Chapter 1Matter and Measurement
HW: 1 4 8 15 17 19 21 27 29 35 39 45 53 58 70
1.1 – The Study of Chemistry
Chemistry = Study of matter and the changes it undergoes
Matter = Anything that has mass and occupies space
Property = A characteristic that allows recognition and distinguishing
Atoms = Building blocks of matter
1.1 – The Study of Chemistry
-Properties of matter relate to both the composition and structure of atoms.
Molecules = Combination of atoms.
1.2 – Classification of MatterStates of Matter = s, l, g
-Gas = Vapor. Indefinite volume and shape. Easily compressible. Particles have rotation, vibrational and translational motion.-Liquid = Definite volume. Indefinite shape. Particles have rotational and vibrational motion.-Solid = Definite volume and shape. Particles have rotational motion.
1.2 – Classification of MatterPure Substance = Matter that has distinct
properties that does not vary from sample to sample.
Element = Cannot be broken down (w/out losing it)- 83 naturally occurring-Made of only one kind of atom
1.2 – Classification of MatterCompound = Composed of atoms of 2 or more
elements. Contain two or more kinds of atoms.-Can be broken down chemically, but loses its properties
Law of Constant Composition / Definite Proportions = A pure compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportions
1.2 – Classification of MatterMixture = Combination of two or more
substances-Each keeps its own properties-Can be separated by physical means
Solution = A homogeneous mixtureReview:Homogeneous Mixture = Composition is the same
throughoutHeterogeneous Mixture = Composition is NOT uniform
Classification of Matter
1.3 – Properties of Matter
Physical Property = A property that can be observed without changing identity of a substance-Ex – Dimensions, mass, temperature, bp, mp
Chemical Property = A property that can only be measured by carrying out a chemical change-Ex – Flammability, corrosiveness
Intensive Property = Independent of amount of matter. -Ex – density (m/v), temperature, bp, mp, color
Extensive Property = Dependent on amount of matter-Ex – mass, volume
1.3 – Properties of Matter
Physical Change / Change of State = A change that does not alter identity. Changes physical appearance but not composition
Chemical Change / Chemical Reaction – Substance is transformed into a chemically different substance
1.3 – Properties of MatterSeparation of Mixtures (Possible methods for
separation)1. Filtration – Separates heterogeneous
mixtures2. Distillation – Separates homogeneous
mixtures with components of different boiling points
3. Chromatography – Works for homogeneous mixtures with different solubilities. Typically used on separating colored components.
1.3 – Properties of MatterFiltration
Distillation
Chromatography
1.4 - Measurement
SI = International System of Units (revised metric system)
1.4 - Measurement
Prefixes of the SI:
1.4 - Measurement
SI Units:
1.4 - MeasurementMass = Measure of quantity of matter –
-Independent of gravity
Weight = Force of gravity on an object
1.4 - Measurement
Temperature-Celsius is the everyday scale in most countries-Kelvin – Based on Absolute Zero = OK
K = C + 273.15F = 9/5C + 32 AND C = 5/9(F-32)
1.4 - Measurement
Derived Units:Volume – m3
1 mL = 1 cm3
Density = mass / volume = g/m3
Precision = How close values are to eachother
Accuracy = How close to the true value
1.5 – Uncertainty in MeasurementAccuracy vs. Precision
1.5 – Uncertainty in MeasurementSignificant Figures
Sig Figs (Sig Digs) = The meaningful digits in a measurement or calculation
Rules:1. All nonzero digits are significant.2. Zeroes between two significant figures are
themselves significant.3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are
never significant.4. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant
if a decimal point is written in the number.
1.5 – Uncertainty in MeasurementSig Figs in Calculations
1. For addition and subtraction – Answer must have the same number of DECIMAL PLACES as the measurement with the fewest decimal places.
2. For multiplication and division – Answer must have the same number of SIG FIGS as the measurement with the fewest sig figs
-AP Exam gives you +/- 1 sig fig before a deduction occurs
1.6 - Factor Label Method / Dimensional Analysis
Multiplying by a conversion factor in order to solve a problem.
Be sure to keep track of units and cancel as needed.
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