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The Muslim World Expands
Chapter 2
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Three great Muslim powers –the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires—emerge between 1300 and 1600. By 1700 all three were in decline.
Main Idea
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What were the causes of the rise and decline of Muslim empires between 1300 to 1700?
Essential Question
The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
Section 1:
Main Idea & Key Terms
The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire that combines many cultures and lasts for more than 600 years
Ghazi
Ottoman
Sultan
Timur the Lame
Mehmed II
Suleyman the Lawgiver
Devshirme
janissary
Turks Move into Byzantium
Turkish Warriors
Many Turks live in Anatolia, on the edge of the Byzantine Empire
Many see themselves as ghazis– warriors who fight for Islam
Turks Move into Byzantium
Osman Establishes a State
1300-1326, Osman builds state in Anatolia
Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans
Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and cannons
Successors expand state through alliances and buying land
Turks Move into Byzantium
Osman Establishes a State
Orkhan, his son, declares himself sultan –overlord
In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople
Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples
Turks Move into Byzantium
Timur the Lame Halts Expansion
Ottoman Empire stops expanding because of warrior and conqueror Tamerlane
Timur defeats the Ottomans in 1402 and burns Baghdad
Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion
Mehmed I Timur leaves the scene and
Mehmed I defeats his bros. for the throne
Murad II
Murad II, Mehmed I’s son, begins expansion
Mehmed II Murad II’s son
Conquerors Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453
Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims
Rebuilds the city
Ottoman Expansion: The Holy Cities
Selim the Grim
Comes to power in 1512
“Effective sultan” and general
Defeated Safavids (Persia), Syria, Palestine, and Northern Africa
Controls Mecca, Medina, and Cairo
Ottoman Expansion: The Holy Cities
Suleyman the Lawgiver/Suleyman the Magnificent
Selim’s son
Rules: 1520-1566
Conquered Belgrade and Rhodes (controlled the Mediterranean)
Controls Northern Africa
1526: Advances into Hungary and Austria
Most powerful monarch
Largest empire in the world
Suleyman the Lawgiver (cont.)
Highly Structured Social Organization
Creates law code, reduces bureaucracy, simplifies taxation
Army uses devshirme
Drafts boys from conquered lands
Trains 30,000 elite soliders—janissaries– loyal only to the sultan
Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion
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Cultural Flowering
• Suleyman’s broad interests lead to an increase in the arts, learning
• Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman
Suleyman the Lawgiver (cont.)
The Empire Declines Slowly
Gradual Fall
Suleyman kills one son and exiles another
Third son inherits the throne, but rules weakly
DEATH TO KIN becomes a trend
Long line of weak sultans leads to the empire’s eventual fall
The Safavid EmpireSection 2:
Main Idea:The SafavidEmpire produce a rich and complex blended culture in Persia
Patterns of Cultural Blending
Cultural Blending in Persia
Between 16th-18th
centuries a Shi’ite Muslim dynasty ruled Persia
Safavid Empire –Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to 18th centuries
Patterns of Cultural Blending
Causes of Cultural Blending
Migration
Conquest
Trade
Religion
Patterns of Cultural Blending
Results of Cultural Blending
Changes in…
Language
Religion
Government
Technology
Racial and ethnic blending, intermarriage
Cultural styles adapted into arts and architecture
Open your books to pg. 79
1. What are the reasons for interaction in the Americas?
2. What are some aspects of cultural diversity?
3. Where on this chart would you insert a row for the Ottoman Empire?
1. Now, with a partner, fill in the information for the Ottoman Empire row
Skill Building: Interpreting the Chart
The Safavids Build an Empire
Safavid Origins
Begins as a religious order named for founder, Safi al-Din
Safavids concentrate on building powerful military
The Safavids Build an Empire
Isma’il Conquers Persia
Fourteen-year-old Isma’ilconquers Iran by 1451
Takes the title of shah –king
Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands the empire
The Safavids Build an Empire
Isma’il “religious tyrant”
Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis of Ottoman Empire
Selim the Grim responds by killing Shi’a in Ottoman Empire
Face-off leads to the border of Iran and Iraq
A Safavid Golden Age
Abbas the Great
Shah Abbas takes throne in 1587
Reforms
Helps create a thriving culture
Military and Gov. reform
Brings in Christian trade
A New Capital
Esfahan – one of the world’s most beautiful cities
A Safavid Golden Age
Art Works
Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles
Carpets
Carpet weaving becomes a national industry
The Dynasty Declines Quickly
The Safavid Empire Weakens
Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons
Safi, Abba’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline
By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans
Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747
{ Class Opening Activity
With a partner, complete the Section 2 Assessment #2-7 on pg. 81
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Main Idea:
The Mughal Empire brought Turks, Persians, and Indians together in a vast empire
The Mughal Empire in IndiaSection 3:
Main Idea:
• Mughal
• Babur
• Akbar
• Sikh
• Shah Jahan
• Taj Mahal
• Aurangzeb
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Mughals, or Mongols, where the muslimwarriors who invaded northwest India.
They will rule much of India from 16th -19th c.
What is a Mughal?
Early History of the Mughals
Background & Conflict
Gupta Empire crumbled in 400s
Begin in 8th c., Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years
Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznidestroys cities, treats Hindus as conquered people, and create a loose empire of Turkish warlords -- Delhi Sultanate
Early History of the Mughals
Delhi Sultanate
33 Sultans rule from Delhi between 13th-16th c
Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398
“for months, not a bird moved in the city”
Early History of the Mughals
Babur Founds an Empire
Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at 11
Is dethroned and driven south into India
Army conquers much of Northern India, forming Mughal Empire
Son, Humayun, loses most of territory
Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan
Critical Thinking Comprehension Check
What can you infer about the
military balance between
Muslims and Hindus between
700 and 1000?
Do you think the comment on
Delhi’s ruin is truthful?
What enabled Babur to found
the Mughal Empire?
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