QuestionPaperOutsideDelhi2017set1
CBSEClass12PolScience
GeneralInstructions:
Allquestionsarecompulsory.
Questionsnumber1–5areofonemarkeach.Theanswerstothesequestionsshould
notexceed20wordseach.
Questionsnumber6–10areoftwomarkseach.Theanswerstothesequestions
shouldnotexceed40wordseach.
Questionsnumber11–16areoffourmarkseach.Theanswerstothesequestions
shouldnotexceed100wordseach.
Questionsnumber17–21areoffivemarkseach.Theanswerstothesequestions
shouldnotexceed150wordseach.
Questionnumber21isamap-basedquestion.Writeitsanswersinyouranswer-book.
Questionsnumber22–27areofsixmarkseach.Theanswerstothesequestions
shouldnotexceed150wordseach.
1.Highlightanyonefeatureofthemulti-polarworldasvisualisedbybothRussiaand
India.
Ans.(i)Coexistenceofseveralpowersintheinternationalsystem.
(ii)CollectiveSecurityandacollectiveresponse.
(iii)Negotiatedsettlementsofinternationalconflicts.
(iv)Anindependentforeignpolicyforallcountries,
(v)DecisionmakingthroughbodiesliketheUN.
(anyone)
2.Whatwasthesignificanceof‘OperationIraqiFreedom’?
Ans.OperationIraqiFreedomwaslaunchedbyUStopreventIraqfromdeveloping
WeaponsofMassDestruction(WMD).
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3.Giveasuitableexampletoshowthatglobalisationneednotalwaysbepositive.
Ans.i)Somefarmerscommittedsuicidebecausetheircropsfailed.Theyhadboughtvery
expensiveseedssuppliedbyamultinationalcompany(MNC).
(ii)AnIndiancompanyboughtamajorrivalcompanybasedinEurope,despiteprotestsby
someofthecurrentowners.
(iii)Manyretailshopkeepersorsmallbusinessmenhavelosttheirlivelihoodduetothe
economicpoweroftheMNCs.
(iv)AfilmproducerinMumbaiwasaccusedofliftingthestoryofhisfilmfromanotherfilm
madeinHollywood.
(v)Amilitantgroupissuedastatementthreateningcollegegirlswhowearwesternclothes.
(anyoneexample)
4.Whydoesdevelopmenthavedifferentmeaningsfordifferentsectionsofthepeople?
Ans.Toanindustrialistwhoisplanningtosetupasteelplantinaruralarea,andatthe
sametimetotheAdivasiwholivesinthatregiondevelopmentmeansdifferentbecausethey
losetheirforestland.
5.Whyisviolencebetweentwocommunitiesconsideredasathreattodemocracy?
Ans.Becauseviolencedisturbsnotonlythesocialandeconomicinterdependence,butalsoit
adverselyaffectsthesecularsystem.Italsohampersthereligiousfreedomofanindividual.
6.InwhichwaydidthepolicyofNon-AlignmentserveIndia’sinterests?
Ans.Non-alignedpostureservedIndia’sinterestsinatleasttwoways:
(i)Non-alignmentallowedIndiatotakeinternationaldecisionsandstancesthatservedits
interestsratherthantheinterestsofthesuperpowersandtheirallies.
(ii)Indiawasoftenabletobalanceonesuperpoweragainsttheother.IfIndiafeltignoredor
undulypressurizedbyonesuperpower,itcouldtilttowardstheother,neitheralliance
systemcouldtakeIndiaforgranted.
7.Analysethetwopoliticaldevelopmentsof1940sthatledtothedecisionforthe
creationofPakistan.
Ans.Twopoliticaldevelopmentsin1940s:-
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i)ThepoliticalcompetitionbetweentheCongressandtheMuslimLeague.
ii)The‘twonationtheory’advancedbytheMuslimLeague
ii)TheBritishroleandpolicyofdivideandrule.
8.MatchthefollowingmeaningfullyfromthenamesinColumn‘A’withtheinformation
inColumn‘B’:
Column‘A’ Column‘B’
(a)IndiraGandhi (i)AMemberofParliamentfrom1952tillhisdeath
(b)RamManoharLohia (ii)Symbolofoppositionduringemergencyof1975
(c)JaiPrakashNarayan (iii)Nationalisationofbanks
d)JagjiwanRam (iv)BestknownforhissharpattacksonNehru
Ans.
Column‘A’ Column‘B’
(a)IndiraGandhi (iii)(NationalisationofBanks)
(b)RamManoharLohia (iv)(BestknownforhissharpattacksonNehru)
(c)JaiPrakashNarayan (ii)(Symbolofoppositionduringemergencyof1975)
d)JagjiwanRam (i)(AMemberofPraliamentfrom1952tillhisdeath)
9.HowfardidtheRajivGandhiLongowalAccordsucceedinbringingnormalcyin
Punjab?
Ans.(i)RajivGandhi–LongowalAccordwasanimportantsteptowardsbringingnormalcy
toPunjab,butpeacewasnotrestoredeasilyandimmediately.Thecycleofviolence
continuednearlyforadecade
(ii)Peacereturnedbythemiddleof1990s’andthattooafterhavinglotoflosses.
10.Whatwillhappeniftheregionsarenotgiventheirdueshareindecision-makingat
thenationallevel?
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Ans.Ifregionsarenotgivenashareinthenationalleveldecisionmaking,itwilldevelopa
feelingofinjusticeandalienationamongtheregionalpeople.
11.WhatwasthemainobjectivebehindChina’sadoptionoftheSovietmodelof
economy?InwhichtwowayswasChinabenefitedbyit?
Ans.
ThemainobjectivesbehindChina’sadoptionoftheSovietmodelofeconomywere:-
(i)Tocreateastate-ownedheavyindustriessectorfromthecapitalaccumulatedfrom
agriculture.
(ii)Asitwasshortofforeignexchangethatitneededinordertobuytechnologyandgoods
ontheworldmarket,Chinadecidedtosubstituteimportsbydomesticgoods.
Chinahasbenefitedbyitinmanyways:-
(i)ThismodelallowedChinatouseitsownresourcestoestablishthefoundationsofan
industrialeconomythatdidnotexistbefore.
(ii)Employmentandsocialwelfarewasassuredtoallcitizens.
(iii)Chinamovedaheadofmostdevelopingcountriesineducatingitscitizensandensuring
betterhealthforthem.
12.Describeterrorismasanewsourceofthreattosecurity.
Ans.Terrorismasanewsourceofthreat–
i)Itreferstopoliticalviolencethattargetsciviliansindiscriminately.
ii)Theterroristsuseciviliansasaweaponagainstnationalgovernmenttochangeapolitical
contextorconditiontheydonotlike.
iii)Terroristgroupsseektochangeapoliticalcontextorconditionthattheydonotlike.
iv)Civiliantargetsareusuallychosentoterrorisethepublicandtousetheunhappinessof
thepublicasaweaponagainstnationalgovernmentsorotherpartiesinconflict.
v)Example:Planehijacking,plantingbombsintrains,cafes,marketsandothercrowded
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places.
13.ExplainanyfournegativeconsequencesofglobalisationforthepeopleofIndia.
Ans.NegativeconsequencesofglobalizationonIndia:-
(i)ExpensiveseedspurchasedfromMNCscompelledfarmerscommittingsuicidesdueto
cropfailure.
(ii)SlowlyandgraduallyMNCsstartedbuyingIndiancompanies,resultedininstabilityin
market.
(iii)Whilesomeadvancesweremadeincertainarenas,criticalsectorssuchashealth,
housingandprimaryeducationdidnotreceivetheattentiontheydeserved.
(iv)Indiahadafairlysluggishrateofeconomicgrowth.In1991,respondingtoa
financialcrisisandtothedesireforhigherratesofeconomicgrowthwhichyettobe
achieved.
(v)De-regulatedvarioussectorsincludingtradeandforeigninvestment.oranyother
relevantconsequences.
14.HighlightanyfourconsequencesofthepartitionofIndiain1947.
Ans.ConsequencesofpartitionofIndiain1947:-
(i)TheYear1947wastheyearofoneofthelargest,mostabrupt,unplannedandtragic
transferofpopulationthathumanhistoryhasknown.
(ii)Therewerekillingsandatrocitiesinthenameofreligiononboththesides.
(iii)Thousandsofwomenwereabducted.
(iv)Peoplewereforcedtoabandontheirhomesandmoveacrosstheborder.
(v)Womenwerekilledbytheirownfamilymemberstopreservefamilyhonour.
(vi)Alltheintellectualsinvariousfieldsexpressedtheirgriefandanger.
(vii)Minoritiesonbothsidesofborder,fledtheirhomesandsecuredtemporaryshelterin
refugeecamps.
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15.WhatdistinguishedthedominanceoftheCongressPartyinIndiafromtheone-party
dominanceinothercountries?Explain.
Ans.ThedominanceoftheCongressPartyinIndiaisdistinguishedfromtheothercountries
inthefollowingways:-
i)InIndia,democracywasnotcompromisedbydominanceofoneparty.
ii)InIndia,multipartysystemprevailedwhereasinothercountrieslikeChinaandRussia
dominanceofonepartywasduetoonepartysystemonly.
iii)InIndia,therewasnomilitaryinterferencelikethesameinMyanmarandEgypt.
iv)InIndia,dominanceoftheoneparty(Congress)wasduetoitsownpopularitywhich
managedittowinelectionsafterelections.
16.ExaminethedramaticchangesthattookplaceinthepartysysteminIndiaduring
1969to1977.
Ans.ThedramaticchangesthattookplaceinthepartysysteminIndiaduring1969to1977
areasfollows:-
(i)ThefactionalrivalrybetweentheSyndicateandIndiraGandhicameintheopenin1969
duringPresidentialelection.Sheprojectedtosplitasanideologicaldividebetweensocialist
andconservativefactionsofthecongressparty.
(ii)TheCongresspartynowidentifieditselfwithaparticularideology,claimingtobethe
onlysocialistandpro-poorparty.
(iii)Since1969,theCongresspartyhadstartedsheddingitscharacterasanumbrellaparty
whichaccommodatedleadersandworkersofdifferentideologicaldispensationsandview
points.
(iv)WiththechangeinthenatureoftheCongressparty,otheroppositionpartiesreliedmore
andmoreonwhatisknowninIndianpoliticsas‘non-Congressism’.Theyalsorealisedthe
needtoavoidadivisionofnon-Congressvotesintheelection.
Oranyotherrelevantpoint.
17.Studythefollowingpassagecarefullyandanswerthequestionsthatfollow:
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Thesmallerstatesinthealliancesusedthelinktothesuperpowersfortheirown
purposes.Theygotthepromiseofprotection,weaponsandeconomicaidagainsttheir
localrivals,mostlyregionalneighbourswithwhomtheyhadrivalries.Thealliance
systemsledbythetwosuperpowers,therefore,threatenedtodividetheentireworld
intotwocamps.ThisdivisionhappenedfirstinEurope.MostcountriesofWestern
EuropesidedwiththeUSandthoseofEasternEuropejoinedtheSovietcamp.Thatis
why,thesewerealsocalledthe‘western’andthe‘eastern’alliances.
(i)Nameoneorganisationeachrelatedtothe‘western’andthe‘eastern’alliances.
(ii)Whywerethesmallerstatesinterestedinjoiningthesuperalliances?
(iii)Howdidthe‘alliancesystem’threatentodividetheworld?
Ans.i)Organisationrelatedtowesternalliances:-NATO
Organisationrelatedtoeasternalliances:-WarsawPact
ii)a)Thesmallerstatesinthealliancesusedthelinktothesuperpowerstofulfiltheirown
purposes.
b)Theygotthepromiseofprotection,weapons,andeconomicaidagainsttheirlocalrivals,
mostlyregionalneighbourswithwhomtheyhadrivalries.
iii)MostcountriesofwesternEuropesidedwiththeUSandthoseofeasternEuropejoined
theSovietcamp.Thistendencyisanampleproofthatthesuperpowersthreatenedtodivide
theentireworldintotwocamps.
18.Studythefollowingpassagecarefullyandanswerthequestionsthatfollow:
ThelackofgenuineinternationalsupportfordemocraticruleinPakistanhasfurther
encouragedthemilitarytocontinueitsdominance.TheUnitedStatesandother
Westerncountrieshaveencouragedthemilitary’sauthoritarianruleinthepast,for
theirownreasons.Giventheirfearofthethreatofwhattheycall‘globalIslamic
terrorism’andtheapprehensionthatPakistan’snucleararsenalmightfallintothe
handsoftheseterroristgroups,themilitaryregimeinPakistanhasbeenseenasthe
protectorofWesterninterestsinWestAsiaandSouthAsia.
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(i)Whatismeantby‘globalIslamicterrorism’?
(ii)WhydidPakistanlackgenuineinternationalsupportfordemocraticrule?
(iii)WhywasthemilitaryregimeinPakistanconsideredastheprotectorofWestern
interestsinWestAsiaandSouthAsia?
Ans.(i)GlobalIslamicTerrorismisdefinedasafearofthreatbyIslamicoutfitsfundedby
variousIslamicNations.
(ii)ThelackofgenuineinternationalsupportfordemocraticruleinPakistanhasfurther
encouragedthemilitarytocontinueitsdominance.TheUnitedStatesandotherWestern
countrieshaveencouragedthemilitary’sauthoritarianruleinthepast,fortheirown
reasons.
(iii)TherewasapprehensionthatPakistan’snuclearweaponsmightnotgointothehandsof
theterroristgroups.Thus,theyseethemilitaryregimeinPakistanastheprotectorof
WesterninterestsinWestAsiaandSouthAsia.
19.Studythefollowingpassagecarefullyandanswerthequestionsthatfollow:
Criticsofpopularmovementsoftenarguethatcollectiveactionslikestrikes,sit-insand
ralliesdisruptthefunctioningofthegovernment,delaydecision-makingand
destabilisetheroutinesofdemocracy.Suchanargumentinvitesadeeperquestion:
whydothesemovementsresorttosuchassertiveformsofaction?Wehaveseenthat
popularmovementshaveraisedlegitimatedemandsofthepeopleandhaveinvolved
largescaleparticipationofcitizens.Itshouldbenotedthatthegroupsmobilisedby
thesemovementsarepoor,sociallyandeconomicallydisadvantagedsectionsofthe
societyfrommarginalsocialgroups.
(i)Popularmovementsresorttowhichtwotypesofassertiveactions?
(ii)Howfardoyouagreewiththeargumentsgivenbythecritics?
(iii)Whyaregroupsinvolvedinpopularmovementsmostlyfrommarginalsocial
groups?
Ans.i)Strikes,sit-ins,ralliesandprotests(anytwo)6
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ii)Theseassertiveactionsdisruptthefunctioningofthegovernment,delaydecisionmaking
anddestabilisetheroutinesofdemocracy.
OR
Theyinvolveagradualprocessofcomingtogetherofpeoplewithsimilarproblems,similar
demandsandsimilarexpectations.
iii)Marginalsocialgroupswhomaybeadverselyaffectedbythesepoliciesgetlessandless
attentionfrompoliticalpartiesaswellasthemediabecausetheyarepoor,sociallyand
economicallydisadvantagedsectionsofthesociety.
20.Studythecartoongivenbelowcarefullyandanswerthequestionsthatfollow:
(i)Identifyandnamethepersonwhoisholdingthebalancingbeambetweenthepublic
sectorandtheprivatesector.
(ii)Whyhasabigtilttowardsthepublicsectorbeenshowninthecartoon?
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(iii)Howdidtheover-emphasisonpublicsectoradverselyaffecttheIndianeconomy?
Note:ThefollowingquestionsarefortheVisuallyImpairedCandidatesonly,inlieuof
QuestionNo.20:
(20.1)Distinguishbetweenthepublicsectorandtheprivatesectorwiththehelpofat
leastoneexampleeach.
(20.2)KeepinginmindtheIndiancontext,whichtypeofeconomywouldyoupreferand
why?
(20.3)Globalisationhaspromotedwhichtypeofeconomicsector?
Ans.i)Pt.JawaharlalNehru
ii)Abigtilttowardsthepublicsectorhasbeenshownbecausethestatecontrolledkeyheavy
industries,providedindustrialinfrastructure,regulatedtradeandmadesomecrucial
interventionsinagriculture.
iii)a)Thestateintervenedonlyinthoseareaswheretheprivatesectorwasnotpreparedto
go.Thusthestatehelpedtheprivatesectortomakeprofit.
b)Also,insteadofhelpingthepoor,thestateinterventionendedupcreatinganew‘middle
class’thatenjoyedtheprivilegesofhighsalarieswithoutmuchaccountability
c)Thestatecontrolledmorethingsthanwerenecessaryandthisledtoinefficiencyand
corruption.
Q20forblindcandidates:-
20.1
PublicSectorPrivateSector
1.Resourcesarecontrolled,owned
andsupervisedbythegovernment.
2.Itisplannedandorganised
1.Resourcesarecontrolled,ownedandsupervised
bytheindividual,groupofpeopleorcompanies.
2.Nogovernmentinterference.
Eg.KeyheavyindustrieslikeIron3.Eg.BajajAutoLtd.
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andSteelindustry
20.2Indiadeservesmixedeconomytomaintainthebalancebetweenagriculture,tradeand
industriesmanagedbyprivatehandandstatecontrolledkeyheavyindustries.
20.3Globalisationhaspromotedprivatesectorduetoitspolicyofliberalizationand
privatization.
21.InthegivenpoliticaloutlinemapoftheWorld,fivecountrieshavebeenshownasA
,B,C,DandE.Withthehelpoftheinformationgivenbelow,identifythesecountries
andwritetheircorrectnamesalongwiththeserialnumberoftheinformationused
andtherelatedalphabetasperthefollowingformatinyouranswer-book:
Sr.No.ofthe
informationused
Alphabet
concerned
Nameofthe
country
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
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(i)ThecountywhereMontrealProtocolwassignedin1987.
(ii)Thiscountryisoftheviewthatthemajorresponsibilityofcurbinggasemissions
restswiththedevelopedcountries.
(iii)Thiscountryisknownforitsforestmovements.
(iv)Thefirstanti-dammovementaimedtosavetheFranklinRiveranditssurrounding
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forestswaslaunchedinthiscountry.
(v)Thelargestproducerofmineraloilintheworld.
Note:ThefollowingquestionsarefortheVisuallyImpairedCandidatesonly,inlieuof
QuestionNo.21:
(21.1)Mentionanytwoenvironmentalconcernsthathavealonghistory.
(21.2)Explainthesignificanceof‘EarthSummit’heldin1992.
(21.3)HighlightanytwofeaturesoftheKytoProtocol.
Ans.i)CCanada
ii)EIndia
iii)DMexico
iv)BAustralia
v)ASaudiArabia
Forblindcandidates:-
21.1
(i)Environmentaldegradation
(ii)GlobalWarming
(iii)Waterdepletion(anytwo)
21.2SignificanceofEarthSummitheldin1992:-
(i)ThisSummitproducedconventionsdealingwithclimatechange,biodiversityand
forestry.
(ii)ItrecommendedalistofdevelopmentpracticescalledAgenda21.
(iii)Underthislisttherewasconsensusoncombiningeconomicgrowthwithecological
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responsibility,knownassustainabledevelopment.
(anytwosignificance)
21.3FeaturesofKyotoProtocol:-
(i)KyotoProtocolwasaninternationalagreementforsettingtargetsforindustrialcountries
tocuttheirgreenhousegasemissionsin2002.
(ii)Itwasalsoacknowledgedthatpercapitaemissionsindevelopingcountriesarestilllowin
comparisontodevelopedcountries.
(iii)TheprotocolwasbasedonprinciplessetoutinUNFCCC.(UnitedNationsFramework
ConventiononClimateChange)
(anytwofeatures)
22.HighlightthecircumstanceswhichgavebirthtotheideaofNewInternational
EconomicOrder(NIEO).Explainanytwofactorsthatweakenedthisinitiative.
OR
InwhatthreewaysdidthecollapseoftheSovietUnionaffecttheworldpolitics?
Explain.
Ans.
CircumstancesforthebirthtotheideaofNIEO:-
(i)Thechallengeformostofthenon-alignedcountries—amajorityofthemwere
categorisedastheLeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)—wastobemoredeveloped
economically
(ii)Thepeopleofthesecountriesweretobeliftedoutoftheviciouscircleofpoverty.
(iii)Economicdevelopmentwasalsovitalfortheindependenceofthenewcountries.Without
sustaineddevelopment,acountrycouldnotbetrulyfree.
(iv)Itwouldremaindependentontherichercountriesincludingthecolonialpowersfrom
whichpoliticalfreedomhadbeenachieved.
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Factorsthatweakenedthisinitiative
i)Stiffoppositionfromthedevelopedcountrieswhoactedasaunitedgroup
ii)Thenon-alignedcountriesstruggledtomaintaintheirunityinthefaceofthisopposition.
OR
WaysinwhichthecollapseofSovietUnionaffectedtheworldpolitics:-
(i)EndoftheColdWarconfrontations.Endoftheideologicalconflictbetweensocialistsand
capitalistsystem.
(ii)Powerrelationsinworldpoliticschangedandtherelativeinfluenceofideasand
institutionsalsochanged.
(iii)Theemergenceofnewindependentcountrieswiththeirownindependentaspirations
andchoices.
23.ExaminetheU.S.hegemonyasastructuralpower.
OR
AssesstheroleofASEANasaneconomicassociation.
Ans.TheUSHegemonyasastructuralpower
(i)HegemonyasastructuralpoweristheroleplayedbytheUSintheworldeconomyand
existenceinprovidingglobalpublicgoods–suchasthesealanesofcommunication(SLOCs)
(ii)Thenavalpowerofthehegemonyisanotherreasonforitsstructuralpower.
(iii)TheinternetisthedirectoutcomeofaUSmilitaryresearchprojectthatbeganin1950.
Eventoday,theInternetreliesonaglobalnetworkofsatellites,mostofwhichareownedby
theUSgovernment.
(iv)TheUSispresentinallpartsoftheworld,inallsectorsoftheworldeconomyandinall
areasoftechnology.
(v)TheUSshareoftheworldeconomyremainsanenormous28percent.TheUSalso
accountsfor15percentofworldtrade.Thereisnotasinglesectoroftheworldeconomyin
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whichanAmericanfirmdoesnotfeatureinthe“topthree”lists.
(vi)ItisimportanttorememberthattheeconomicpreponderanceoftheUSisinseparable
fromitsstructuralpower,whichisthepowertoshapetheglobaleconomyinaparticular
way.
(vii)AclassicexampleofthestructuralpoweroftheUSistheacademicdegreecalledthe
Master’sinBusinessAdministration(MBA).Thefirstbusinessschoolintheworldwas
establishedin1881.Today,thereisnocountryintheworldinwhichtheMBAisnota
prestigiousacademicdegree.
Oranyotherrelevantpoint.
(anysixpoints)
OR
RoleofASEANasaneconomicassociation
i)TheeconomyofASEANregionisgrowingmuchfasterthanthatoftheUS,EUandJapan.
Thisaccountsforthegrowthinitsinfluencebothintheregionandbeyond.
ii)ASEANistryingtocreateacommonmarketandproductionbasewithintheASEANstates
andtoaidsocialandeconomicdevelopmentintheregion.
iii)Amechanismisbeingevolvedtosettleandresolvetheeconomicdisputes.ASEANhas
focusedoncreatingaFreeTradeAreaforinvestment,labourandservices.
iv)ASEANisrapidlygrowingintoaveryimportantregionalorganization.It’svision2020
definedanoutwardlookingroleforASEANintheinternationalcommunity.
v)ThecurrenteconomicstrengthofASEANisbeingatradingandinvestmentpartnertothe
growingAsianeconomiessuchasIndiaandChinamakesitsanattractiveproposition.
vi)ASEAN’sstrength,however,liesinitspoliciesofinteractionandconsultationwith
memberstates,withdialoguepartners,andwithothernon-regionalorganisations.
Oranyotherrelevantpoint.
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24.MentionthesixprincipalorgansoftheUnitedNationsanddescribethefunctionsof
anytwoofthem.
OR
DescribethesecuritychallengesfacedbythenewlyindependentcountriesofAsiaand
AfricaaftertheSecondWorldWar.
Ans.SixprincipalorgansoftheUnitedNations:
(i)GeneralAssembly
(ii)SecurityCouncil
(iii)InternationalCourtofJustice
(iv)Secretariat
(v)EconomicandSocialCouncil
(vi)TrusteeshipCouncil
FunctionsofGeneralAssembly:-
i)ItelectsthemembersfortheotherstructuresandagenciesoftheUN.
ii)Deliberationsanddiscussionsovermajorinternationalissues.
ii)Ittakesallmajordecisionsrelatedtomembernations.
(anytwofunctions)
FunctionsofSecurityCouncil:-
i)Topreventinternationalconflictsandlimittheextendofhostilities.
ii)Tofacilitatecooperationamongstates.
iii)Toimprovetheprospectsofsocialandeconomicaldevelopmentintheworld.
(anytwofunctions)
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(orexplanationofanytwooftheremainingorgans)
OR
Thesecuritychallengesfacingthenewly-independentcountriesofAsiaandAfricaafterthe
SecondWorldWar
(i)Thenewlyindependentcountriesfacedtheprospectofmilitaryconflictwith
neighbouringcountries.
(ii)Theyhadtoworryaboutinternalmilitaryconflict.Thesecountriesfacedthreatsnotonly
fromoutsidetheirborders,mostlyfromneighbours,butalsofromwithin.
(iii)Manynewlyindependentcountriescametofeartheirneighboursevenmorethanthey
fearedtheUSortheSovietUnionortheformercolonialpowers.
Theyquarreledoverbordersandterritoriesorcontrolofpeopleandpopulationsorallof
thesesimultaneously.
(iv)Internally,thenewstateswereworriedaboutthreatsfromseparatistmovementswhich
wantedtoformindependentcountries.Sometimes,theexternalandinternalthreatsmerged.
(v)Aneighbourmighthelporinstigateaninternalseparatistmovementleadingtotensions
betweenthetwoneighbouringcountries.
(vi)Internalwarsnowmakeupmorethan95percentofallarmedconflictsfoughtanywhere
intheworld.
(vii)Between1946and1991,therewasatwelve-foldriseinthenumberofcivilwars—the
greatestjumpin200years.So,forthenewstates,externalwarswithneighboursand
internalwarsposedaseriouschallengetotheirsecurity.
25.Doyouagreewiththestatementthat‘‘theforeignpolicyofindependentIndiahas
pursuedthedreamofapeacefulworld’’?Supportyouranswerwithanythreesuitable
arguments.
OR
Giveanythreesuitableargumentsinfavourof‘‘Indiabeingastaunchsupporterofthe
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decolonisationprocessandinfirmoppositiontoracialism’’.
Ans.Yes,weagreewiththestatement.Suitableargumentsforthisare:-
(i)TheforeignpolicyofindependentIndiavigorouslypursuedthedreamofapeacefulworld
byadvocatingthepolicyofnon-alignment,byreducingtheColdWarconfederationandby
contributinghumanresourcestotheUNpeacekeepingoperations.
(ii)IndiadidnotjoineitherofthetwocampsduringtheColdWarera.Indiawantedtokeep
distancefromthemilitaryalliancesledbyUSandbytheSovietUnionagainsteachother.
(iii)DuringtheColdWar,theUS-ledNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganisation(NATO)andthe
Soviet-ledWarsawPactcameintoexistence.IndiaadvocatedNon-alignmentastheideal
foreignpolicyapproach.Thiswasadifficultbalancingactandsometimesthebalancedidnot
appearperfect.
(iv)In1956whenBritainattackedEgyptovertheSuezCanalissue,Indialedtheworldprotest
againstthisneo-colonialinvasion.Inthesameyear,whentheUSSRinvadedHungary,India
didnotjoinitspubliccondemnation.
Despitesuchsituation,byandlargeIndiadidtakeanindependentstandonvarious
internationalissues.
(anythreepoints)
OR
Supportingarguments:-
(i)UndertheleadershipofNehruIndiaconvenedtheAsianRelationConferenceinMarch
1947.Indiawasastaunchsupporterofthedecolonizationprocessandfirmlyopposedracism
especiallyapartheidinSouthAfrica.
(ii)Indiamadeearnesteffortsfortheearlyrealizationofaninternationalconferencein1949
tosupportitsfreedomstruggle.
(iii)TheAfro–AsianConferenceheldintheIndonesiancityofBandungin1955,commonly
knownasBandungConference,markedthezenithofIndia’sengagementwithnewly
independentAsianandAfricannations.TheBandungConferencelaterledtothe
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establishmentoftheNAM.
Oranyotherrelevantpoint
26.HighlighttheactsofdissentandresistancetotheEmergencyimposedin1975.In
youropinion,howdidtheseactsaffectthepublicopinion?
OR
Analysetheissue‘IndiravstheSyndicate’.Whattypeofchallengesdidtheissuepose
beforeIndiraGandhi?
Ans.
ActsofdissentandresistancetotheEmergencyimposedin1975:-
(i)Manypoliticalworkerswhowerenotarrestedinthefirstwave,went‘underground’and
organisedprotestsagainstthegovernment.
(ii)NewspapersliketheIndianExpressandtheStatesmanprotestedagainstcensorshipby
leavingblankspaceswherenewsitemshadbeencensored.MagazinesliketheSeminarand
theMainstreamchosetoclosedownratherthansubmittocensorship.
(iii)ManyjournalistswerearrestedforwritingagainsttheEmergency.Manyunderground
newslettersandleafletswerepublishedtobypasscensorship.
(iv)KannadawriterShivaramaKaranth,awardedwithPadmaBhushan,andHindiwriter
FanishwarnathRenu,awardedwithPadmaShri,returnedtheirawardsinprotestagainstthe
suspensionofdemocracy.
(v)TheParliamentalsobroughtinmanynewchangestotheConstitution.Inthebackground
oftherulingoftheAllahabadHighCourtintheIndiraGandhicase,anamendmentwas
madedeclaringthatelectionsofPrimeMinister,PresidentandVice-Presidentcouldnotbe
challengedintheCourt.
(anyfouracts)
Effects:-
(i)AfterthedeclarationofEmergency,theurbanmiddleclassesweregenerallyhappyver
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thefactthatagitationscametoanendanddisciplinewasenforcedonthegovernment
employees.
(ii)Thepoorandruralpeoplealsoexpectedeffectiveimplementationofthewelfare
programmesthatthegovernmentwaspromising.
Thus,differentsectionsofsocietyhaddifferentexpectationsfromtheemergencyandalso
differentviewpointsaboutit.
Oranyotherrelevanteffect.
(anytwo)
OR
IndiravsSyndicate:-
(i)TherealchallengetoIndiraGandhicamenotonlyfromtheoppositionbutfromwithin
herownparty.IndiraGandhihadtodealwiththe‘syndicate’,agroupofpowerfuland
influentialleadersfromwithintheCongress.
(ii)TheSyndicatehadplayedaroleintheinstallationofIndiraGandhiasthePrimeMinister
byensuringherelectionasaleaderoftheParliamentaryparty,butSyndicatewantedto
controlaftertheymanagedtomakeherthePrimeMinister.
ChallengesfacedbyIndiraGandhi
(i)SheneededtobuildherindependencefromtheSyndicate.
(ii)Sheneededtoworktoregaintheground,theCongresshadlostinthe1967elections.
(iii)IndiraGandhiadoptedaveryboldstrategy.Sheconvertedasimplepowerstruggleinto
anideologicalstruggle.
(iv)ShelaunchedaseriesofinitiativesandaTenPointProgramme,includedsocialcontrolof
banks,nationalisationofgeneralinsurance,ceilingonurbanpropertyandincome
ActsofdissentandresistancetotheEmergencyimposedin1975:-
(i)Manypoliticalworkerswhowerenotarrestedinthefirstwave,went‘underground’and
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organisedprotestsagainstthegovernment.
(ii)NewspapersliketheIndianExpressandtheStatesmanprotestedagainstcensorshipby
leavingblankspaceswherenewsitemshadbeencensored.MagazinesliketheSeminarand
theMainstreamchosetoclosedownratherthansubmittocensorship.
(iii)ManyjournalistswerearrestedforwritingagainsttheEmergency.Manyunderground
newslettersandleafletswerepublishedtobypasscensorship.
(iv)KannadawriterShivaramaKaranth,awardedwithPadmaBhushan,andHindiwriter
FanishwarnathRenu,awardedwithPadmaShri,returnedtheirawardsinprotestagainstthe
suspensionofdemocracy.
(v)TheParliamentalsobroughtinmanynewchangestotheConstitution.Inthebackground
oftherulingoftheAllahabadHighCourtintheIndiraGandhicase,anamendmentwas
madedeclaringthatelectionsofPrimeMinister,PresidentandVice-Presidentcouldnotbe
challengedintheCourt.
(anyfouracts)
Effects:-
(i)AfterthedeclarationofEmergency,theurbanmiddleclassesweregenerallyhappyover
thefactthatagitationscametoanendanddisciplinewasenforcedonthegovernment
employees.
(ii)Thepoorandruralpeoplealsoexpectedeffectiveimplementationofthewelfare
programmesthatthegovernmentwaspromising.
Thus,differentsectionsofsocietyhaddifferentexpectationsfromtheemergencyandalso
differentviewpointsaboutit.
Oranyotherrelevanteffect.
(anytwo)
OR
IndiravsSyndicate:-
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(i)TherealchallengetoIndiraGandhicamenotonlyfromtheoppositionbutfromwithin
herownparty.IndiraGandhihadtodealwiththe‘syndicate’,agroupofpowerfuland
influentialleadersfromwithintheCongress.
(ii)TheSyndicatehadplayedaroleintheinstallationofIndiraGandhiasthePrimeMinister
byensuringherelectionasaleaderoftheParliamentaryparty,butSyndicatewantedto
controlaftertheymanagedtomakeherthePrimeMinister.
ChallengesfacedbyIndiraGandhi
(i)SheneededtobuildherindependencefromtheSyndicate.
(ii)Sheneededtoworktoregaintheground,theCongresshadlostinthe1967elections.
(iii)IndiraGandhiadoptedaveryboldstrategy.Sheconvertedasimplepowerstruggleinto
anideologicalstruggle.
(iv)ShelaunchedaseriesofinitiativesandaTenPointProgramme,includedsocialcontrolof
banks,nationalisationofgeneralinsurance,ceilingonurbanpropertyandincome
27.Describeanythreeareasoftensionwhichareyettobesolvedtoretainunityin
diversityinIndia.
OR
Describeanythreeelementsofgrowingconsensusamongmostofthepoliticalparties
ofIndiaafter1989.
Ans.Threeareasoftensionare:-
i)Jammu&Kashmir-insurgency,separatism,terrorismetc.
ii)North-Eaststates–demandforautonomy,secessionistmovements
iii)Demandfortheformationofstatesbasedonlinguisticandregionalismindifferentparts
ofIndia.
Oranyotherrelevantpoint.
(anythreepointstobeexplained)
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OR
Elementsofgrowingconsensus
(i)Agreementonneweconomicpolicies:Mostpartieswereinsupportoftheneweconomic
policiesandbelievedthatthesepolicieswouldleadthecountrytoprosperityandastatusof
economicpowerintheworld.
(ii)Acceptanceofthepoliticalandsocialclaimsofthebackwardcastes:Politicalpartieshad
recognizedthatthesocialandpoliticalclaimsoftheBackwardCastesneedtobeaccepted
andsupportreservationofseatsforOBCineducationandemployment.
(iii)AcceptanceoftheroleofStatelevelpartiesingovernanceofthecountry:Statelevel
partiesweresharingpoweratthenationallevelandhadplayedacentralroleinthe
country’spolitics.
(iv)Emphasisonpragmaticconsiderationsratherthanideologicalpositionsandpolitical
allianceswithoutideologicalagreementasmostpartiesoftheNDAdidnotagreewiththe
‘Hindutava’ideologyoftheBJP.Yet,theycametogethertoformagovernmentandremained
inpowerforafullterm.
(anythree)
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