Khanan. As the leading vehicle stopped 800 meters short of

village Khanan to cordon it from two sides, militants opened fire with automatic

weapons from the hills in front and to the right. The initial burst severely injured him

in the right arm. Undaunted by the injury, he jumped from the vehicle and opened fire

on the militants. He organized other ranks from the second vehicle and gave covering

fire to an assaulting team under another officer. Simulteneously, exhibiting

conspicuous bravery, totally unmindful of injury and personal safety, he assaulted the

militants while firing from hip, killing Gulam Muhammad, a Pakistani trained

militant. During the assault he was injured for the second time in abdomen. He was

immediately evacuated to 92 Base hospital where he later succumbed to his injuries.

For this courage, Captain Ajit Singh was recommended for the award of 'Sena Medal'

(Posthumously).65 Major Kamal Gulzar Singh son of Major Kartar Singh resident of

Jalandhar sacrificed his life at Kupwara in Kargil sector of Jammu and Kashmir in

counter insurgency operation on 23rd July 1999. Naik Sajjan Singh sacrificed his life

in 1989 in Sri Lanka.66

64. India's Highest Gallantry Awards and the Men Who Won Them 1947-1995, p.761.

65. Sena Medal (Gallantry) 22/06/1994.

CAPTAIN Ajit Singh (RC-554) VIR CHAKRA, ARTILLERY (POSTHUMOUS).

Gazette of India Notification No. 183-Pres./95 dated 15 August 1995 published in part-I,

Section-I of the Gazette of India dated 07 October 1995.

66. List in the District Sainik Welfare Office, Jalandhar, p.5. Giani Hem Singh, "Vir Chakra",

Lobana Sewak, Nov.-Dec. 1994, p.9.

Sr.

No.

Army

No.

Rank Name Regt. Date of

causality

Place of

Casualty

Address

53. 3371156 Naik Sujan

Singh

Sikh 1989 Sri Lanka VPO Begowal

Tehsil Bhalath,

Distt. Kapurthala

101. IC-

45086

Major Kamal

Gulzar

Singh

5/9

Grenadier

3-7-99 Kargil 112, Vivek Vihar,

Jalandhar.

War/Campaign Wise State of War Widows since Independence, e.g. 1947-48, 1962, 1956, 1971

and Kargil War, Sainik Welfare Office, Jalandhar, p.5. "Major killed" The Indian Express, July

5, 1999, p.1.

63

The Lubana girls also became commissioned officer in the army. Navneet

Lubana daughter of Jagtar Singh resident of Kapurthala was selected as a

commissioned officer in 2001.67 She did her training in Officers Training Academy,

Madras in March 2002. She did her training with distinction and was honoured with

silver medal.68

Some of the Lubanas got commission in the army. They were promoted to the

ranks of Captain, Major, Lieutenant Colonel, Colonel, Brigadiers and Major General.

They were honoured with Vashisht Sewa Medals, Mention-in-Despatches and Vir

Chakra. Thus, they got an opportunity to move up in the society.69 The pay and

67. "Bale Ni Punjab Die Sher Bachie" Ajit, 19-03-2002.

68. Navneet Lubana, Himti Aurat Lai Kujh Mushkal Nahin", Ajit, 23-03-2002.

69. List of Gallantry Awardees of District Kapurthala, District Gurdaspur District, District Sainik

Welfare Office, Gurdaspur, pp.1-6; Distinguished Service Awards District Jalandhar, District

Sainik Welfare Office, Jalandhar, pp.1-6, India's Highest Gallantry Awards and Men Who

Won Them 1947-1995, The Defence Review, New Delhi 1995, p.761.

The following table shows the military officers of the Lubanas, their ranks and addresses

Sr. No. Name Rank Address

1. S. Tarlok Singh

Chaudhry

Major

General

V. Miani Afganan tahil Dasuya, district

Hoshiarpur.

2. S. Jagir Singh Brigadier Sector- 27, Chandigarh.

3. Dr. Daljitam Singh Brigadier V. Begowal, tahsil Bholath, district Kapurthala

4. Kuldeep Singh Colonel 265, New Jawahar Nagar, Jalandhar City.

5. S. Mohinder Singh

Pelia

Colonel V. Subhanpur tahsil & distt. Kapurthala.

6. S. Gulcharan Singh Lt. Col. 196, Model Town, Jalandhar City.

7. S. Partap Singh Lt. Col. 92, Sector-18 A, Chandigarh.

8. S. Harnam Singj Lt. Col. 189, New Jawahar Nagar, Jalandhar City.

9. S. Gurdial Singh Lt. Col Tanda, tahsil Dasuya, district Hoshiarpur

10. Khazan Singh Lt. Col. 85, Purana Road, Jalandhar Cantt.

11. S. Kulwant Singh

Bhagiana

Lt. Col. Dakha, Jalandhar City.

12. S. Thaman Singh Lt. Col. V. Begowal, tahsil Bholath, distt. Kapurthala

13. S.Surinder Singh

Chaudhary

Lt. Col. V. Miani Afganan, tahsil Dasuya, distt.

Hoshiarpur

14. S.Mukhtiar Singh Lt.Col. V. Gilzian, tahsil Dasuya, distt. Hoshiarpur

15. S. Gurcharan Singh Lt.Col 253, Lajpat Nagar, Jalandhar City.

16. S. Kuldip Singh

Multani

Lt. Col. V.P.O. Nadala, tahsil Bholath, distt.

Kapurthala.

17. S. Rajinder Singh Lt. Col. V. Mandi Road, P.O. Nangal Lubana, distt.

Kapurthala

18. S. Sood Singh Lt. Col. V.P.O Jalalpur, tahsil Dasuya, distt.

Hoshiarpur.

19. S. Banta Singh Major 334, Defence Colony, Jalandhar City.

20. S. Jetha Singh Major 85, Purana Road, Jalandhar Cantt.

21. S. Lachhman Singh Major V.P.O. Nangal Lubana, tahsil Bholath, distt.

Kapurthala.

22. S. Mehar Singh Major Balarwal, distt. Gurdaspur.

23. S. Shamsher Singh Major 253, Lajpat Nagar, Jalandhar City.

24. S. Harnam Singh Major Defence Colony, Jalandhar City.

25. S. Satbir Singh Major 547, Sirajgang, Jalandhar City.

64

pension improved their economic condition. During service, they visited different

parts of the country. They had more exposure.70 They became better citizens. Military

services inculcated discipline and other good qualities among them. Moreover, they

became aware of the wider social order and new value system. It generated new social

aspirations among them.71

A good number of the Lubanas joined police, Border Security Force and

Central Reserve Police Force. The traditional Kabaddi game facilitated their

recruitment in the police. Due to good performance in Kabaddi games, they were

promoted to the ranks of Assistant Sub-Inspector, Sub Inspector and Deputy

Superintendent of Police. S. Balkar Singh resident of Bhatnura Lubana, district

Jalandhar, qualified for Indian Police Service.72 Moreover, Captain K.B.S. Jallo son

“Know Thy Brethren-3” Lobana Sewak, October- December 1982, p.45.

“Know Thy Brethren -4” Lobana Sewak, April – June 1983 pp.54-55.

70. Satish Sabharwal, Mobile Men: A Limit to Social Change in the Urban Life, pp.11-12.

71. Gulcharan Singh, "Lekhak Bare", Jiwni Sant Prem Singh Ji (Murala), p.122. and List of

Executive Committee Members of Sant Prem Singh Lubana Welfare, Society, Regd. 278-S,

Model Town, Jalandhar, Sr. No. 1-37.

72. The following table shows the recruitment of the Lubanas in police on the basis of their

performance of Kabaddi :

Sr.

No.

Name Father's Name Address Date of

Joining

Rank in 2002

1. Amarjit

Singh

S. Makhan Singh V. Fatehgarh

P.O. Begowal,

Distt.

Kapurthala

1.10.1975 Deputy

Superintendent.

of Police

2. Balwinder

Singh

(Fidda)

S. Banta Singh V. Tandi P.O.

Ibrahimwal

Distt.

Kapurthala

15.11.1979 -do-

3. Gurkewal

Singh

S. Gian Singh V.P.O.

Ibrahimwal

Distt.

Kapurthala

11.6.1979 -do-

4. Mohinder

Mohan

Singh

S. Karan Singh VPO Begowal

Distt.

Kapurthala

1.11.1975 -do-

5. Shivdev

Singh

S. Pala Singh V. Fatehgarh

P.O. Begowal

Distt.

Kapurthala

1.10.1975 -do-

6. Satnam

Singh

S. Sewak Singh V.P.O.

Alampur

Distt.

Hoshiarpur

7.7.1986 Assist Sub

Inspector

7. Sukha

Singh

S. Ajeet Singh VPO

Maksudpur

Distt.

Kapurthala

18.5.1985 Sub. Inspector

65

of Major Narinder Singh Jallo was selected for Punjab Police Service in 1990. S.

Harbhajan Singh Son of Gian Singh resident of village Bains Awan was selected for

Punjab Police Service in 1994.73

The Lubana girls availed the benefit of reservation of seats and age relaxation

due to their inclusion in the lists of backward classes and backward areas.74 By getting

higher education, they became school teachers and school and college lecturers in

good numbers. Teaching was the most popular profession for them.75 Surinder Kaur

Rupiyal was selected for National Teacher Award in 1998. She was honoured on

Teacher's Day on 5 September 1998.76 They also became doctors, lawyers, civil

engineers and child development and project officers.77 Bakshish Kaur qualified

Punjab Civil Service Judicial examination in 1965. She was appointed sub-judge and

civil judge magistrate in 1965 in Jalandhar. She was promoted to Additional Session

Judge in 1984 and to District Session Judge in 1992. From 1994-1998, she remained

Judicial Officer as Legal Remembrance in Punjab Secretariat, Chandigarh. She was

the first women judicial officer. On 14th May 1999, she was appointed as a judge in

the Punjab and Haryana High Court at Chandigarh. She retired from that post on 6th

8. Udham

Singh

S. Mukhtiar Singh VPO

Ramgarh

Distt.

Kapurthala

1.10.1974 -do-

9. Pardhan

Singh

S. Thakur Singh V. Firoze

Sangowal

P.O. Begowal

Distt.

Kapurthala

1.1.1981 Left as

constable.

R.S. Gill, Grit Glory The Magnificent Performance of the Punjab Police in Sports 1925-2001,

Phulkian Press, Patiala 2002, pp.390-401.

73. Lobana Sewak, June 1996, p.10.

74. FACILITIES EXTENDED TO BACKWARD CLASSES IN THE STATE: -

S. Partap Singh Kairon's, Hon'ble Chief Minister of the Punjab's, answer to Question No. 2015

of S. Atma Singh

(i) 2 per cent seats have been reserved for them in state government services and for

admission in the educational, technical and professional institutions on the basis of

population in the Punjab.

(ii) Candidates belonging to these classes have been granted age concession for entry

into service under the Punjab State Government.

Punjab Vidhan Sabha Debates, 14th December 1959, Vol. III, No. 1, Official Report,

Contents, Controller Punjab Stationary, Punjab, Chandigarh, 1960, p.(1)388.

75. S. Milka Singh, Lobana Sewak, April-June 1983, pp. 42-43; Personal Diary of Principal

Waryam Singh, (Retd.) 1 Aman Nagar, Kapurthala Education

76. Lobana Sewak, July-September 1998, p.30.

77. Ajit, 19.03.2002 and 22.03.2002. In 1984, two sisters Smt. Sandip Kaur and Ajit Multani,

were appointed as child development and project officer. Letter No.

1/24/19SW/83/8331/26/4/84.

66

July, 2002.78 Thus, some of the Lubana Girls became gazetted officers. Serving

women sent their children in good educational institutions. Thus, they were able to

raise their standard of living.79

A good number of them joined banking services as clerks, cashiers and

managers.80 They were promoted to manager and chief managers. They showed deep

sense of responsibility and devotion to their duties. For example Rajinder Singh

resident of village Begowal tashil Bholath district Kapurthala was a clerk-cum-cashier

in Sahal Quazian Branch of Punjab & Sind Bank in Jalandhar district. On 2nd August

1988, Jasbir Singh, Branch Manager handed over to him one set of safe keys. He

came to the office and placed the cash keys in the drawer of the desk. At about 10.00

a.m., terrorists pointed a pistol on the branch manager to open the cash safe. The

branch manager applied the wrong set of keys. The dacoit pressed the trigger and

killed Jasbir Singh.81 Both the dacoits opened fire and shoot at Rajinder Singh four

times. He dropped on the ground. The terrorists thinking that he had died left the

place. Thus, Rajinder Singh displayed exemplary courage and presence of mind and

foiled the bid for looting the bank cash. The President of India approved the award of

'Shaurya Chakra' to Rajinder Singh for his act of gallantry with effect from 2nd

August, 1988.82

They were selected for the posts of Punjab Civil Services Executive Branch

and allied services. Puran Singh Multani was the first Lubana who was selected for

78. Kamaljit Singh, "The Role, Place and Contribution of Lubana Women in Punjab History"

Proceedings Punjab History Conference, 42th session, March 19-21, 2010. p.281. Gradation

and Distribution List of Officers of the Judicial Department, Punjab Corrected up to Ist July

2001. Printed by The Controller of Printing and Stationery, U.T., Chandigarh, 2001, p.2.

79. Personal Diary of Principal Waryam Singh (Retd.) I, Aman Nagar, Kapurthala.

World University Encyclopedia Unabridged, Vol. 16, Book Inc, New York 1986, p.5568.

80. "Know they Brethern_-1" Lobana Sewak, July-September 1982, pp. 44-47.

The following table showing the bank managers of the Lubanas in 1982:

Sr.

No.

Name Designation Posting Address

1 S. Bhagwan

Singh Multani

Manager PNB, Banga, Jalandhar. Ithadgarh, Saifabadi Gate,

Patiala.

2 S. Rawel Singh

Multani

Manager PNB, Shankar, Jalandar 432, New Jawahar Nagar,

Jalandhar City.

3 S. Dalip Singh Manager Punjab & Sind Bank,

Jahura, Hoshiarpur.

VPO. Miani Afgana, tahsil

Dasuya, district Hoshiarpur

4 S. Baldev Singh Manager Punjab & Sind Bank,

Mahalpur, Hoshiarpur.

V. Talwandi Sallan, tahsil

Dasuya, district Hoshiarpur.

“Know Thy Brethren- 1” Lobane Sewak, July- September 1982 PP46-47.

81. President's Secretariat Notification New Delhi, the 26th January 1989 No. 25-Pres/89,

Published in Part-I, Section 1 of the Gazette of India Dated Saturday, The 8th April, 1989,

p.11.

82. Ibid. p. 11.

67

the appointment to the post of PCS (Executive Branch). He was appointed as E.A.C.

on 1st April 1939.

83 He was appointed under secretary, Forests and Games

preservation on 2nd December 1957.

84 On 23

rd April 1986, Sardar Balwinder Singh

resident of Tanda district Hoshiarpur was appointed to the post of Punjab Civil

Service Executive Branch.85 On 28

th May 1988, the names of three Lubana candidates

had been recommended by the Punjab Public Service Commission, Patiala, for

appointment to the posts of Punjab Civil Service allied services.86 Gurmeet Singh a

resident of Talwandi Dadian district Hoshiarpur was appointed to the post of Punjab

Civil Service on 13th March 1996.

87 Kulbir Singh A-I was promoted to Punjab Civil

Services Executive Branch in March 1989. He was appointed Subdivision Magistrate

on 22nd August 2001.

88

Sardar Bhagat Singh was the first Lubana who was directly selected for the

Indian Administrative Services in 1967. He competed successfully at the combined

competitive examination hold in 1966.89 He was appointed to Indian administrative

83. Part V. Gradation List of members of the Punjab Civil Services (Executive Branch)

Punjab Civil list corrected to 1st January, 1958, published by authority compiled in the Punjab

Civil Secretariat, Printed by Controller Printing and Stationery Punjab, p.46.

84. Ibid, p.25

85. Gradation and distribution list of officer of the Indian Administrative Service (Punjab Cadre)

and the Punjab Civil Service (Executive Branch), corrected up to 1st August 2002, p.39.

86.

Sr.

No.

Name Application No. Category

1. Nishan Singh 3966 General Category

2. Makhan Singh 9958 General Category

3. Surinder Singh Garha 11790 Ex-Servicean.

The Tribune, May 29, 1988.



88. Ibid, p. 43.

89. Union Public Service Commission Press Note

Indian Administrative Service etc.

Examination, 1966.

The following are the lists, in order of merit of the candidates

(i) Indian Administrative Services

(ii) Indian Foreign Services

S.No. Name Roll No.

53 Bhagat Singh 4770

Notification No. 3/4/67. AIS (1)

Govt. of India

New Delhi -1 The 31st July 1967.

68

services on probation on 17th April 1967 in Punjab Cadre.

90 He was posted as a

financial commissioner (Revenue) on 8th October 2001.

91

In order to inspire the young generation of the Lubanas for higher jobs, the

editorial board of Lobana Sewak started a new feature of publishing the names,

designations and addresses of the prominent Lubanas who were outstanding in one

field or the other.92 Besides, the Lobana Sewak Sabha had already planned to guide

the unemployed youngmen for proper jobs.93

90. Notification: Under rule 6 of the Indian Administrative Service (recruitment) Rules, 1954, the

present is pleased to appoint the following candidates, who competed successfully at the

combined competitive examination held in 1966, to the Indian Administrative Service on

Probation with effect from the date shown against their name. The state of allotment of these

probation will be notified later.

No. Name Date of Appointment

75 Shri Bhagat Singh 17/04/1967 A.N.

A.N.Batabyani

Under Secretary To The Govt. of Indian

No. 03/04/67 - AIS (i), New Delhi-1

July 1967.



92. List of I.A.S., IPS, PCS

Sr.

No.

Name Designation Address

1. S. Puran Singh I.A.S. Bromley Estate, Bharari, Simla

2. S. Bhagat Singh I.A.S. (Deputy

Commissioner) Faridkot

V. Mukerian Distt. Hoshiarpur

3. S. Gurmit Singh

Lobana

I.P.S. Deputy Director

General (Post & Telegarh),

New Delhi

V. Raipur Pirbuxwala Distt.

Kapurthala

4. S. Balkar Singh IPS (Indian Police Service) V. Bhatnura Distt. Jalandhar

5. S. Gurdial Singh PCS (Judicial) Additional -do-

6. S. Niranjan Singh PCS (Judicial) Additional &

Session Judge

V. Tanda Ram Sahai District

Hoshiarpur

7. Mrs. Bakshish

Kaur

PCS (Judicial) C.J.M. V. Ballarwal District

Gurdaspur

8. S. Mohinder Singh

Lobana

PCS (Judicial Dy. Registrar

Punjab & Haryana High

Court Chandigarh

V. Gohot Pokhar Distt.

Gurdaspur

9. S. Balbir Singh

Multani

PCS (Judicial) A.L.R. Under

Secretary, Law Department

Punjab, Chandigarh

V. Talwandi Dadian, Distt.

Hoshiarpur

10. S. Dhian Singh PCS (Judicial) V. Tahli, Distt. Hoshiarpur

11. S. Darshan Singh

Multani

P.C.S. (Executive) Director,

Local Bodies

V. Jalapur Distt. Hoshiarpur

12. S. Gurbax Singh

Multani

PCS (Executive) SDM Patti V. Talwand Dadian, Distt.

Hoshiarpur

13. S. Balwinder Singh PCS (Executive) E.T.O. -do-

"Know Thy Breathern-I, "Lobana Sewak, July-September, 1982, pp.44-47.

93. “Is Sabha De Mukh Mantav eh Honge”, Lobana Sewak, September 1954, p.6.

69

Dr. Pritam Singh resident of village Begowal, district Kapurthala was

promoted to the post of principal. He remained the principal of Government Medical

Colleges, Amritsar, from 1974 to 1978. Under his proper guidance and inspiration a

good number of doctors were produced by the Lubanas. It is important to note that the

whole family of Dr. Pritam Singh has been known as a family of doctors. In 1978, he

was further promoted to the post of director research and medical education.94 He

retired from that post in 1979. The village Begowal has the distinction of producing

many doctors of medicine and surgery of national and international level.95

94. Pritam Singh, Lobana Sewak, April 1980, p.33.

95. Dr. Brig. Daljitam Singh, “Letter to Editor”, Lobana Sewak, November-December 1998, p.3.

The following table shows the doctors of the Lubanas:

Sr.

No.

Name Degree India or

Abroad

Original Residence

1 Dr. Pritam Singh PCMS(1) India V.P.O. Begowal, tahsil Bholath,

district Kapurthala.

2 Dr. Surjit Singh MD,

Neurologist

U.S.A. V.P.O. Begowal, tahsil Bholath,


3 Dr. Ranjit Kaur MBBBS,

Pathalogist



4 Dr. Satwant Singh MD,

Nefrologist

U.S.A. V. Tanda Mari, district

Gurdaspur.

5 Dr. Kuldip Kaur MBBS,

Psychatrist



6 Dr. Harbhajan

Singh

MBBS,

Surgical

Specialist



7 Dr. Satinder Kaur MBBS U.S.A. W/o Harbhajan Singh, V.P.O.

Begowal, tahsil Bholath, district

Kapurthala.

8 Dr. Paramjit Singh MBBS U.S.A. V.P.O. Begowal, tahsil Bholath,


9 Dr. Sukhbir Kaur MBBS U.S.A. W/o Paramjit Singh, V.P.O.


Kapurthala.

10 Major Dr. Hardev

Singh

B.D.S. Lucknow V.P.O. Begowal, tahsil Bholath,


11 Captain Dr. Baldev

Singh

B.D.S. Poona V.P.O. Begowal, tahsil Bholath,


12 Dr. Surinder Singh MS,

PCMS,

Orthopedic

Amritsar V.P.O. Begowal, tahsil Bholath,


13 Dr. Kanwaljit Kaur MBBS Lucknow W/o Surinderjit Singh, V.P.O.


Kapurthala.

14 Dr. Harbans Singh MBBS U.S.A. V.P.O. Nadala, tahsil Bholath,


15 Dr. Ravinder Singh MBBS Jalandhar V. Gilzian, tahsil Dasuya, distt.

Hoshiarpur.

16 Dr. Gurjit Singh MBBS,

PCMS

Chandigarh V.P.O, Nangal Lobana, tahsil

Bholath, district Kapurthala.

17 Dr. Amrik Singh MBBS Amritsar V. Habibwal, tahsil Bholath,


70

The Lubanas in civil services put on western clothes and met the people of

many castes and religions during the course of their work. In that way, their life-style

gradually underwent change.96 The government jobs improved their economic

conditions and conferred considerable social status on them.97

To sum up, the agriculture was the main occupation of the Lubanas. They

were careful, industrious and acquisitive cultivators. The displaced Lubanas worked

very hard for their proper settlement and became prosperous. They increased the size

of their holding by industriousness and saving from non-conventional sources like

army and civil services and foreign currency. The development of agriculture

improved their economic condition. The Lubanas joined the Indian Army and

distinguished themselves in Indo-China War of 1962, Indo-Pak Wars of 1965 and

1971, in Sri Lanka and Kargil respectively. They were promoted to higher ranks. The

pays and pensions improved their economic conditions and raised their social status.

They became aware of the wider social order and new value system. That generated

new social aspirations among them. A good number of them joined Punjab Police,

Border Security Force and Central Reserve Police Force. With the spread of higher

education, many of them joined civil services. Some of them became gazetted

officers. Many became teachers, lecturers, professors, principals, doctors, lawyers,

clerks and managers in banks. They also joined Punjab Civil Services and Indian

Administrative Services. Their life-style gradually underwent change. The

government services conferred considerable social status on them.

18 Dr. Jagir Singh

Pelia

MBBS,

PCMS

Begowal V. Nangal Lobana tahsil

Bholath, district Kapurthala.

19 Dr. Daljit Singh MBBS,

PCMS

Begowal V. Sahib Da Pind, tahsil

Mukerian, district Hoshiarpur.

20 Dr. Balbir Singh

Ghotra

BDS,

PCMS

Mukerian Mukerian, district Hoshiarpur.

21 Dr. Manraj Singh MBBS Machhiwara Machhiwara, district Ludhiana.

22 Dr. Surinder Singh MBBS Dasuya Mukerian, district Hoshiarpur.

23 Dr. Jasbir Kaur

Multani

MBBS Nadala V.P.O Nadala, tahsil Bholath,

district Kapurthala

24 Capt. Dr. Gurmeet

Singh

A.M.C. Nadala V.P.O Nadala, tahsil Bholath,

district Kapurthala

25 Dr. Rattan Singh MBBS Ajnala V.P.O Begowal, tahsil Bholath,

district Kapurthala

“Know Thy Brethren-2”, Lobana Sewak, October-December 1982, pp.46-47.

96. M.N. Srinivas, Social Change in Modern India, Orient Longman, Delhi 1977, p.134.

97. PHM Van Den Dungun, "Changes in Status and Occupation in Nineteenth Century Punjab"

Soundings in Modern South Asian History (ed. D.A. Low). Widenfield and Nicholson,

London 1968, p.59.

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