Chapter 1Matter and Measurement

HW: 1 4 8 15 17 19 21 27 29 35 39 45 53 58 70

1.1 – The Study of Chemistry

Chemistry = Study of matter and the changes it undergoes

Matter = Anything that has mass and occupies space

Property = A characteristic that allows recognition and distinguishing

Atoms = Building blocks of matter

1.1 – The Study of Chemistry

-Properties of matter relate to both the composition and structure of atoms.

Molecules = Combination of atoms.

1.2 – Classification of MatterStates of Matter = s, l, g

-Gas = Vapor. Indefinite volume and shape. Easily compressible. Particles have rotation, vibrational and translational motion.-Liquid = Definite volume. Indefinite shape. Particles have rotational and vibrational motion.-Solid = Definite volume and shape. Particles have rotational motion.

1.2 – Classification of MatterPure Substance = Matter that has distinct

properties that does not vary from sample to sample.

Element = Cannot be broken down (w/out losing it)- 83 naturally occurring-Made of only one kind of atom

1.2 – Classification of MatterCompound = Composed of atoms of 2 or more

elements. Contain two or more kinds of atoms.-Can be broken down chemically, but loses its properties

Law of Constant Composition / Definite Proportions = A pure compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportions

1.2 – Classification of MatterMixture = Combination of two or more

substances-Each keeps its own properties-Can be separated by physical means

Solution = A homogeneous mixtureReview:Homogeneous Mixture = Composition is the same

throughoutHeterogeneous Mixture = Composition is NOT uniform

Classification of Matter

1.3 – Properties of Matter

Physical Property = A property that can be observed without changing identity of a substance-Ex – Dimensions, mass, temperature, bp, mp

Chemical Property = A property that can only be measured by carrying out a chemical change-Ex – Flammability, corrosiveness

Intensive Property = Independent of amount of matter. -Ex – density (m/v), temperature, bp, mp, color

Extensive Property = Dependent on amount of matter-Ex – mass, volume

1.3 – Properties of Matter

Physical Change / Change of State = A change that does not alter identity. Changes physical appearance but not composition

Chemical Change / Chemical Reaction – Substance is transformed into a chemically different substance

1.3 – Properties of MatterSeparation of Mixtures (Possible methods for

separation)1. Filtration – Separates heterogeneous

mixtures2. Distillation – Separates homogeneous

mixtures with components of different boiling points

3. Chromatography – Works for homogeneous mixtures with different solubilities. Typically used on separating colored components.

1.3 – Properties of MatterFiltration

Distillation

Chromatography

1.4 - Measurement

SI = International System of Units (revised metric system)

1.4 - Measurement

Prefixes of the SI:

1.4 - Measurement

SI Units:

1.4 - MeasurementMass = Measure of quantity of matter –

-Independent of gravity

Weight = Force of gravity on an object

1.4 - Measurement

Temperature-Celsius is the everyday scale in most countries-Kelvin – Based on Absolute Zero = OK

K = C + 273.15F = 9/5C + 32 AND C = 5/9(F-32)

1.4 - Measurement

Derived Units:Volume – m3

1 mL = 1 cm3

Density = mass / volume = g/m3

Precision = How close values are to eachother

Accuracy = How close to the true value

1.5 – Uncertainty in MeasurementAccuracy vs. Precision

1.5 – Uncertainty in MeasurementSignificant Figures

Sig Figs (Sig Digs) = The meaningful digits in a measurement or calculation

Rules:1. All nonzero digits are significant.2. Zeroes between two significant figures are

themselves significant.3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are

never significant.4. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant

if a decimal point is written in the number.

1.5 – Uncertainty in MeasurementSig Figs in Calculations

1. For addition and subtraction – Answer must have the same number of DECIMAL PLACES as the measurement with the fewest decimal places.

2. For multiplication and division – Answer must have the same number of SIG FIGS as the measurement with the fewest sig figs

-AP Exam gives you +/- 1 sig fig before a deduction occurs

1.6 - Factor Label Method / Dimensional Analysis

Multiplying by a conversion factor in order to solve a problem.

Be sure to keep track of units and cancel as needed.