Cambridge University Press 0521806496 - Reduplication ......0521806496 - Reduplication: Doubling in...

R E D U P L I C AT I O N

This groundbreaking new study takes a novel approach to reduplication, aphenomenon whereby languages use repetition to create new words. SharonInkelas and Cheryl Zoll argue that the driving force in reduplication is identityat the morphosyntactic, not the phonological, level and present a new model ofreduplication – Morphological Doubling Theory – that derives the full range ofreduplication patterns. This approach shifts the focus away from the relativelysmall number of cases of phonological overapplication and underapplication,which have played a major role in earlier studies, to the larger class of caseswhere base and reduplicant diverge phonologically. The authors conclude byarguing for a theoretical shift in phonology, which entails more attention toword structure. As well as presenting the authors’ pioneering work, this bookalso provides a much-needed overview of reduplication, the study of whichhas become one of the most contentious in modern phonological theory.

sharon inkelas is Professor in the Department of Linguistics, Universityof California at Berkeley. She has over fifteen years’ research and teachingexperience and has been in the Department of Linguistics at the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley since 1992. She is the author of a wide variety of articlesin phonology and morphology.

cheryl zoll is Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics andPhilosophy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with research interests inphonology and morphology, particularly in relation to African languages. Sheis the author of Parsing Below the Segment (1998) as well as numerous articleson a variety of topics in phonology and morphology.

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In this series

65 eve v. clark: The lexicon in acquisition66 anthony r . warner: English auxiliaries: structure and history67 p. h . matthews: Grammatical theory in the United States from Bloomfield

to Chomsky68 lj il jana progovac: Negative and positive polarity: a binding approach69 r . m . w. d ixon: Ergativity70 yan huang: The syntax and pragmatics of anaphora71 knud lambrecht: Information structure and sentence form: topic, focus, and the

mental representation of discourse referents72 luig i burzio: Principles of English stress73 john a. hawkins: A performance theory of order and constituency74 al ice c . harr i s and lyle campbell: Historical syntax in cross-linguistic

perspective75 l il iane haegeman: The syntax of negation76 paul gorrel: Syntax and parsing77 guglielmo cinque: Italian syntax and universal grammar78 henry smith: Restrictiveness in case theory79 d. robert ladd: Intonational morphology80 andrea moro: The raising of predicates: predicative noun phrases and the theory

of clause structure81 roger lass: Historical linguistics and language change82 john m. anderson: A notional theory of syntactic categories83 bernd heine: Possession: cognitive sources, forces and grammaticalization84 nomt erteschik- sh ir: The dynamics of focus structure85 john coleman: Phonological representations: their names, forms and powers86 chri st ina y. bethin: Slavic prosody: language change and phonological theory87 barbara dancygier: Conditionals and prediction88 claire lefebvre: Creole genesis and the acquisition of grammar: the case of

Haitian creole89 heinz gieger ich: Lexical strata in English90 keren rice: Morpheme order and semantic scope91 apr il m cmahon: Lexical phonology and the history of English92 matthew y. chen: Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects93 gregory t. stump: Inflectional morphology: a theory of paradigm structure94 joan bybee: Phonology and language use95 laurie bauer: Morphological productivity96 thomas ernst: The syntax of adjuncts97 el izabeth closs traugott and r ichard b. dasher: Regularity in

semantic change98 maya hickmann: Children’s discourse: person, space and time across languages99 diane blakemore: Relevance and linguistic meaning: the semantics and

pragmatics of discourse markers100 ian roberts and anna roussou: Syntactic change: a minimalist approach to

grammaticalization101 donka minkova: Alliteration and sound change in early English102 mark c . baker: Lexical categories: verbs, nouns and adjectives103 carlota s . sm ith: Modes of discourse: the local structure of texts104 rochelle l ieber: Morphology and lexical semantics105 holger diessel: The acquisition of complex sentences106 sharon inkelas and cheryl zoll: Reduplication: doubling in morphology

Earlier issues not listed are also available






C A M B R I D G E S T U D I E S I N L I N G U I S T I C S

General editors: p. aust in, j . bresnan, b. comrie ,s . cra in, w. dressler , c . j . ewen, r . lass ,d. l ightfoot, k . r ice , i . roberts , s . romainen. v. smith

Reduplication






REDUPLICATION

DOUBLING IN MORPHOLOGY

SHARON INKELASUniversity of California, Berkeley

and

CHERYL ZOLLMassachusetts Institute of Technology






published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridgeThe Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

cambridge university pressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, CB2 2RU, UK40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, AustraliaRuiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, SpainDock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa


C© Sharon Inkelas and Cheryl Zoll 2005

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2005

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

Typeface Times 10/13 pt. System LATEX 2ε [tb]

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 0 521 80649 6 hardback

The publisher has used its best endeavors to ensure that the URLs for externalwebsites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press.However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make noguarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate.






Contents

Acknowledgments page xiTable of languages xiiiAbbreviations used in morpheme glosses xxi

1 Introduction 11.1 Two approaches to duplication 21.2 Morphological Doubling Theory 6

1.2.1 The morphology of reduplication 71.2.2 Constructions in morphology 111.2.3 Constructional semantics 131.2.4 Constructional phonology 161.2.5 The phonology of reduplication 18

1.3 Phonological copying 201.4 Distinguishing the two types of duplication 221.5 Wrapup and outline of book 23

2 Evidence for morphological doubling 252.1 Morphological targets: affix reduplication 27

2.1.1 Preverb reduplication: Hungarian 282.1.2 Reduplication within the derivational stem 282.1.3 Further implications 30

2.2 Morphotactic asymmetries: empty morphs 312.2.1 Empty morphs in morphology 312.2.2 Phonologically beneficial empty morphs 332.2.3 Empty morphs in reduplication 362.2.4 Simple melodic overwriting 412.2.5 Double melodic overwriting 432.2.6 Tier replacement 45

2.3 Synonym and antonym constructions 472.3.1 Root allomorphy 472.3.2 Synonym constructions 59

vii






viii Contents

2.3.3 Beyond synonyms 612.3.4 Wrapup 65

2.4 Comparison of MDT with OO correspondence 652.5 Conclusion 66

3 Morphologically conditioned phonology in reduplication:the daughters 67

3.1 Cophonologies 703.1.1 Cophonologies vs. indexed constraints 743.1.2 Cophonologies in reduplication 75

3.2 Typical daughter modifications 773.3 Divergent modification 82

3.3.1 Hua 823.3.2 Hausa tonal modification 833.3.3 Tarok: divergent TETU 843.3.4 Parallel modification 863.3.5 Double modification outside of reduplication 91

3.4 Daughter independence vs. base dependence 923.4.1 Reduplicant shape 92

3.5 Conclusion 97

4 Morphologically conditioned phonology in reduplication:the mother node 98

4.1 General approach to junctural phonology 994.2 Reduplication-specific alternations 1004.3 Reduplication-specific non-alternation 103

4.3.1 BR-Faith is insufficient 1044.3.2 Underapplication all over 1054.3.3 Non-identity-enhancing underapplication in

reduplication 1064.3.4 Layering and underapplication 1084.3.5 Klamath 113

4.4 ∃-Faith 1184.4.1 Predictions of ∃-Faith 1214.4.2 Overapplication of reduplication-specific

phonology 1224.4.3 Construction-specific insertion 1244.4.4 Reduplication-internal variation 1254.4.5 Parallels between reduplicative and nonreduplicative

phonology 1284.4.6 Wrapup 133

4.5 Conclusion 134






Contents ix

5 Morphologically driven opacity in reduplication 1355.1 Daughter-based opacity: overapplication and underapplication

in Javanese 1365.1.1 /a/-raising: underapplication by truncation 1375.1.2 Suffix-triggered ablaut: overapplication by truncation 1385.1.3 Opacity in suffixation and reduplication: wrapup 1435.1.4 Active prefix 1445.1.5 /h/-deletion: overapplication 1455.1.6 Laxing: underapplication 1475.1.7 Summary 150

5.2 Mother-based opacity: infixation 1515.2.1 Chamorro 1515.2.2 Eastern Kadazan 1525.2.3 Infixation in MDT 155

5.3 Morphological opacity outside of reduplication 1565.3.1 Opacity by truncation 1565.3.2 Opacity by infixation 157

5.4 MDT vs. Coerced Identity theories 1585.4.1 Opacity does not always increase identity 1615.4.2 Distribution of opacity 161

5.5 Case study: Fox 1655.5.1 Stem-internal alternations: opaque overapplication

by truncation 1685.5.2 Junctural alternations: normal application 1695.5.3 Summary of Fox 172

5.6 Conclusion: morphology underlies opacity 1735.7 The question of backcopying 174

5.7.1 Lack of evidence for backcopying in morphologicalreduplication 175

5.7.2 Backcopying as phonological assimilation 1775.7.3 Implications 180

6 Case studies 1816.1 Tagalog 181

6.1.1 Alternatives to backcopying 1826.1.2 Prefixation vs. infixation 183

6.2 Chumash 1856.2.1 Alternatives to backcopying 1876.2.2 Chumash verb morphology 1896.2.3 Which prefixes can contribute an overcopying final C? 1906.2.4 Inner (Level 2) prefixes in the reduplication domain 1906.2.5 A split among Inner prefixes in Ineseno 191






x Contents

6.2.6 Implications of the split among Inner prefixes 1936.2.7 Summary 195

7 Final issues 1977.1 Criteria distinguishing phonological copying from

morphological reduplication 1977.2 The purpose and nature of phonological copying 1977.3 The morphological purpose of reduplication 1997.4 CV reduplication 2017.5 The question of rhyme 2037.6 The question of anti-identity 2107.7 Beyond reduplication 212

Notes 213References 225Index of languages 245Index of names 247Index of subjects 251






Acknowledgments

The broad focus of this book has given us the opportunity to benefit fromthe expertise of a multitude of linguists whose interest and insightful inputhave contributed immeasurably to the construction of a morphological the-ory of reduplication. Orhan Orgun and Larry Hyman challenged and inspiredus throughout. Juliette Blevins, Andrew Garrett, Michael Kenstowicz, TeresaMcFarland, Anne Pycha, Richard Rhodes, Ronald Sprouse, and Donca Steri-ade all read the manuscript in various stages and facilitated the development ofour ideas with their penetrating critiques. We owe a debt of gratitude as wellto Terry Crowley, Laura Downing, Danny Fox, Claire Lefebvre, Frank Licht-enberk, Johanna Nichols, Nick Sherrard, Galen Sibanda, Rajendra Singh, KenVanBik, and many others who generously provided us with useful materialsand shared their knowledge about languages, phenomena, and theories onceunfamiliar to us. We also thank our students, east and west, for their stimulatinginterest and willingness to participate in the development of MDT. The workbenefited significantly from the feedback of audiences at a number of colloquiaand conferences, including Phonology 2000 (MIT/Harvard), NAPhC (Concor-dia University, Montreal), the 1999 Linguistics Society of America Meeting,and the 2002 Graz Reduplication Conference (Graz, Austria), and from discus-sions at UC Berkeley and MIT during various less formal presentations. Muchof this book was written with the generous support of the Radcliffe Institute forAdvanced Study at Harvard University, which assisted one of the authors witha fellowship in 2001–2002. We are grateful also to the Linguistics Departmentat UC Davis for providing office space and a library card during one crucialsummer. Anne Nesbet, Nancy Katz, Klara Moricz, and David Schneider pro-vided unending encouragement. Vineeta Chand sustained us with her expertand cool-headed copy-editing, and Anne Pycha took time in a busy semesterto research the language table. We thank, finally, our families: the children we

xi






xii Acknowledgments

raise on our laps while we type, Jem, Eli, and Lydia, and our spouses, OrhanOrgun and Eric Sawyer, who remove them at crucial moments for their occa-sional bath or hot meal, and who provide boundless moral and logistical support.This book is dedicated to our children, and to Curry Sawyer, whose inspiration,practical assistance, and unparalleled ability to get things done make everythingpossible.






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Abbreviations used inmorpheme glosses

3sg 3rd person singularabs absolutiveadj adjectiveaf actor focusaor aoristass.col associate

collectiveaug augmentativecaus causativecl classifiercomp completivecompr comprehensivecont continuativectr controldef definitedes desiderativedim diminutivediss dissimulationdist distributivedom dominantdu dualdur durativedx deicticerg ergativeexas exasperationexcl exclusivefut futureimp imperativeimperf/impf imperfectiveincl inclusive

inf infinitiveintr intransitiveloc locativemid middlemulrec multiple

reciprocalmulser multiple serial

distributionn. nounneg negativen.inten non-intentiven.ser non-seriousnml nominal(izer)nonfut non-futurenonpres non-presentnpast non-pastobj objectobv obviativeop operatorperf perfectivepl pluralposs possessivepp past participlepres/prs presentpro pronounrec recent completive

(E. Kadazan)rec recessiverep repetitiverf referent focus

xxi






xxii Abbreviations used in morpheme glosses

s.o. someones.t. somethingsfx suffixsg singularsp speciessubj subjecttr/trans transitive

trs transitive subjectuf undergoer focusun.dist unequal

distributionv verbvbl verbalizerwp witnessed past






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