R E D U P L I C AT I O N
This groundbreaking new study takes a novel approach to reduplication, aphenomenon whereby languages use repetition to create new words. SharonInkelas and Cheryl Zoll argue that the driving force in reduplication is identityat the morphosyntactic, not the phonological, level and present a new model ofreduplication – Morphological Doubling Theory – that derives the full range ofreduplication patterns. This approach shifts the focus away from the relativelysmall number of cases of phonological overapplication and underapplication,which have played a major role in earlier studies, to the larger class of caseswhere base and reduplicant diverge phonologically. The authors conclude byarguing for a theoretical shift in phonology, which entails more attention toword structure. As well as presenting the authors’ pioneering work, this bookalso provides a much-needed overview of reduplication, the study of whichhas become one of the most contentious in modern phonological theory.
sharon inkelas is Professor in the Department of Linguistics, Universityof California at Berkeley. She has over fifteen years’ research and teachingexperience and has been in the Department of Linguistics at the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley since 1992. She is the author of a wide variety of articlesin phonology and morphology.
cheryl zoll is Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics andPhilosophy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with research interests inphonology and morphology, particularly in relation to African languages. Sheis the author of Parsing Below the Segment (1998) as well as numerous articleson a variety of topics in phonology and morphology.
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
In this series
65 eve v. clark: The lexicon in acquisition66 anthony r . warner: English auxiliaries: structure and history67 p. h . matthews: Grammatical theory in the United States from Bloomfield
to Chomsky68 lj il jana progovac: Negative and positive polarity: a binding approach69 r . m . w. d ixon: Ergativity70 yan huang: The syntax and pragmatics of anaphora71 knud lambrecht: Information structure and sentence form: topic, focus, and the
mental representation of discourse referents72 luig i burzio: Principles of English stress73 john a. hawkins: A performance theory of order and constituency74 al ice c . harr i s and lyle campbell: Historical syntax in cross-linguistic
perspective75 l il iane haegeman: The syntax of negation76 paul gorrel: Syntax and parsing77 guglielmo cinque: Italian syntax and universal grammar78 henry smith: Restrictiveness in case theory79 d. robert ladd: Intonational morphology80 andrea moro: The raising of predicates: predicative noun phrases and the theory
of clause structure81 roger lass: Historical linguistics and language change82 john m. anderson: A notional theory of syntactic categories83 bernd heine: Possession: cognitive sources, forces and grammaticalization84 nomt erteschik- sh ir: The dynamics of focus structure85 john coleman: Phonological representations: their names, forms and powers86 chri st ina y. bethin: Slavic prosody: language change and phonological theory87 barbara dancygier: Conditionals and prediction88 claire lefebvre: Creole genesis and the acquisition of grammar: the case of
Haitian creole89 heinz gieger ich: Lexical strata in English90 keren rice: Morpheme order and semantic scope91 apr il m cmahon: Lexical phonology and the history of English92 matthew y. chen: Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects93 gregory t. stump: Inflectional morphology: a theory of paradigm structure94 joan bybee: Phonology and language use95 laurie bauer: Morphological productivity96 thomas ernst: The syntax of adjuncts97 el izabeth closs traugott and r ichard b. dasher: Regularity in
semantic change98 maya hickmann: Children’s discourse: person, space and time across languages99 diane blakemore: Relevance and linguistic meaning: the semantics and
pragmatics of discourse markers100 ian roberts and anna roussou: Syntactic change: a minimalist approach to
grammaticalization101 donka minkova: Alliteration and sound change in early English102 mark c . baker: Lexical categories: verbs, nouns and adjectives103 carlota s . sm ith: Modes of discourse: the local structure of texts104 rochelle l ieber: Morphology and lexical semantics105 holger diessel: The acquisition of complex sentences106 sharon inkelas and cheryl zoll: Reduplication: doubling in morphology
Earlier issues not listed are also available
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
C A M B R I D G E S T U D I E S I N L I N G U I S T I C S
General editors: p. aust in, j . bresnan, b. comrie ,s . cra in, w. dressler , c . j . ewen, r . lass ,d. l ightfoot, k . r ice , i . roberts , s . romainen. v. smith
Reduplication
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
REDUPLICATION
DOUBLING IN MORPHOLOGY
SHARON INKELASUniversity of California, Berkeley
and
CHERYL ZOLLMassachusetts Institute of Technology
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridgeThe Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
cambridge university pressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, CB2 2RU, UK40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, AustraliaRuiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, SpainDock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
http://www.cambridge.org
C© Sharon Inkelas and Cheryl Zoll 2005
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2005
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
Typeface Times 10/13 pt. System LATEX 2ε [tb]
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 521 80649 6 hardback
The publisher has used its best endeavors to ensure that the URLs for externalwebsites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press.However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make noguarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate.
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
Contents
Acknowledgments page xiTable of languages xiiiAbbreviations used in morpheme glosses xxi
1 Introduction 11.1 Two approaches to duplication 21.2 Morphological Doubling Theory 6
1.2.1 The morphology of reduplication 71.2.2 Constructions in morphology 111.2.3 Constructional semantics 131.2.4 Constructional phonology 161.2.5 The phonology of reduplication 18
1.3 Phonological copying 201.4 Distinguishing the two types of duplication 221.5 Wrapup and outline of book 23
2 Evidence for morphological doubling 252.1 Morphological targets: affix reduplication 27
2.1.1 Preverb reduplication: Hungarian 282.1.2 Reduplication within the derivational stem 282.1.3 Further implications 30
2.2 Morphotactic asymmetries: empty morphs 312.2.1 Empty morphs in morphology 312.2.2 Phonologically beneficial empty morphs 332.2.3 Empty morphs in reduplication 362.2.4 Simple melodic overwriting 412.2.5 Double melodic overwriting 432.2.6 Tier replacement 45
2.3 Synonym and antonym constructions 472.3.1 Root allomorphy 472.3.2 Synonym constructions 59
vii
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
viii Contents
2.3.3 Beyond synonyms 612.3.4 Wrapup 65
2.4 Comparison of MDT with OO correspondence 652.5 Conclusion 66
3 Morphologically conditioned phonology in reduplication:the daughters 67
3.1 Cophonologies 703.1.1 Cophonologies vs. indexed constraints 743.1.2 Cophonologies in reduplication 75
3.2 Typical daughter modifications 773.3 Divergent modification 82
3.3.1 Hua 823.3.2 Hausa tonal modification 833.3.3 Tarok: divergent TETU 843.3.4 Parallel modification 863.3.5 Double modification outside of reduplication 91
3.4 Daughter independence vs. base dependence 923.4.1 Reduplicant shape 92
3.5 Conclusion 97
4 Morphologically conditioned phonology in reduplication:the mother node 98
4.1 General approach to junctural phonology 994.2 Reduplication-specific alternations 1004.3 Reduplication-specific non-alternation 103
4.3.1 BR-Faith is insufficient 1044.3.2 Underapplication all over 1054.3.3 Non-identity-enhancing underapplication in
reduplication 1064.3.4 Layering and underapplication 1084.3.5 Klamath 113
4.4 ∃-Faith 1184.4.1 Predictions of ∃-Faith 1214.4.2 Overapplication of reduplication-specific
phonology 1224.4.3 Construction-specific insertion 1244.4.4 Reduplication-internal variation 1254.4.5 Parallels between reduplicative and nonreduplicative
phonology 1284.4.6 Wrapup 133
4.5 Conclusion 134
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
Contents ix
5 Morphologically driven opacity in reduplication 1355.1 Daughter-based opacity: overapplication and underapplication
in Javanese 1365.1.1 /a/-raising: underapplication by truncation 1375.1.2 Suffix-triggered ablaut: overapplication by truncation 1385.1.3 Opacity in suffixation and reduplication: wrapup 1435.1.4 Active prefix 1445.1.5 /h/-deletion: overapplication 1455.1.6 Laxing: underapplication 1475.1.7 Summary 150
5.2 Mother-based opacity: infixation 1515.2.1 Chamorro 1515.2.2 Eastern Kadazan 1525.2.3 Infixation in MDT 155
5.3 Morphological opacity outside of reduplication 1565.3.1 Opacity by truncation 1565.3.2 Opacity by infixation 157
5.4 MDT vs. Coerced Identity theories 1585.4.1 Opacity does not always increase identity 1615.4.2 Distribution of opacity 161
5.5 Case study: Fox 1655.5.1 Stem-internal alternations: opaque overapplication
by truncation 1685.5.2 Junctural alternations: normal application 1695.5.3 Summary of Fox 172
5.6 Conclusion: morphology underlies opacity 1735.7 The question of backcopying 174
5.7.1 Lack of evidence for backcopying in morphologicalreduplication 175
5.7.2 Backcopying as phonological assimilation 1775.7.3 Implications 180
6 Case studies 1816.1 Tagalog 181
6.1.1 Alternatives to backcopying 1826.1.2 Prefixation vs. infixation 183
6.2 Chumash 1856.2.1 Alternatives to backcopying 1876.2.2 Chumash verb morphology 1896.2.3 Which prefixes can contribute an overcopying final C? 1906.2.4 Inner (Level 2) prefixes in the reduplication domain 1906.2.5 A split among Inner prefixes in Ineseno 191
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
x Contents
6.2.6 Implications of the split among Inner prefixes 1936.2.7 Summary 195
7 Final issues 1977.1 Criteria distinguishing phonological copying from
morphological reduplication 1977.2 The purpose and nature of phonological copying 1977.3 The morphological purpose of reduplication 1997.4 CV reduplication 2017.5 The question of rhyme 2037.6 The question of anti-identity 2107.7 Beyond reduplication 212
Notes 213References 225Index of languages 245Index of names 247Index of subjects 251
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
Acknowledgments
The broad focus of this book has given us the opportunity to benefit fromthe expertise of a multitude of linguists whose interest and insightful inputhave contributed immeasurably to the construction of a morphological the-ory of reduplication. Orhan Orgun and Larry Hyman challenged and inspiredus throughout. Juliette Blevins, Andrew Garrett, Michael Kenstowicz, TeresaMcFarland, Anne Pycha, Richard Rhodes, Ronald Sprouse, and Donca Steri-ade all read the manuscript in various stages and facilitated the development ofour ideas with their penetrating critiques. We owe a debt of gratitude as wellto Terry Crowley, Laura Downing, Danny Fox, Claire Lefebvre, Frank Licht-enberk, Johanna Nichols, Nick Sherrard, Galen Sibanda, Rajendra Singh, KenVanBik, and many others who generously provided us with useful materialsand shared their knowledge about languages, phenomena, and theories onceunfamiliar to us. We also thank our students, east and west, for their stimulatinginterest and willingness to participate in the development of MDT. The workbenefited significantly from the feedback of audiences at a number of colloquiaand conferences, including Phonology 2000 (MIT/Harvard), NAPhC (Concor-dia University, Montreal), the 1999 Linguistics Society of America Meeting,and the 2002 Graz Reduplication Conference (Graz, Austria), and from discus-sions at UC Berkeley and MIT during various less formal presentations. Muchof this book was written with the generous support of the Radcliffe Institute forAdvanced Study at Harvard University, which assisted one of the authors witha fellowship in 2001–2002. We are grateful also to the Linguistics Departmentat UC Davis for providing office space and a library card during one crucialsummer. Anne Nesbet, Nancy Katz, Klara Moricz, and David Schneider pro-vided unending encouragement. Vineeta Chand sustained us with her expertand cool-headed copy-editing, and Anne Pycha took time in a busy semesterto research the language table. We thank, finally, our families: the children we
xi
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
xii Acknowledgments
raise on our laps while we type, Jem, Eli, and Lydia, and our spouses, OrhanOrgun and Eric Sawyer, who remove them at crucial moments for their occa-sional bath or hot meal, and who provide boundless moral and logistical support.This book is dedicated to our children, and to Curry Sawyer, whose inspiration,practical assistance, and unparalleled ability to get things done make everythingpossible.
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
Tabl
eof
lang
uage
s
Thi
sta
ble
ofla
ngua
ges
isa
com
pila
tion
ofin
form
atio
nfr
omth
eso
urce
sco
nsul
ted
inth
isw
ork
and
the
SIL
Eth
nolo
gue,
avai
labl
efr
omSI
LIn
tern
atio
nala
thtt
p://
ww
w.e
thno
logu
e.co
m.
Lan
guag
ePr
imar
yR
egio
nsw
ithin
Seco
ndar
ySp
ecia
lco
untr
ypr
imar
yco
untr
yco
untr
ies
note
Abk
haz
Geo
rgia
Abk
hazi
aT
urke
y,U
krai
neA
mel
ePa
pua
New
Gui
nea
Mad
ang
Prov
ince
Am
uesh
aPe
ruC
entr
alan
dea
ster
nPa
sco
regi
onA
pma
Van
uatu
Cen
tral
Pent
ecos
t(R
aga)
Ara
pesh
Papu
aN
ewG
uine
aN
orth
coas
t
Arm
enia
nA
rmen
ia29
othe
rsA
rosi
Solo
mon
Isla
nds
Nor
thw
estM
akir
a(S
anC
rist
obal
)Isl
and
Arr
ernt
eA
ustr
alia
Nor
ther
nTe
rrito
ry,A
lice
Spri
ngs
area
Axi
ninc
aC
ampa
Peru
Pich
isan
dSh
eshe
atr
ibut
arie
sof
the
Pach
itea
Riv
erB
abin
eC
anad
aW
estc
entr
alB
ritis
hC
olum
bia
Ban
oni
Papu
aN
ewG
uine
aN
orth
Solo
mon
sPr
ovin
ce,s
outh
wes
tern
Bou
gain
ville
Bel
laC
oola
Can
ada
Cen
tral
Bri
tish
Col
umbi
aco
ast
Bel
lone
seSo
lom
onIs
land
sR
enne
llan
dB
ello
naIs
land
sB
iere
boV
anua
tuW
estE
pi(c
ont.)
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
Lan
guag
ePr
imar
yR
egio
nsw
ithin
Seco
ndar
ySp
ecia
lco
untr
ypr
imar
yco
untr
yco
untr
ies
note
Bou
maa
Fijia
nFi
jiN
auru
,New
Zea
land
,Van
uatu
Bur
mes
eM
yanm
arSo
uth,
cent
ral,
and
adja
cent
area
sB
angl
ades
h,M
alay
sia,
Tha
iland
,USA
Cha
haE
thio
pia
Wes
tGur
age
Reg
ion
Cha
mor
roG
uam
Nor
ther
nM
aria
naIs
land
sC
hech
enR
ussi
aC
hech
nya,
nort
hC
auca
sus
Geo
rgia
,Ger
man
y,Jo
rdan
,Kaz
akhs
tan,
Kyr
gyzs
tan,
Syri
a,T
urke
y,U
zbek
ista
nC
hich
ewa
Mal
awi
Wes
tcen
tral
and
sout
hwes
tern
Bot
swan
a,M
ozam
biqu
e,Z
ambi
a,Z
imba
bwe
Chi
nese
,M
anda
rin
Chi
naN
orth
ern
and
sout
hwes
tern
Chi
naB
rune
i,C
ambo
dia,
Indo
nesi
a,L
aos,
Mal
aysi
a,M
auri
tius,
Mon
golia
,Ph
ilipp
ines
,Rus
sia,
Sing
apor
e,Ta
iwan
,T
haila
nd,U
nite
dK
ingd
om,U
SA,
Vie
tnam
Chu
kche
eR
ussi
aN
orth
east
ern
Sibe
ria
Chu
mas
hU
SASo
uthe
rnC
alif
orni
aco
ast
Ext
inct
Dak
ota
USA
Nor
ther
nN
ebra
ska,
sout
hern
Min
neso
ta,
Nor
than
dSo
uth
Dak
ota,
nort
heas
tern
Mon
tana
Can
ada
Diy
ari
Aus
tral
iaSo
uth
Aus
tral
ia,L
eigh
Cre
ekE
xtin
ctD
yirb
alA
ustr
alia
Nor
thea
stQ
ueen
slan
dE
aste
rnK
adaz
anM
alay
sia
Nor
thea
stSa
bah,
Sand
akan
,L
abuk
-Sug
ut,a
ndK
inab
atan
gan
dist
rict
s
Em
aiV
anua
tuE
mae
Eng
lish
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
,USA
104
othe
rs
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
Fong
beB
enin
Sout
hce
ntra
lTo
goFo
xU
SAE
aste
rnK
ansa
s-N
ebra
ska
bord
eran
dce
ntra
lOkl
ahom
aFu
laG
uine
aN
orth
wes
t,Fo
uta
Dja
llon
area
Gam
bia,
Gui
nea-
Bis
sau,
Mal
i,Se
nega
l,Si
erra
Leo
neG
apap
aiw
aPa
pua
New
Gui
nea
Miln
eB
ayPr
ovin
ce
Ger
man
Ger
man
y40
othe
rsH
ausa
Nig
eria
Thr
ough
outn
orth
ern
Nig
eria
Ben
in,B
urki
naFa
so,C
amer
oon,
CA
R,
Cha
d,C
ongo
,Eri
trea
,Ger
man
y,G
hana
,N
iger
,Sud
an,T
ogo
(Mod
ern)
Heb
rew
Isra
elA
ustr
alia
,Can
ada,
Ger
man
y,Pa
lest
inia
nW
estB
ank
and
Gaz
a,Pa
nam
a,U
nite
dK
ingd
om,U
SAH
indi
Indi
aT
hrou
ghou
tnor
ther
nIn
dia
Ban
glad
esh,
Bel
ize,
Bot
swan
a,G
erm
any,
Ken
ya,N
epal
,New
Zea
land
,Phi
lippi
nes,
Sing
apor
e,So
uth
Afr
ica,
Uga
nda,
UA
E,
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
,USA
,Yem
en,Z
ambi
aH
opi
USA
Nor
thea
ster
nA
rizo
na,s
outh
east
ern
Uta
h,no
rthw
este
rnN
ewM
exic
oH
uaPa
pua
New
Gui
nea
Eas
tern
Hig
hlan
dsPr
ovin
ce,G
orok
aD
istr
ict
Hun
gari
anH
unga
ryA
ustr
alia
,Aus
tria
,Can
ada,
Isra
el,
Rom
ania
,Slo
vaki
a,Sl
oven
ia,U
krai
ne,
USA
,Yug
osla
via
Ilok
ano
Phili
ppin
esN
orth
ern
Luz
onU
SAIn
done
sian
Indo
nesi
aN
ethe
rlan
ds,P
hilip
pine
s,Sa
udiA
rabi
a,Si
ngap
ore,
USA
(con
t.)
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
Lan
guag
ePr
imar
yR
egio
nsw
ithin
Seco
ndar
ySp
ecia
lco
untr
ypr
imar
yco
untr
yco
untr
ies
note
Japa
nese
Japa
n26
othe
rsJa
qaru
Peru
Lim
aD
epar
tmen
t,Y
auyo
sPr
ovin
ceJa
vane
seIn
done
sia
Java
and
rese
ttlem
ents
inIr
ian
Jaya
,Su
law
esi,
Mal
uku,
Kal
iman
tan,
and
Sum
atra
Mal
aysi
a(S
abah
),N
ethe
rlan
ds,
Sing
apor
e
Kas
haya
USA
Nor
ther
nC
alif
orni
aN
earl
yex
tinct
Kaw
aiis
uU
SAC
alif
orni
a;M
ojav
eD
eser
tPo
ssib
lyex
tinct
Kha
siIn
dia
Ass
am;M
egha
laya
,Kha
si-J
aint
iahi
lls;
Man
ipur
;Wes
tBen
gaB
angl
ades
h
Khm
erC
ambo
dia
Chi
na,F
ranc
e,L
aos,
USA
,Vie
tnam
Kik
erew
eTa
nzan
iaN
orth
wes
tern
Uke
rew
eIs
land
,sou
ther
nL
ake
Vic
tori
a,K
ibar
aK
inan
deD
emoc
ratic
Rep
ublic
ofC
ongo
Nor
d-K
ivu
Prov
ince
Kla
mat
hU
SASo
uth
cent
ralO
rego
nN
earl
yex
tinct
Kol
ami
Indi
aN
orth
wes
tern
Kol
ami:
Mah
aras
htra
,Y
avat
mal
,War
dha,
and
Nan
ded
dist
rict
s;A
ndhr
aPr
ades
h;M
adhy
aPr
ades
hSo
uthe
aste
rnK
olam
i:A
ndhr
aPr
ades
h,A
dila
bad
Dis
tric
t;M
ahar
asht
ra,
Cha
ndra
pur,
and
Nan
ded
dist
rict
s
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
Lan
goU
gand
aL
ango
prov
ince
,nor
thof
Lak
eK
yoga
Lus
hoot
seed
USA
Was
hing
ton,
Puge
tSou
ndar
eaN
earl
yex
tinct
Mad
ures
eIn
done
sia
Isla
ndof
Mad
ura,
Sapu
diIs
land
s,no
rthe
rnco
asta
lare
aof
east
ern
Java
Sing
apor
e
Mal
ayM
alay
sia
Peni
nsul
arM
alay
sia,
Saba
h,an
dSa
raw
akJo
hore
Mal
ayM
alay
sia
Joho
rst
ate
Ulu
Mua
rMal
ayM
alay
sia
Sout
heas
tof
Kua
laL
umpu
r,U
luM
uar
Dis
tric
tM
alay
alam
Indi
aK
eral
a,L
acca
dive
Isla
nds,
and
neig
hbor
ing
stat
eB
ahra
in,F
iji,I
srae
l,M
alay
sia,
Qat
ar,
Sing
apor
e,U
AE
,Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Man
gara
yiA
ustr
alia
Mat
aran
kaan
dE
lsey
stat
ions
,Nor
ther
nTe
rrito
ryM
arat
hiIn
dia
Mah
aras
htra
and
adja
cent
stat
esM
auri
tius
Mar
ques
anFr
ench
Poly
nesi
aM
arqu
esas
Isla
nds:
Hat
utu,
Nuk
uH
iva,
Ua
Huk
a,U
aPo
uis
land
sSo
uth
Mar
ques
an:M
arqu
esas
Isla
nds:
Hiv
aO
a,Ta
huta
,Fat
uH
iva
isla
nds
Men
deSi
erra
Leo
neSo
uth
cent
ral
Lib
eria
Miy
aN
iger
iaB
auch
iSta
te,G
anju
wa
LG
A,M
iya
tow
nM
ongo
lian
Mon
golia
Bur
yatA
SSR
ofR
ussi
aan
dIs
syk-
Kul
Obl
asto
fK
yrgy
zsta
nK
yrgy
zsta
n,R
ussi
a,Ta
iwan
Nad
roga
Fiji
Fiji
Isla
nds,
wes
tern
half
ofV
itiL
evu,
Way
aIs
land
sN
akan
aman
gaV
anua
tuE
fate
,She
pher
dis
land
sN
amak
irV
anua
tuE
fate
,She
pher
dis
land
s(c
ont.)
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
Lan
guag
ePr
imar
yR
egio
nsw
ithin
Seco
ndar
ySp
ecia
lco
untr
ypr
imar
yco
untr
yco
untr
ies
note
Nat
iV
anua
tuM
alak
ula
Nav
ajo
USA
Nor
thea
ster
nA
rizo
na,n
orth
wes
tern
New
Mex
ico,
sout
heas
tern
Uta
h,so
uthw
este
rnC
olor
ado
Nde
bele
Zim
babw
eM
atab
elel
and,
arou
ndB
ulaw
ayo
Bot
swan
aN
ezPe
rce
USA
Nor
ther
nId
aho
Niu
afo’
ouTo
nga
Niu
afo’
ouan
d’E
uais
land
sO
roka
iva
Papu
aN
ewG
uine
aO
roPr
ovin
cePo
pond
etta
Dis
tric
t
Oyk
anga
ndA
ustr
alia
Wro
tham
Park
,Kow
anya
ma,
Edw
ard
Riv
er,Q
ueen
slan
dPa
ames
eV
anua
tuPa
ama,
east
Epi
,Vila
Paco
hV
ietn
amB
l’nh
Tri
Thi
enPr
ovin
ceL
aos
Pali
Indi
a(l
itera
ryla
ngua
geof
Bud
dhis
tscr
iptu
res)
Mya
nmar
,Sri
Lan
kaE
xtin
ctPi
ro(Y
ine)
Peru
Eas
tcen
tral
Uru
bam
baR
iver
area
Pona
pean
Mic
rone
sia
Pohn
peiI
slan
d,C
arol
ine
Isla
nds
Que
chua
Peru
Nor
thea
stH
uanu
coD
epar
tmen
tR
aga
Van
uatu
Pent
ecos
tisl
and
Rot
uman
Fiji
Rot
uma
Isla
ndR
ovia
naSo
lom
onIs
land
sN
orth
cent
ralN
ewG
eorg
ia,R
ovia
naL
agoo
n,V
onav
ona
Lag
oon;
Wes
tern
Prov
ince
Saha
ptin
USA
Nor
thce
ntra
lOre
gon
Sans
krit
Indi
aSe
kani
Can
ada
Nor
thce
ntra
lBri
tish
Col
umbi
a
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
Serb
o-C
roat
ian
Yug
osla
via
Alb
ania
,Aus
tral
ia,A
ustr
ia,
Bos
nia-
Her
zego
vina
,Bul
gari
a,C
anad
a,C
roat
ia,G
erm
any,
Gre
ece,
Hun
gary
,It
aly,
Mac
edon
ia,R
oman
ia,R
ussi
a,Sl
ovak
ia,S
love
nia,
Swed
en,
Switz
erla
nd,T
urke
ySe
reer
Sene
gal
Wes
tcen
tral
Sene
gala
ndth
eSi
nean
dSa
loum
Riv
erva
lleys
Gam
bia
Siro
iPa
pua
New
Gui
nea
Mad
ang
Prov
ince
,Sai
dor
Dis
tric
t
Sisw
ati
Swaz
iland
Moz
ambi
que,
Sout
hA
fric
aSl
ave
Can
ada
Nor
thw
estT
erri
tori
es,n
orth
ern
Alb
erta
Sout
heas
tA
mbr
ymV
anua
tuSo
uthe
astA
mbr
ymIs
land
Spok
ane
USA
Nor
thea
ster
nW
ashi
ngto
nSu
ndan
ese
Indo
nesi
aW
este
rnth
ird
ofJa
vaIs
land
Sye
Van
uatu
Err
oman
goIs
land
Taga
log
Phili
ppin
esM
anila
,mos
tof
Luz
on,a
ndM
indo
roC
anad
a,G
uam
,Mid
way
Isla
nds,
Saud
iA
rabi
a,U
AE
,Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
,USA
Tam
ilIn
dia
Tam
ilN
adu
and
neig
hbor
ing
stat
esB
ahra
in,F
iji,G
erm
any,
Mal
aysi
a(P
enin
sula
r),M
auri
tius,
Net
herl
ands
,Q
atar
,Reu
nion
,Sin
gapo
re,S
outh
Afr
ica,
SriL
anka
,Tha
iland
,UA
E,U
nite
dK
ingd
omTa
rok
Nig
eria
Plat
eau
Stat
e,K
anam
,Was
e,an
dL
angt
ang
LG
As;
Gon
gola
Stat
e,W
ukar
iL
GA
Taw
ala
Papu
aN
ewG
uine
aM
ilne
Bay
Prov
ince
Telu
guIn
dia
And
hra
Prad
esh
and
neig
hbor
ing
stat
esB
ahra
in,F
iji,M
alay
sia,
Mau
ritiu
s,Si
ngap
ore,
UA
E(c
ont.)
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
Lan
guag
ePr
imar
yR
egio
nsw
ithin
Seco
ndar
ySp
ecia
lco
untr
ypr
imar
yco
untr
yco
untr
ies
note
Toho
noO
’odh
amU
SASo
uth
cent
ralA
rizo
naM
exic
o
Tru
kese
Mic
rone
sia
Chu
ukL
agoo
n,C
arol
ine
Isla
nds,
som
eon
Pona
peG
uam
Tur
kish
Tur
key
35ot
her
coun
trie
sU
lithi
anM
icro
nesi
aU
lithi
,Ngu
lu,S
orol
,Fai
sis
land
s,ea
ster
nC
arol
ine
Isla
nds
Um
pila
Aus
tral
iaC
ape
Yor
kPe
nins
ula,
nort
hof
Cai
rns
Urd
uPa
kist
anV
ietn
ames
eV
ietn
amA
fgha
nist
an,B
ahra
in,B
angl
ades
h,B
otsw
ana,
Fiji,
Ger
man
y,G
uyan
a,In
dia,
Mal
awi,
Mau
ritiu
s,N
epal
,Nor
way
,O
man
,Qat
ar,S
audi
Ara
bia,
Sout
hA
fric
a,T
haila
nd,U
AE
,Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
,Zam
bia
War
lpir
iA
ustr
alia
Nor
ther
nTe
rrito
ry,Y
uend
umu,
Ali
Cur
ung
Will
owra
,Alic
eSp
ring
s,K
athe
rine
,Dar
win
,and
Laj
aman
uY
orub
aN
iger
iaO
yo,O
gun,
Ond
oO
sun,
Kw
ara,
and
Lag
osst
ates
;and
wes
tern
LG
As
ofK
ogi
Stat
e
Ben
in,T
ogo,
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
,USA
Yup
ik,C
entr
alA
lask
anU
SAN
univ
akIs
land
,Ala
ska
coas
tfro
mB
rist
olB
ayto
Una
lakl
eeto
nN
orto
nSo
und
and
inla
ndal
ong
Nus
haga
k,K
usko
kwim
,and
Yuk
onri
vers
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
Abbreviations used inmorpheme glosses
3sg 3rd person singularabs absolutiveadj adjectiveaf actor focusaor aoristass.col associate
collectiveaug augmentativecaus causativecl classifiercomp completivecompr comprehensivecont continuativectr controldef definitedes desiderativedim diminutivediss dissimulationdist distributivedom dominantdu dualdur durativedx deicticerg ergativeexas exasperationexcl exclusivefut futureimp imperativeimperf/impf imperfectiveincl inclusive
inf infinitiveintr intransitiveloc locativemid middlemulrec multiple
reciprocalmulser multiple serial
distributionn. nounneg negativen.inten non-intentiven.ser non-seriousnml nominal(izer)nonfut non-futurenonpres non-presentnpast non-pastobj objectobv obviativeop operatorperf perfectivepl pluralposs possessivepp past participlepres/prs presentpro pronounrec recent completive
(E. Kadazan)rec recessiverep repetitiverf referent focus
xxi
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
xxii Abbreviations used in morpheme glosses
s.o. someones.t. somethingsfx suffixsg singularsp speciessubj subjecttr/trans transitive
trs transitive subjectuf undergoer focusun.dist unequal
distributionv verbvbl verbalizerwp witnessed past
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in MorphologySharon Inkelas and Cheryl ZollFrontmatterMore information
Top Related