CBSE Class 12 Pol Science...CBSE Class 12 Pol Science General Instructions: All questions are...

QuestionPaperOutsideDelhi2017set1

CBSEClass12PolScience

GeneralInstructions:

Allquestionsarecompulsory.

Questionsnumber1–5areofonemarkeach.Theanswerstothesequestionsshould

notexceed20wordseach.

Questionsnumber6–10areoftwomarkseach.Theanswerstothesequestions

shouldnotexceed40wordseach.

Questionsnumber11–16areoffourmarkseach.Theanswerstothesequestions


Questionsnumber17–21areoffivemarkseach.Theanswerstothesequestions


Questionnumber21isamap-basedquestion.Writeitsanswersinyouranswer-book.

Questionsnumber22–27areofsixmarkseach.Theanswerstothesequestions


1.Highlightanyonefeatureofthemulti-polarworldasvisualisedbybothRussiaand

India.

Ans.(i)Coexistenceofseveralpowersintheinternationalsystem.

(ii)CollectiveSecurityandacollectiveresponse.

(iii)Negotiatedsettlementsofinternationalconflicts.

(iv)Anindependentforeignpolicyforallcountries,

(v)DecisionmakingthroughbodiesliketheUN.

(anyone)

2.Whatwasthesignificanceof‘OperationIraqiFreedom’?

Ans.OperationIraqiFreedomwaslaunchedbyUStopreventIraqfromdeveloping

WeaponsofMassDestruction(WMD).

CoolGyan.Org | A Portal For Complete Education

3.Giveasuitableexampletoshowthatglobalisationneednotalwaysbepositive.

Ans.i)Somefarmerscommittedsuicidebecausetheircropsfailed.Theyhadboughtvery

expensiveseedssuppliedbyamultinationalcompany(MNC).

(ii)AnIndiancompanyboughtamajorrivalcompanybasedinEurope,despiteprotestsby

someofthecurrentowners.

(iii)Manyretailshopkeepersorsmallbusinessmenhavelosttheirlivelihoodduetothe

economicpoweroftheMNCs.

(iv)AfilmproducerinMumbaiwasaccusedofliftingthestoryofhisfilmfromanotherfilm

madeinHollywood.

(v)Amilitantgroupissuedastatementthreateningcollegegirlswhowearwesternclothes.

(anyoneexample)

4.Whydoesdevelopmenthavedifferentmeaningsfordifferentsectionsofthepeople?

Ans.Toanindustrialistwhoisplanningtosetupasteelplantinaruralarea,andatthe

sametimetotheAdivasiwholivesinthatregiondevelopmentmeansdifferentbecausethey

losetheirforestland.

5.Whyisviolencebetweentwocommunitiesconsideredasathreattodemocracy?

Ans.Becauseviolencedisturbsnotonlythesocialandeconomicinterdependence,butalsoit

adverselyaffectsthesecularsystem.Italsohampersthereligiousfreedomofanindividual.

6.InwhichwaydidthepolicyofNon-AlignmentserveIndia’sinterests?

Ans.Non-alignedpostureservedIndia’sinterestsinatleasttwoways:

(i)Non-alignmentallowedIndiatotakeinternationaldecisionsandstancesthatservedits

interestsratherthantheinterestsofthesuperpowersandtheirallies.

(ii)Indiawasoftenabletobalanceonesuperpoweragainsttheother.IfIndiafeltignoredor

undulypressurizedbyonesuperpower,itcouldtilttowardstheother,neitheralliance

systemcouldtakeIndiaforgranted.

7.Analysethetwopoliticaldevelopmentsof1940sthatledtothedecisionforthe

creationofPakistan.

Ans.Twopoliticaldevelopmentsin1940s:-


i)ThepoliticalcompetitionbetweentheCongressandtheMuslimLeague.

ii)The‘twonationtheory’advancedbytheMuslimLeague

ii)TheBritishroleandpolicyofdivideandrule.

8.MatchthefollowingmeaningfullyfromthenamesinColumn‘A’withtheinformation

inColumn‘B’:

Column‘A’ Column‘B’

(a)IndiraGandhi (i)AMemberofParliamentfrom1952tillhisdeath

(b)RamManoharLohia (ii)Symbolofoppositionduringemergencyof1975

(c)JaiPrakashNarayan (iii)Nationalisationofbanks

d)JagjiwanRam (iv)BestknownforhissharpattacksonNehru

Ans.

Column‘A’ Column‘B’

(a)IndiraGandhi (iii)(NationalisationofBanks)

(b)RamManoharLohia (iv)(BestknownforhissharpattacksonNehru)

(c)JaiPrakashNarayan (ii)(Symbolofoppositionduringemergencyof1975)

d)JagjiwanRam (i)(AMemberofPraliamentfrom1952tillhisdeath)

9.HowfardidtheRajivGandhiLongowalAccordsucceedinbringingnormalcyin

Punjab?

Ans.(i)RajivGandhi–LongowalAccordwasanimportantsteptowardsbringingnormalcy

toPunjab,butpeacewasnotrestoredeasilyandimmediately.Thecycleofviolence

continuednearlyforadecade

(ii)Peacereturnedbythemiddleof1990s’andthattooafterhavinglotoflosses.

10.Whatwillhappeniftheregionsarenotgiventheirdueshareindecision-makingat

thenationallevel?


Ans.Ifregionsarenotgivenashareinthenationalleveldecisionmaking,itwilldevelopa

feelingofinjusticeandalienationamongtheregionalpeople.

11.WhatwasthemainobjectivebehindChina’sadoptionoftheSovietmodelof

economy?InwhichtwowayswasChinabenefitedbyit?

Ans.

ThemainobjectivesbehindChina’sadoptionoftheSovietmodelofeconomywere:-

(i)Tocreateastate-ownedheavyindustriessectorfromthecapitalaccumulatedfrom

agriculture.

(ii)Asitwasshortofforeignexchangethatitneededinordertobuytechnologyandgoods

ontheworldmarket,Chinadecidedtosubstituteimportsbydomesticgoods.

Chinahasbenefitedbyitinmanyways:-

(i)ThismodelallowedChinatouseitsownresourcestoestablishthefoundationsofan

industrialeconomythatdidnotexistbefore.

(ii)Employmentandsocialwelfarewasassuredtoallcitizens.

(iii)Chinamovedaheadofmostdevelopingcountriesineducatingitscitizensandensuring

betterhealthforthem.

12.Describeterrorismasanewsourceofthreattosecurity.

Ans.Terrorismasanewsourceofthreat–

i)Itreferstopoliticalviolencethattargetsciviliansindiscriminately.

ii)Theterroristsuseciviliansasaweaponagainstnationalgovernmenttochangeapolitical

contextorconditiontheydonotlike.

iii)Terroristgroupsseektochangeapoliticalcontextorconditionthattheydonotlike.

iv)Civiliantargetsareusuallychosentoterrorisethepublicandtousetheunhappinessof

thepublicasaweaponagainstnationalgovernmentsorotherpartiesinconflict.

v)Example:Planehijacking,plantingbombsintrains,cafes,marketsandothercrowded


places.

13.ExplainanyfournegativeconsequencesofglobalisationforthepeopleofIndia.

Ans.NegativeconsequencesofglobalizationonIndia:-

(i)ExpensiveseedspurchasedfromMNCscompelledfarmerscommittingsuicidesdueto

cropfailure.

(ii)SlowlyandgraduallyMNCsstartedbuyingIndiancompanies,resultedininstabilityin

market.

(iii)Whilesomeadvancesweremadeincertainarenas,criticalsectorssuchashealth,

housingandprimaryeducationdidnotreceivetheattentiontheydeserved.

(iv)Indiahadafairlysluggishrateofeconomicgrowth.In1991,respondingtoa

financialcrisisandtothedesireforhigherratesofeconomicgrowthwhichyettobe

achieved.

(v)De-regulatedvarioussectorsincludingtradeandforeigninvestment.oranyother

relevantconsequences.

14.HighlightanyfourconsequencesofthepartitionofIndiain1947.

Ans.ConsequencesofpartitionofIndiain1947:-

(i)TheYear1947wastheyearofoneofthelargest,mostabrupt,unplannedandtragic

transferofpopulationthathumanhistoryhasknown.

(ii)Therewerekillingsandatrocitiesinthenameofreligiononboththesides.

(iii)Thousandsofwomenwereabducted.

(iv)Peoplewereforcedtoabandontheirhomesandmoveacrosstheborder.

(v)Womenwerekilledbytheirownfamilymemberstopreservefamilyhonour.

(vi)Alltheintellectualsinvariousfieldsexpressedtheirgriefandanger.

(vii)Minoritiesonbothsidesofborder,fledtheirhomesandsecuredtemporaryshelterin

refugeecamps.


15.WhatdistinguishedthedominanceoftheCongressPartyinIndiafromtheone-party

dominanceinothercountries?Explain.

Ans.ThedominanceoftheCongressPartyinIndiaisdistinguishedfromtheothercountries

inthefollowingways:-

i)InIndia,democracywasnotcompromisedbydominanceofoneparty.

ii)InIndia,multipartysystemprevailedwhereasinothercountrieslikeChinaandRussia

dominanceofonepartywasduetoonepartysystemonly.

iii)InIndia,therewasnomilitaryinterferencelikethesameinMyanmarandEgypt.

iv)InIndia,dominanceoftheoneparty(Congress)wasduetoitsownpopularitywhich

managedittowinelectionsafterelections.

16.ExaminethedramaticchangesthattookplaceinthepartysysteminIndiaduring

1969to1977.

Ans.ThedramaticchangesthattookplaceinthepartysysteminIndiaduring1969to1977

areasfollows:-

(i)ThefactionalrivalrybetweentheSyndicateandIndiraGandhicameintheopenin1969

duringPresidentialelection.Sheprojectedtosplitasanideologicaldividebetweensocialist

andconservativefactionsofthecongressparty.

(ii)TheCongresspartynowidentifieditselfwithaparticularideology,claimingtobethe

onlysocialistandpro-poorparty.

(iii)Since1969,theCongresspartyhadstartedsheddingitscharacterasanumbrellaparty

whichaccommodatedleadersandworkersofdifferentideologicaldispensationsandview

points.

(iv)WiththechangeinthenatureoftheCongressparty,otheroppositionpartiesreliedmore

andmoreonwhatisknowninIndianpoliticsas‘non-Congressism’.Theyalsorealisedthe

needtoavoidadivisionofnon-Congressvotesintheelection.

Oranyotherrelevantpoint.

17.Studythefollowingpassagecarefullyandanswerthequestionsthatfollow:


Thesmallerstatesinthealliancesusedthelinktothesuperpowersfortheirown

purposes.Theygotthepromiseofprotection,weaponsandeconomicaidagainsttheir

localrivals,mostlyregionalneighbourswithwhomtheyhadrivalries.Thealliance

systemsledbythetwosuperpowers,therefore,threatenedtodividetheentireworld

intotwocamps.ThisdivisionhappenedfirstinEurope.MostcountriesofWestern

EuropesidedwiththeUSandthoseofEasternEuropejoinedtheSovietcamp.Thatis

why,thesewerealsocalledthe‘western’andthe‘eastern’alliances.

(i)Nameoneorganisationeachrelatedtothe‘western’andthe‘eastern’alliances.

(ii)Whywerethesmallerstatesinterestedinjoiningthesuperalliances?

(iii)Howdidthe‘alliancesystem’threatentodividetheworld?

Ans.i)Organisationrelatedtowesternalliances:-NATO

Organisationrelatedtoeasternalliances:-WarsawPact

ii)a)Thesmallerstatesinthealliancesusedthelinktothesuperpowerstofulfiltheirown

purposes.

b)Theygotthepromiseofprotection,weapons,andeconomicaidagainsttheirlocalrivals,

mostlyregionalneighbourswithwhomtheyhadrivalries.

iii)MostcountriesofwesternEuropesidedwiththeUSandthoseofeasternEuropejoined

theSovietcamp.Thistendencyisanampleproofthatthesuperpowersthreatenedtodivide

theentireworldintotwocamps.


ThelackofgenuineinternationalsupportfordemocraticruleinPakistanhasfurther

encouragedthemilitarytocontinueitsdominance.TheUnitedStatesandother

Westerncountrieshaveencouragedthemilitary’sauthoritarianruleinthepast,for

theirownreasons.Giventheirfearofthethreatofwhattheycall‘globalIslamic

terrorism’andtheapprehensionthatPakistan’snucleararsenalmightfallintothe

handsoftheseterroristgroups,themilitaryregimeinPakistanhasbeenseenasthe

protectorofWesterninterestsinWestAsiaandSouthAsia.


(i)Whatismeantby‘globalIslamicterrorism’?

(ii)WhydidPakistanlackgenuineinternationalsupportfordemocraticrule?

(iii)WhywasthemilitaryregimeinPakistanconsideredastheprotectorofWestern

interestsinWestAsiaandSouthAsia?

Ans.(i)GlobalIslamicTerrorismisdefinedasafearofthreatbyIslamicoutfitsfundedby

variousIslamicNations.

(ii)ThelackofgenuineinternationalsupportfordemocraticruleinPakistanhasfurther

encouragedthemilitarytocontinueitsdominance.TheUnitedStatesandotherWestern

countrieshaveencouragedthemilitary’sauthoritarianruleinthepast,fortheirown

reasons.

(iii)TherewasapprehensionthatPakistan’snuclearweaponsmightnotgointothehandsof

theterroristgroups.Thus,theyseethemilitaryregimeinPakistanastheprotectorof

WesterninterestsinWestAsiaandSouthAsia.


Criticsofpopularmovementsoftenarguethatcollectiveactionslikestrikes,sit-insand

ralliesdisruptthefunctioningofthegovernment,delaydecision-makingand

destabilisetheroutinesofdemocracy.Suchanargumentinvitesadeeperquestion:

whydothesemovementsresorttosuchassertiveformsofaction?Wehaveseenthat

popularmovementshaveraisedlegitimatedemandsofthepeopleandhaveinvolved

largescaleparticipationofcitizens.Itshouldbenotedthatthegroupsmobilisedby

thesemovementsarepoor,sociallyandeconomicallydisadvantagedsectionsofthe

societyfrommarginalsocialgroups.

(i)Popularmovementsresorttowhichtwotypesofassertiveactions?

(ii)Howfardoyouagreewiththeargumentsgivenbythecritics?

(iii)Whyaregroupsinvolvedinpopularmovementsmostlyfrommarginalsocial

groups?

Ans.i)Strikes,sit-ins,ralliesandprotests(anytwo)6


ii)Theseassertiveactionsdisruptthefunctioningofthegovernment,delaydecisionmaking

anddestabilisetheroutinesofdemocracy.

OR

Theyinvolveagradualprocessofcomingtogetherofpeoplewithsimilarproblems,similar

demandsandsimilarexpectations.

iii)Marginalsocialgroupswhomaybeadverselyaffectedbythesepoliciesgetlessandless

attentionfrompoliticalpartiesaswellasthemediabecausetheyarepoor,sociallyand

economicallydisadvantagedsectionsofthesociety.

20.Studythecartoongivenbelowcarefullyandanswerthequestionsthatfollow:

(i)Identifyandnamethepersonwhoisholdingthebalancingbeambetweenthepublic

sectorandtheprivatesector.

(ii)Whyhasabigtilttowardsthepublicsectorbeenshowninthecartoon?


(iii)Howdidtheover-emphasisonpublicsectoradverselyaffecttheIndianeconomy?

Note:ThefollowingquestionsarefortheVisuallyImpairedCandidatesonly,inlieuof

QuestionNo.20:

(20.1)Distinguishbetweenthepublicsectorandtheprivatesectorwiththehelpofat

leastoneexampleeach.

(20.2)KeepinginmindtheIndiancontext,whichtypeofeconomywouldyoupreferand

why?

(20.3)Globalisationhaspromotedwhichtypeofeconomicsector?

Ans.i)Pt.JawaharlalNehru

ii)Abigtilttowardsthepublicsectorhasbeenshownbecausethestatecontrolledkeyheavy

industries,providedindustrialinfrastructure,regulatedtradeandmadesomecrucial

interventionsinagriculture.

iii)a)Thestateintervenedonlyinthoseareaswheretheprivatesectorwasnotpreparedto

go.Thusthestatehelpedtheprivatesectortomakeprofit.

b)Also,insteadofhelpingthepoor,thestateinterventionendedupcreatinganew‘middle

class’thatenjoyedtheprivilegesofhighsalarieswithoutmuchaccountability

c)Thestatecontrolledmorethingsthanwerenecessaryandthisledtoinefficiencyand

corruption.

Q20forblindcandidates:-

20.1

PublicSectorPrivateSector

1.Resourcesarecontrolled,owned

andsupervisedbythegovernment.

2.Itisplannedandorganised

1.Resourcesarecontrolled,ownedandsupervised

bytheindividual,groupofpeopleorcompanies.

2.Nogovernmentinterference.

Eg.KeyheavyindustrieslikeIron3.Eg.BajajAutoLtd.


andSteelindustry

20.2Indiadeservesmixedeconomytomaintainthebalancebetweenagriculture,tradeand

industriesmanagedbyprivatehandandstatecontrolledkeyheavyindustries.

20.3Globalisationhaspromotedprivatesectorduetoitspolicyofliberalizationand

privatization.

21.InthegivenpoliticaloutlinemapoftheWorld,fivecountrieshavebeenshownasA

,B,C,DandE.Withthehelpoftheinformationgivenbelow,identifythesecountries

andwritetheircorrectnamesalongwiththeserialnumberoftheinformationused

andtherelatedalphabetasperthefollowingformatinyouranswer-book:

Sr.No.ofthe

informationused

Alphabet

concerned

Nameofthe

country

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)


(i)ThecountywhereMontrealProtocolwassignedin1987.

(ii)Thiscountryisoftheviewthatthemajorresponsibilityofcurbinggasemissions

restswiththedevelopedcountries.

(iii)Thiscountryisknownforitsforestmovements.

(iv)Thefirstanti-dammovementaimedtosavetheFranklinRiveranditssurrounding


forestswaslaunchedinthiscountry.

(v)Thelargestproducerofmineraloilintheworld.

Note:ThefollowingquestionsarefortheVisuallyImpairedCandidatesonly,inlieuof

QuestionNo.21:

(21.1)Mentionanytwoenvironmentalconcernsthathavealonghistory.

(21.2)Explainthesignificanceof‘EarthSummit’heldin1992.

(21.3)HighlightanytwofeaturesoftheKytoProtocol.

Ans.i)CCanada

ii)EIndia

iii)DMexico

iv)BAustralia

v)ASaudiArabia

Forblindcandidates:-

21.1

(i)Environmentaldegradation

(ii)GlobalWarming

(iii)Waterdepletion(anytwo)

21.2SignificanceofEarthSummitheldin1992:-

(i)ThisSummitproducedconventionsdealingwithclimatechange,biodiversityand

forestry.

(ii)ItrecommendedalistofdevelopmentpracticescalledAgenda21.

(iii)Underthislisttherewasconsensusoncombiningeconomicgrowthwithecological


responsibility,knownassustainabledevelopment.

(anytwosignificance)

21.3FeaturesofKyotoProtocol:-

(i)KyotoProtocolwasaninternationalagreementforsettingtargetsforindustrialcountries

tocuttheirgreenhousegasemissionsin2002.

(ii)Itwasalsoacknowledgedthatpercapitaemissionsindevelopingcountriesarestilllowin

comparisontodevelopedcountries.

(iii)TheprotocolwasbasedonprinciplessetoutinUNFCCC.(UnitedNationsFramework

ConventiononClimateChange)

(anytwofeatures)

22.HighlightthecircumstanceswhichgavebirthtotheideaofNewInternational

EconomicOrder(NIEO).Explainanytwofactorsthatweakenedthisinitiative.

OR

InwhatthreewaysdidthecollapseoftheSovietUnionaffecttheworldpolitics?

Explain.

Ans.

CircumstancesforthebirthtotheideaofNIEO:-

(i)Thechallengeformostofthenon-alignedcountries—amajorityofthemwere

categorisedastheLeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)—wastobemoredeveloped

economically

(ii)Thepeopleofthesecountriesweretobeliftedoutoftheviciouscircleofpoverty.

(iii)Economicdevelopmentwasalsovitalfortheindependenceofthenewcountries.Without

sustaineddevelopment,acountrycouldnotbetrulyfree.

(iv)Itwouldremaindependentontherichercountriesincludingthecolonialpowersfrom

whichpoliticalfreedomhadbeenachieved.


Factorsthatweakenedthisinitiative

i)Stiffoppositionfromthedevelopedcountrieswhoactedasaunitedgroup

ii)Thenon-alignedcountriesstruggledtomaintaintheirunityinthefaceofthisopposition.

OR

WaysinwhichthecollapseofSovietUnionaffectedtheworldpolitics:-

(i)EndoftheColdWarconfrontations.Endoftheideologicalconflictbetweensocialistsand

capitalistsystem.

(ii)Powerrelationsinworldpoliticschangedandtherelativeinfluenceofideasand

institutionsalsochanged.

(iii)Theemergenceofnewindependentcountrieswiththeirownindependentaspirations

andchoices.

23.ExaminetheU.S.hegemonyasastructuralpower.

OR

AssesstheroleofASEANasaneconomicassociation.

Ans.TheUSHegemonyasastructuralpower

(i)HegemonyasastructuralpoweristheroleplayedbytheUSintheworldeconomyand

existenceinprovidingglobalpublicgoods–suchasthesealanesofcommunication(SLOCs)

(ii)Thenavalpowerofthehegemonyisanotherreasonforitsstructuralpower.

(iii)TheinternetisthedirectoutcomeofaUSmilitaryresearchprojectthatbeganin1950.

Eventoday,theInternetreliesonaglobalnetworkofsatellites,mostofwhichareownedby

theUSgovernment.

(iv)TheUSispresentinallpartsoftheworld,inallsectorsoftheworldeconomyandinall

areasoftechnology.

(v)TheUSshareoftheworldeconomyremainsanenormous28percent.TheUSalso

accountsfor15percentofworldtrade.Thereisnotasinglesectoroftheworldeconomyin


whichanAmericanfirmdoesnotfeatureinthe“topthree”lists.

(vi)ItisimportanttorememberthattheeconomicpreponderanceoftheUSisinseparable

fromitsstructuralpower,whichisthepowertoshapetheglobaleconomyinaparticular

way.

(vii)AclassicexampleofthestructuralpoweroftheUSistheacademicdegreecalledthe

Master’sinBusinessAdministration(MBA).Thefirstbusinessschoolintheworldwas

establishedin1881.Today,thereisnocountryintheworldinwhichtheMBAisnota

prestigiousacademicdegree.


(anysixpoints)

OR

RoleofASEANasaneconomicassociation

i)TheeconomyofASEANregionisgrowingmuchfasterthanthatoftheUS,EUandJapan.

Thisaccountsforthegrowthinitsinfluencebothintheregionandbeyond.

ii)ASEANistryingtocreateacommonmarketandproductionbasewithintheASEANstates

andtoaidsocialandeconomicdevelopmentintheregion.

iii)Amechanismisbeingevolvedtosettleandresolvetheeconomicdisputes.ASEANhas

focusedoncreatingaFreeTradeAreaforinvestment,labourandservices.

iv)ASEANisrapidlygrowingintoaveryimportantregionalorganization.It’svision2020

definedanoutwardlookingroleforASEANintheinternationalcommunity.

v)ThecurrenteconomicstrengthofASEANisbeingatradingandinvestmentpartnertothe

growingAsianeconomiessuchasIndiaandChinamakesitsanattractiveproposition.

vi)ASEAN’sstrength,however,liesinitspoliciesofinteractionandconsultationwith

memberstates,withdialoguepartners,andwithothernon-regionalorganisations.



24.MentionthesixprincipalorgansoftheUnitedNationsanddescribethefunctionsof

anytwoofthem.

OR

DescribethesecuritychallengesfacedbythenewlyindependentcountriesofAsiaand

AfricaaftertheSecondWorldWar.

Ans.SixprincipalorgansoftheUnitedNations:

(i)GeneralAssembly

(ii)SecurityCouncil

(iii)InternationalCourtofJustice

(iv)Secretariat

(v)EconomicandSocialCouncil

(vi)TrusteeshipCouncil

FunctionsofGeneralAssembly:-

i)ItelectsthemembersfortheotherstructuresandagenciesoftheUN.

ii)Deliberationsanddiscussionsovermajorinternationalissues.

ii)Ittakesallmajordecisionsrelatedtomembernations.

(anytwofunctions)

FunctionsofSecurityCouncil:-

i)Topreventinternationalconflictsandlimittheextendofhostilities.

ii)Tofacilitatecooperationamongstates.

iii)Toimprovetheprospectsofsocialandeconomicaldevelopmentintheworld.

(anytwofunctions)


(orexplanationofanytwooftheremainingorgans)

OR

Thesecuritychallengesfacingthenewly-independentcountriesofAsiaandAfricaafterthe

SecondWorldWar

(i)Thenewlyindependentcountriesfacedtheprospectofmilitaryconflictwith

neighbouringcountries.

(ii)Theyhadtoworryaboutinternalmilitaryconflict.Thesecountriesfacedthreatsnotonly

fromoutsidetheirborders,mostlyfromneighbours,butalsofromwithin.

(iii)Manynewlyindependentcountriescametofeartheirneighboursevenmorethanthey

fearedtheUSortheSovietUnionortheformercolonialpowers.

Theyquarreledoverbordersandterritoriesorcontrolofpeopleandpopulationsorallof

thesesimultaneously.

(iv)Internally,thenewstateswereworriedaboutthreatsfromseparatistmovementswhich

wantedtoformindependentcountries.Sometimes,theexternalandinternalthreatsmerged.

(v)Aneighbourmighthelporinstigateaninternalseparatistmovementleadingtotensions

betweenthetwoneighbouringcountries.

(vi)Internalwarsnowmakeupmorethan95percentofallarmedconflictsfoughtanywhere

intheworld.

(vii)Between1946and1991,therewasatwelve-foldriseinthenumberofcivilwars—the

greatestjumpin200years.So,forthenewstates,externalwarswithneighboursand

internalwarsposedaseriouschallengetotheirsecurity.

25.Doyouagreewiththestatementthat‘‘theforeignpolicyofindependentIndiahas

pursuedthedreamofapeacefulworld’’?Supportyouranswerwithanythreesuitable

arguments.

OR

Giveanythreesuitableargumentsinfavourof‘‘Indiabeingastaunchsupporterofthe


decolonisationprocessandinfirmoppositiontoracialism’’.

Ans.Yes,weagreewiththestatement.Suitableargumentsforthisare:-

(i)TheforeignpolicyofindependentIndiavigorouslypursuedthedreamofapeacefulworld

byadvocatingthepolicyofnon-alignment,byreducingtheColdWarconfederationandby

contributinghumanresourcestotheUNpeacekeepingoperations.

(ii)IndiadidnotjoineitherofthetwocampsduringtheColdWarera.Indiawantedtokeep

distancefromthemilitaryalliancesledbyUSandbytheSovietUnionagainsteachother.

(iii)DuringtheColdWar,theUS-ledNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganisation(NATO)andthe

Soviet-ledWarsawPactcameintoexistence.IndiaadvocatedNon-alignmentastheideal

foreignpolicyapproach.Thiswasadifficultbalancingactandsometimesthebalancedidnot

appearperfect.

(iv)In1956whenBritainattackedEgyptovertheSuezCanalissue,Indialedtheworldprotest

againstthisneo-colonialinvasion.Inthesameyear,whentheUSSRinvadedHungary,India

didnotjoinitspubliccondemnation.

Despitesuchsituation,byandlargeIndiadidtakeanindependentstandonvarious

internationalissues.

(anythreepoints)

OR

Supportingarguments:-

(i)UndertheleadershipofNehruIndiaconvenedtheAsianRelationConferenceinMarch

1947.Indiawasastaunchsupporterofthedecolonizationprocessandfirmlyopposedracism

especiallyapartheidinSouthAfrica.

(ii)Indiamadeearnesteffortsfortheearlyrealizationofaninternationalconferencein1949

tosupportitsfreedomstruggle.

(iii)TheAfro–AsianConferenceheldintheIndonesiancityofBandungin1955,commonly

knownasBandungConference,markedthezenithofIndia’sengagementwithnewly

independentAsianandAfricannations.TheBandungConferencelaterledtothe


establishmentoftheNAM.

Oranyotherrelevantpoint

26.HighlighttheactsofdissentandresistancetotheEmergencyimposedin1975.In

youropinion,howdidtheseactsaffectthepublicopinion?

OR

Analysetheissue‘IndiravstheSyndicate’.Whattypeofchallengesdidtheissuepose

beforeIndiraGandhi?

Ans.

ActsofdissentandresistancetotheEmergencyimposedin1975:-

(i)Manypoliticalworkerswhowerenotarrestedinthefirstwave,went‘underground’and

organisedprotestsagainstthegovernment.

(ii)NewspapersliketheIndianExpressandtheStatesmanprotestedagainstcensorshipby

leavingblankspaceswherenewsitemshadbeencensored.MagazinesliketheSeminarand

theMainstreamchosetoclosedownratherthansubmittocensorship.

(iii)ManyjournalistswerearrestedforwritingagainsttheEmergency.Manyunderground

newslettersandleafletswerepublishedtobypasscensorship.

(iv)KannadawriterShivaramaKaranth,awardedwithPadmaBhushan,andHindiwriter

FanishwarnathRenu,awardedwithPadmaShri,returnedtheirawardsinprotestagainstthe

suspensionofdemocracy.

(v)TheParliamentalsobroughtinmanynewchangestotheConstitution.Inthebackground

oftherulingoftheAllahabadHighCourtintheIndiraGandhicase,anamendmentwas

madedeclaringthatelectionsofPrimeMinister,PresidentandVice-Presidentcouldnotbe

challengedintheCourt.

(anyfouracts)

Effects:-

(i)AfterthedeclarationofEmergency,theurbanmiddleclassesweregenerallyhappyver


thefactthatagitationscametoanendanddisciplinewasenforcedonthegovernment

employees.

(ii)Thepoorandruralpeoplealsoexpectedeffectiveimplementationofthewelfare

programmesthatthegovernmentwaspromising.

Thus,differentsectionsofsocietyhaddifferentexpectationsfromtheemergencyandalso

differentviewpointsaboutit.

Oranyotherrelevanteffect.

(anytwo)

OR

IndiravsSyndicate:-

(i)TherealchallengetoIndiraGandhicamenotonlyfromtheoppositionbutfromwithin

herownparty.IndiraGandhihadtodealwiththe‘syndicate’,agroupofpowerfuland

influentialleadersfromwithintheCongress.

(ii)TheSyndicatehadplayedaroleintheinstallationofIndiraGandhiasthePrimeMinister

byensuringherelectionasaleaderoftheParliamentaryparty,butSyndicatewantedto

controlaftertheymanagedtomakeherthePrimeMinister.

ChallengesfacedbyIndiraGandhi

(i)SheneededtobuildherindependencefromtheSyndicate.

(ii)Sheneededtoworktoregaintheground,theCongresshadlostinthe1967elections.

(iii)IndiraGandhiadoptedaveryboldstrategy.Sheconvertedasimplepowerstruggleinto

anideologicalstruggle.

(iv)ShelaunchedaseriesofinitiativesandaTenPointProgramme,includedsocialcontrolof

banks,nationalisationofgeneralinsurance,ceilingonurbanpropertyandincome

ActsofdissentandresistancetotheEmergencyimposedin1975:-

(i)Manypoliticalworkerswhowerenotarrestedinthefirstwave,went‘underground’and


organisedprotestsagainstthegovernment.

(ii)NewspapersliketheIndianExpressandtheStatesmanprotestedagainstcensorshipby

leavingblankspaceswherenewsitemshadbeencensored.MagazinesliketheSeminarand

theMainstreamchosetoclosedownratherthansubmittocensorship.

(iii)ManyjournalistswerearrestedforwritingagainsttheEmergency.Manyunderground

newslettersandleafletswerepublishedtobypasscensorship.

(iv)KannadawriterShivaramaKaranth,awardedwithPadmaBhushan,andHindiwriter

FanishwarnathRenu,awardedwithPadmaShri,returnedtheirawardsinprotestagainstthe

suspensionofdemocracy.

(v)TheParliamentalsobroughtinmanynewchangestotheConstitution.Inthebackground

oftherulingoftheAllahabadHighCourtintheIndiraGandhicase,anamendmentwas

madedeclaringthatelectionsofPrimeMinister,PresidentandVice-Presidentcouldnotbe

challengedintheCourt.

(anyfouracts)

Effects:-

(i)AfterthedeclarationofEmergency,theurbanmiddleclassesweregenerallyhappyover

thefactthatagitationscametoanendanddisciplinewasenforcedonthegovernment

employees.

(ii)Thepoorandruralpeoplealsoexpectedeffectiveimplementationofthewelfare

programmesthatthegovernmentwaspromising.

Thus,differentsectionsofsocietyhaddifferentexpectationsfromtheemergencyandalso

differentviewpointsaboutit.

Oranyotherrelevanteffect.

(anytwo)

OR

IndiravsSyndicate:-


(i)TherealchallengetoIndiraGandhicamenotonlyfromtheoppositionbutfromwithin

herownparty.IndiraGandhihadtodealwiththe‘syndicate’,agroupofpowerfuland

influentialleadersfromwithintheCongress.

(ii)TheSyndicatehadplayedaroleintheinstallationofIndiraGandhiasthePrimeMinister

byensuringherelectionasaleaderoftheParliamentaryparty,butSyndicatewantedto

controlaftertheymanagedtomakeherthePrimeMinister.

ChallengesfacedbyIndiraGandhi

(i)SheneededtobuildherindependencefromtheSyndicate.

(ii)Sheneededtoworktoregaintheground,theCongresshadlostinthe1967elections.

(iii)IndiraGandhiadoptedaveryboldstrategy.Sheconvertedasimplepowerstruggleinto

anideologicalstruggle.

(iv)ShelaunchedaseriesofinitiativesandaTenPointProgramme,includedsocialcontrolof

banks,nationalisationofgeneralinsurance,ceilingonurbanpropertyandincome

27.Describeanythreeareasoftensionwhichareyettobesolvedtoretainunityin

diversityinIndia.

OR

Describeanythreeelementsofgrowingconsensusamongmostofthepoliticalparties

ofIndiaafter1989.

Ans.Threeareasoftensionare:-

i)Jammu&Kashmir-insurgency,separatism,terrorismetc.

ii)North-Eaststates–demandforautonomy,secessionistmovements

iii)Demandfortheformationofstatesbasedonlinguisticandregionalismindifferentparts

ofIndia.


(anythreepointstobeexplained)


OR

Elementsofgrowingconsensus

(i)Agreementonneweconomicpolicies:Mostpartieswereinsupportoftheneweconomic

policiesandbelievedthatthesepolicieswouldleadthecountrytoprosperityandastatusof

economicpowerintheworld.

(ii)Acceptanceofthepoliticalandsocialclaimsofthebackwardcastes:Politicalpartieshad

recognizedthatthesocialandpoliticalclaimsoftheBackwardCastesneedtobeaccepted

andsupportreservationofseatsforOBCineducationandemployment.

(iii)AcceptanceoftheroleofStatelevelpartiesingovernanceofthecountry:Statelevel

partiesweresharingpoweratthenationallevelandhadplayedacentralroleinthe

country’spolitics.

(iv)Emphasisonpragmaticconsiderationsratherthanideologicalpositionsandpolitical

allianceswithoutideologicalagreementasmostpartiesoftheNDAdidnotagreewiththe

‘Hindutava’ideologyoftheBJP.Yet,theycametogethertoformagovernmentandremained

inpowerforafullterm.

(anythree)


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