BORROWING WORDS OF FASHION TERMS IN VOGUE MAGAZINE
A Thesis
Submitted to Faculty of Letters and Humanities
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Strata One (S1)
STEFFI MEGAWATI ATSA
1113026000082
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2017
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ABSTRACT
Steffi Megawati Atsa, Borrowing Words of Fashion Terms in VOGUE Magazine
Thesis, Jakarta: English Language and Literature Department, Faculty of Letters
and Humanities, State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah, August
2017.
The purpose of this research is to identify the kinds of borrowing words
that are used in fashion terms appeared in Vogue magazine, February 2017
edition. This research is a study of Morphology which explores the borrowing
words. It is qualitative research that the data being analysed are in words of
fashion terms and the analysis is explained descriptively. The main theories used
in this research are Einar Haugen‟s theory of language borrowing for studying the
borrowing words. The borrowing words data are divided into three types which
are loan words, loan blend and loan shift. In the corpus of the research, after doing
the analysis, the writer found twenty one data which consist of two loan words,
seventeen loan blends, two loan shifts, and 2 change of meaning that include two
factors.
Keywords: Morphology, Borrowing Words, Fashion Terms.
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iv
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institutes of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in this text.
Jakarta, August 2017
Steffi Megawati Atsa
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirahmanirahim
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious and the most Merciful
Alhamdulillah, all praise to Allah SWT, the Lord of universe with his
blessing and guidance in every struggle to finish this thesis. Peace upon the
greatest prophet Muhammad SAW, his family and his followers who has guided
into the light path of Allah.
The writer deepest gratitude comes mainly from her parents, Mr. Agustiadi
and Mrs. Siti Alawiyah, for all the love, prayers and support of both morally and
materially, also from her sister Ninda Feby Nabila Atsa for always supporting her.
The writer also wants to give her gratitude to Mrs. Sholikatus Sa‟diyah, M.Pd. as
her thesis advisors for the time, support, advice and guidance throughout the
process of writing this thesis.
The writer would also like to deliver her deepest gratefulness to the
following people:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M. Ag., the Dean of faculty of Letters and
Humanities.
2. Drs. Saefudin, M. Pd., the head of English Letters Department.
3. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum., the secretary of English Letters Department.
4. All the lectures of English Letters Department who had taught her during
her study in State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
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5. To her beloved Ardha Prima Tahier, thank you for the great support, help,
cheer up, strengthen and motivate the writer.
6. To Baling Squad: Aninda Aghnia Isnaini, thank you for always standing
by her side through the thick and thin for the last 4 years. And thanks to
Faraadisa Lila Aristy, Ahmad Syopian, Dimas Fajar, Nanda Saraswati,
Dhita novianti, Dini Zakiah and Yudhistira for the support, friendship,
joys, craziness and memories.
7. To her Junior High school bestfriend: Anggri Inka Putri, Andira Febistiani
Arifin, Rina Yunita, Rezi Anindita, Andriani, Mohammad Fajar
Mahardhika, Arif Wahyu Andhika, Mohammad Faisol, Yudhakusuma,
Renata Al-Rasyid, Enggar Penggalih, Rakha Pramadika, and Herlambang
Setiadi thank for the support, friendship, laugh and motivate the writer to
finish this thesis.
8. To Dokuz Squad: Ghifari Afiyan Relawan, Destriana, Lady Yuli Arinda,
Mariya Ulfa, Sendis Febriandis, Bagus Akbar and Tommy Bayu Saputra
for always supporting and motivating the writer to finish her thesis.
May the Gracious Allah, bless them all. Amin.
Jakarta, August 2017
The Writer
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TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... i
APPROVEMENT ......................................................................................... ii
LEGALIZATION ........................................................................................ iii
DECLARATION .......................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................ v
TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................. vii
LIST OF TABLE .......................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Research ............................................... 1
1.2 Focus of the Research .......................................................... 4
1.3 Research Question ............................................................... 4
1.4 Significance of the Research ................................................ 4
1.5 Research Methodology ........................................................ 5
5.1.1 The Objective of the Research ........................................... 5
5.2.2 The Method of the Research .............................................. 5
5.3.3 Data Analysis Technique ................................................... 6
5.4.4 Instrument of the Research ............................................... 7
5.5.5 Unit of Analysis ................................................................ 7
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Previous Research ................................................................ 8
2.2 Morphology ........................................................................ 10
2.3 Word Formation ................................................................. 11
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2.4 Borrowing Words ............................................................... 14
2.5 Vogue Magazine ................................................................ 16
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS
3.1 Data Description................................................................. 17
3.2 Data Analysis ..................................................................... 19
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
4.1 Conclusions ........................................................................ 37
4.2 Suggestions ........................................................................ 37
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................ 39
APPENDICES ............................................................................................. 42
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 3.1: The List of Borrowing Words of fahion Terms .......................... 17
Table 3.2: The Total Number of Borrowing Words of Fashion Terms ....... 19
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Research
The function of every language system is to connect meaning and
expression to provide verbal expression for thought and feeling, a grammar can be
seen as a coin that have two sides, that are expression and meaning that charge to
systematically relate the both of side (Finegan 5). Language as human tool of
communication or mediator of expression system has a lot of development to
fulfil the human needs for interaction. The addition of words to other language
became the solution, it can occur in the meaning, grammar, or vocabulary. To
complete the word in communication sometimes people adoption the word from
foreign language. The adaptation words from one language into another language
are called borrowing words or loan words. The trend of borrowing from other
languages was started with the post-Conquest English-French (Minkova and
Stockwell 37).
Wardaugh (181) argued that borrowing some words from other language is
a way to add new vocabulary. Through advanced technology in this era which is
easier to learn and communicate to other nation, people sometimes insert some
new words that derived from other languages in communication. Vocabulary is
the fastest growing field in language, it is proved by the existence of an addition
number of new words where it is adopting foreign language. The existences of
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contact culture cross the world causing the usage of foreign language arises.
Foreign language that is used continuously by majority of people could be
possibly adapted as the standardization of national language in a country.
Borrowing words is the term of the incorporation items from one language to
another and usually involves the adaptation of words into phonetic system and
grammar of other languages (Mesthrie 249).
Borrowing words which are used from foreign language can be found in
communication both in writing and verbal. In verbal communication, it sometimes
occur while conducting a conversation, speech or oration while in writing, it can
be found in magazines, newspapers, short stories, and novels. Borrowing words is
composed some aspects such as, phonology, but can be adapted to the
morphology pattern through the absorption of language (Campbell 57). Generally,
every language in the world certainly has loan words that are adopted from other
languages. In Bahasa, there are some words that are adopted from English such as
the word “kontraktor” which is the adoption of the word contractor and
“sekertaris” which is adoption of the word secretary.
English is also having borrowing words from other languages. According
to Finegan (51) through the history, English borrowed more words from French
during the twentieth century than from any other languages, then followed by
other language such as Japanese, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Greek, German, and
Yiddish. For example, the word bath is the borrowing word from German and
Dutch from the word bad, the word mosquito from Latin musca and the word
danger is adaption from dangier French. Borrowing words are spread into many
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sectors in life. Magazine is very close in daily social to get information; it is a
term of writing as a tool of information that is unconsciously contained some loan
words or borrowing words inside. Fashion magazines are an integral part of the
fashion industry. Vogue, as a fashion magazine, is a media where people know
fashion terms. In terms of fashion, there are many loan words which are words
adopted from another language, such as word the cote is adoption from French.
Based on the explanations above, the writer is interested in analysing
Vogue which deals on fashions because in Vogue magazine there are many terms
of fashion that are the adoption of foreign language words. Besides, there are less
ordinary people who know about where the origin of fashion terms come from
while fashion is an essential matter in daily life. Sometimes borrowing words or
loan-word have a shift in meaning from the original word before. In this research,
the writer will analyse and explain about the borrowing words. In addition, this
research of borrowing words will use some dictionaries as references to find out
the original word comes from.
B. Focus of the Research
In this research, the writer focuses on borrowing word of fashion terms in
Vogue magazine, centrally to the study of Morphology. Data will be collected
from the selected magazine, the writer will analyse some words that was
borrowed in fashion terms and the process of borrowing words that might be
occur in the data.
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C. Research Question
The writer purposes three questions about the research as follow:
1. What kinds of borrowing words are used in the Vogue magazine?
2. How does English as recipient adjust the origin word of fashion term?
D. Significance of the Research
Based on this research, the writer expects to provide the benefits, either in
theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this research is expected to contribute
for student of English Letters that focuses to linguistics, especially in study of
Morphology that might be useful to give information of the process of borrowing
words in English that occur in words that are adopted from other foreign
languages. Practically, this research is hopefully can be used as useful reference
materials for the next researcher that are interested in borrowing words and it is
also expected to be useful for the readers, to learn about the type of borrowing
words in fashion terms.
E. Research Methodology
1. The Objective of the Research
The objective in this research is to describe the types of fashion terms
in English borrowing that occur in Vogue magazine more specific. Beside,
this research is also intended to know the change of meaning and the factors
that is happened on the process of borrowing.
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2. The Method of the Research
This method that is used in this research is qualitative method.
According to Farkhan (9-10) qualitative research are studies that used
descriptive data in form of on verbal and other non-numerical data as the
basis for analysis and problem solving are being studied. The writer will
describe the data of borrowing that are found in the Vogue magazine,
February 2017 edition which the form of data is a magazine that is a verbal
and non-numerical.
3. Data Analysis Technique
In this research, the writer will use a descriptive analysis technique for
analysing the data. This is the technique of examining an object with the
aim to describe the data description as well as to provide an overview of the
actual facts of the object studied accurately and systematically (Suryana 36).
The collected data will be analysed by one of the research instrument which
is dictionary to determine the borrowing words in English that are derived
from other languages and to examine the data based on the theory of Einar
Haugen.
In obtaining the data, there are several steps taken to collect the data:
1. Reading Vogue magazine February 2017 edition as the corpus
of the study to identifying the data.
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2. Finding the fashions terms that occurs on the Vogue magazine
that has borrowing words.
3. Checking the words of fashion terms through the Oxford
Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary as the main dictionary that is
used by writer.
4. Classifying the fashion terms based on its structure.
5. Reducing the data that obtained by randomly choosing to get
final data.
4. Instrument of the Research
The main instrument of this research is the writer herself to identify
the data of fashion terms from Vogue magazine. Begin with observing the
whole Vogue magazine February 2017 edition to find the data, marks the
data, classifies the word that is borrowed into the types of borrowing words
and conducting in-depth analysis on its processes.
5. Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis of this study is the fashion terms in Vogue
magazine which published on February 2017 edition. Vogue is a popular
fashion and lifestyle magazine published in the United States monthly in 23
countries by Condé Nast. The first edition was published on December 17,
1892.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
Before conducting the research, the writer reviewed and observed some
relevant previous researches that have a similar discussion. There are Borrowed
Words in English and Chinese Vocabulary by Yingying Shen from Guangdong
University (2009), English Borrowing Words in Indonesia Novel Entitled
Manusia Setengah Salmon by Dw Gd Erick Krisna Arinjaya from Udayana
University (2014), and The Analysis of English Borrowing Words In Indonesian
Poitcal Terminology by Lorania from State Islamic University Syarif
Hidayatullah Jakarta (2011).
Yingying Shen (2009) with his article Borrowed Words in English and
Chinese Vocabulary, investigated borrowed words in both English and Chinese
vocabulary. The study is focused to figure out the significance of borrowed words
study for EFL (English as Foreign Language) learners especially the Chinese. He
found 11 data of words borrowed from Chinese, 3 data of Chinese borrowed
words and 14 categories of borrowed words in Chinese language. Then in
conclusion he added information to the readers especially for Chinese that in
70.000 of Chinese words there are 10.000 words are borrowed from foreign
language or it is approximately 14%.
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Dw Gd Erick Krisna Arinjaya (2014) with the thesis entitled English
Borrowing Words In Indonesian Novel Entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon, this
was studied Borrowing on the Indonesian novel Manusia Setengah Salmon. The
author classified three types of borrowing which are loan shift, loan blend and
loan word. According to the thesis, the author found 86 words that had been
borrowed in the novel; there were 84 of loan words, 2 of loan shift and there is no
loan blend. The result of this thesis is that the author found that the English
language that was applied in the Indonesian language novel had been in
accordance with Spelling Enhanced (EYD).
Lorania (2011) with her research The Analysis of English Borrowing
Words In Indonesian Political Terminology, to analysed the borrowing words in
political terminology and the change of meaning that occurred in Kompas
newspaper. In this research the author classified of borrowing, there are loan blen,
loan shift and loan words. This thesis found 20 words on political terminology
that were borrowed. There were 2 loan words, 18 words of loan blend and 9
words of loan shift as a result of this research. Some of the data that was found
had the change of meaning, there were two words that had extension of meaning,
5 words of political terms that had narrowing of meaning and 13 words that had
meaning equation.
According to the previous research above, this research focuses on the
borrowing words contained in fashion terms which the origin of those words are
adapted from another language; moreover, this corpus of this research is a famous
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fashion magazine Vogue from USA that differentiates this research to the other
research.
B. Morphology
Morphology is a branch of linguistics which is the studies of form and word
formation process. The term of morphology comes from the Greek, which is the
combination of the words morphe which mean „form‟ and logos that mean
‟knowledge‟ Chaer (3) argued that the morphology is the science of the study of
the forms and formation of words. While according to Kridalaksana (159)
morphology is the field of linguistics that focus on the studies morpheme and
combinations, or part of a structure of a language that includes words and parts of
words namely morpheme. Morphological processes involving components,
among others: the basic components or the basic shape, forming tool (affixes,
duplication, composition), and grammatical meaning (Chaer 7).
Beside Carstairs and McCarthy (144) argued that morphology is area of
grammar which concerned with the structure of words and with relationships
between words that involve the morphemes that compose them. Based on the
various terms above according to experts, it can be concluded that the
morphological process can be defined as a process in the formation of the word,
which is every words are contained one or more morpheme on it. The example is
the word rabbits that are contained two of meaningful units, „rabbit‟ which is
qualified as a kind of animal, and the adding ”-s” that is indicates the notion of
plurality (Meyer 152). Although all morphemes are units of meaning, there are
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various kinds of morphemes. The process involves three components, namely
basic shapes, forming tool (affixes, looping), as well as grammatical meaning.
C. Word Formation
In the study of morphology which focuses on the process of the word, there is
word formation which is the main topic in the branch of morphology. Word
formation is a basis process of the new word or morpheme. Word formation is
specifically deals with the internal structure of complex words that are composed
of more than one meaningful element (Plag 1). While Carstairs and McCarthy
(19) argued that word formation is not an extension of syntax „below‟ the level of
the word, indeed it is to emphasise differences between word structure and
sentence structure which militate against any such view. Yule (53) described
about some basic of word formation, there are:
1) Etymology
Etymology is study of the origin and history of a word which is about
compilation how the word expanding.
2) Coinage
Coinage is the words that are invented trade names of some product that
become general terms. For example is Indonesia people used the word
“Odol” for toothpaste, which is Odol is the name product of toothpaste.
3) Borrowing
Borrowing or loan word is the adaptation word from one language into
another language. For example the word “danger” English is adaption
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from the word “dangier” French and the word “sekertaris” in Bahasa is
adoption from the word “secretary” English.
4) Compound
Compound is the process of word formation by combining two or more
classes of words into a new form, e.g. blackboard (black + board),
fingerprint (finger + print) and wallpaper (wall + paper).
5) Blending
Blending is combining two or more words by taking only the beginning of
one word and joining it to the end of the other word to produce a new
word, e.g. the word “brunch” for breakfast/lunch.
6) Clipping
Clipping is reducing word by cutting part of the word. This process of
forming a word derived from the word that has more than one syllable that
gets the processed of cutting a word at the beginning or end. For example
gasoline becomes gas.
7) Backformation
Backformation is the process of word formation by separating the affix
which is not the root of a word, word of one type (usually a noun) is
reduced to form a word of another type. The example is the word editor
(noun) then crop the morpheme edit that become (verb).
8) Conversion
Conversion is the process of changing the word class without changing the
shape of the word, e.g. butter the bread.
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9) Acronyms
Acronyms is taking the initial letters of each syllable prepared to name an
abbreviation or extension of a term and the results can be pronounced as a
word, e.g. CD (Compact Disk) and WWW (World Wide Web).
10) Derivation
Derivation is process giving affix or suffix in the word, so that the
formation of new words generated will result in a change of speech and
changing the meaning. E.g. Act (V) Act + or = Actor (N).
In derivation there are some branches of affix there are:
- Prefixes and Suffixes: prefix is where some affixes have to be
added to the beginning of the word (e.g. un-, mis-). Suffix is the
added affix in the end of word, (e.g. –less).
- Infixes: is the third types of affix that is incorporated inside
another words (e.g. Absogoddamlutely from the word
absolutely).
11) Multiple Process
Multiple processes are word that can be created through more than one of
the above-mentioned processes.
D. Borrowing Words
Since the post-Conquest English-French, to complete the human needs of
communication there are a trend which is called as adaptation of a word from
one language into another language also known as borrowing words or loan
words. According to Kridalaksana (8) borrowing words is the form of sound,
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phonemes, grammatical or lexical elements that is taken from other
languages. Borrowing is the process of importing linguistic items from one
linguistic system into another (Carstairs 1). Nearly the same, Meyer (180)
argued that borrowing is a process by which a language receives a word
directly from another language, usually as a result of contact with the
language. In borrowing words, the word which is borrowed not only the roots
and affixes that they contain but also the pattern of word formation that they
conform to a pattern which does not allow roots to appear naked, but
unaccompanied by some derivational or inflectional affix (Carstairs and
McCarthy 102).
Generally, every language has borrowing words that adopted from other
languages (Hatch and Brown 170). In borrowing words, there are some words
that changed which on verbal on writing, because the new vocabulary
absorbed from another language is adapted to the language of the recipient.
Borrowing words to a foreign pattern of word formation should be expected
to borrow inflectional affixes that conform the pattern, as roots and
derivational affixes. The effect of these borrowings is to divide the class of
nouns with irregular plurals (i.e. plurals not involving -s) into two classes:
nouns that belong to everyday vocabulary and whose irregular plural survives
because it is in reasonably frequent use (e.g. teeth, children, mice), and
relatively rare or technical nouns whose irregular plural survives (if at all) as
a badge of learning or sophistication (Carstairs and McCarthy 104). In this
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case Haugen (214) has classified the types of borrowing word; there are Loan
words, Loan Blend and Loan Shift.
1. Loan Words
Is the type of borrowing of common substitution that show
morphemic, which is a native sound sequence is used to imitated or
the word spoken in accordance through to the original word
without changing phonemes. Example:
Credit /kredit/ → Kredit /krédit/
Villa /vilə/ → vila /vila/
2. Loan Blend
Is the type that shows morphemic substitution as well as important,
there are slip in a part or all a native morpheme for some part. Or
also known as substitution part phonemic which is some part of
phonemes is adjusted into the recipient language. Example:
Bank /bæŋk/ → Bank /bank/
Tractor /træktər/ → Traktor /traktor/
3. Loan Shift
This is the type of borrowing that show morphemic substitution
without importation which will be made to include all changes that
are not strictly phonological and grammatical. Also known as
substitution complete of phoneme that a word that is absorbed
changed from the original language. Example:
Schedule /’skedju:l/ → Jadwal /jadwal/
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E. Vogue Magazine
Fashion is one of the aspects of human life to increase confidence and
appearance. Magazine is a source of written information, which is always
getting develops in all kind of field in life. Invented in one of the most
popular of fashion magazines is Vogue. Vogue is a fashion and lifestyle
magazine that is monthly published in the United States and other 23
countries, first founded is Arthur Baldwin Turnure, an American business
man. First issue was published on December 17, 1892 (Davydova). Condé
Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905; one year before Turnure's. Then
changed it into a bi-weekly magazine and started Vogue overseas in the
1910s. Under Nast, the magazine soon shifted its focus to women. Vogue is
also published in Indonesia and become the most influential presenter of high
fashion.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
The data of this research is collected from the Vogue magazine published
in the United States, in February 2017. The focus of this research is English
borrowing words of fashion terms that occur in the Vogue magazine from the
perspective of Morphology. The data of the borrowing word are classified in three
types according to the theory of Haugen and the change of meaning will use the
theory proposed by Baugh. The writer discourses 21 of fashion terms in the
Vogue magazine Feb 2017 edition.
Table 3.1: The List of Borrowing Words of Fashion Terms
No. Fashion Terms Kind of Borrowing
1 Coat Loan Words
2 Mule Loan Blend
3 Pump Loan Blend
4 Camisole Loan Blend
5 Jacket Loan Blend
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6 Belt Loan Blend
7 Pouch Loan Blend
8 Leather Loan Blend
9 Dress Loan Blend
10 Cape Loan Blend
11 Denim Loan Shift
12 Skirt Loan Blend
13 Stiletto Loan Shift
14 Sandal Loan Blend
15 Purse Loan Blend
16 Halter Loan Blend
17 Satchel Loan Blend
18 Scarf Loan Blend
19 Shoe Loan Blend
20 Shirt Loan Blend
21 Ring Loan Words
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B. Data Analysis
The data that have been found will be analysed through interpretation and
explaination. In interpreting the data Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary (8th
Ed) will be the main dictionary that writer use to find the origin of words in the
data. Beside the main dictionary, the writer will use some dictionaries to find and
to analyse the meaning origin words of the fashion items as the data in this thesis,
there are Cassell‟s French Dictionary, Cassell‟s Italian Dictionary, Cassell‟s
Spanish Dictionary, X Dutch Dictionary, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, The
American Heritage Desk Dictionary, Collins German College Dictionary,
Langenscheidts New College German Dictionary, Cassell‟s German Dictionary,
Langenscheidts Pocket Dictionary English – Deutsch and Kamus Belanda -
Indonesia. After finding the meaning of the origin words through the dictionaries
then the writer will explain and classify the types of borrowing words on fashion
items based on the theory of.
Table 3.2: The Total Number of Borrowing Words of Fashion Terms
No. Kind of Borrowing Words Total
1. Loan Words 2
2. Loan Blend 17
3. Loan Shift 2
Total 21
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Datum 1
Coat
In the fashion terms, coat is the outer used to cover body in the winter
which can make the user feel warm and sometimes it is made by fur of animal,
coat widely used in countries that have winter season. Coat is a fashion terms that
is timeless because this item easily combined with many style, that makes many
people that are living in a winter country will still look stylists even with their
classic coat. Based on the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary of English the
word coat has origin word which is taken from Old French “côte”. Due to the
Cassell‟s French-English Dictionary, Girard (196) argued that “côte” means rib of
the body or cloth. The word coat in English and “côte” from French they have the
same meaning that is a thing to cover the body, therefore; there is no change of
meaning in this word because through the origin word into the recipient language
it has the correlation that refers into the similar thing that has same meaning. The
word coat is categorized as loan words type which is a native sound sequence is
used to imitate the word spoken in accordance through the original word without
changing the phonemes in the French origin word “côte” that is pronounce as
{kot} and it became {koʊt} in English.
Datum 2
Mule
Women have many kind of shoes, mule is a kind of high heels that has a
kind that the back of heels is not like a pump because mule has a solid and slightly
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smaller at the bottom. Mule is shoe that is worn for indoor party or event,
sometimes mule has flower ornament that makes it look prettier to use. This is
kind of slipper with heels because it is open around the heels just like sandal.
Based on the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary of English the word mule is
taken from Latin “mulus” “mūla” and French “mule”. According to Lewis (522)
in An Elementary Latin Dictionary the words “mulus” and “mūla” (520) have
meaning mule which is same as in English, while Girard (502) argued that the
word “mule” in Cassell‟s French-English Dictionary has meaning chilblain in the
heels which is the word chilblain describe about the model of the shoe that is not
cover the whole feet. The word mule is categorized as loan blend which is some
part of phoneme adjusted through the recipient language showing morphemic
substitution as well as important.
Datum 3
Pump
In woman fashion terms there are much kind of shoes from flat shoes,
boots, sandal, loafer until high heels. In high heels has many of kind and type, it is
based on the shape of shoes itself, pump is a kind of woman shoe that is plain but
it is not cover the top of feet and it is also known as women‟s formal shoes. A
heel of pump has a unique shaped because this kind of heels is small and pointed
than wedges. This item of heels makes the feet of women that use looks higher,
attractive and has proportional legs. According to the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s
Dictionary of English the word pump is taken from Dutch language “pomp”.
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Based on the X Introduction Dutch Dictionary the word ”pomp” (Quist and Strik
144) have meaning pump, which is the same in English there is the formal woman
shoes. This word categorized as the loan blend which is some of phoneme has
change adjusted to the recipient language that is pomp become pump by changing
vocal –o- in word that replaced by using -u- in the recipient language, even
though there are the change in vocal but the pronounce it still similar.
Datum 4
Camisole
Camisole is woman underwear that usually made by confortable and cool
material such as satin, nylon or cotton because sometimes it used as nightgown.
Even though camisole has a form like a dress but it has narrow strips on the
shoulder which make it different. This era of millennium the camisole can wear
not only as nightgown, it can be combined with t-shirts and long-sleeved shirts
into the chic style. Based on Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, the word
camisole is has origin words which it is from Italian language “camiciola” and
Spanish language “camisola”. According to Rebora (81) on the Cassell‟s Italian-
English Dictionary the word “camiciola” have meaning bodice, flannel, and vest.
Beside the word “camisola” have a meaning night shirt or blouse based on
Cassell‟s Spanish-English Dictionary (Gooch 129). This two origin words of
camisole has a same meaning that already compare between bodice and night shirt
which means the woman dress that is used for sleep. Camisole is categorized as
23
the loan blend which is there are some of phoneme is adjusted into the recipient
language.
Datum 5
Jacket
Beside coat that is used to cover the body from cold there are jacket that
worn only to cover top half of the body over a shirt that often used in many
condition because material not as thick as a coat, it can wear in windy, autumn
and it also become the item that must wear when ride motorcycle. Jacket is also
the fashion item that never dies because it can wear by women or man and unique
to combine with diverse style. In Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word
jacket has an origin word which is from French language “jaquette”. According to
the Cassell‟s French-English Dictionary the word Girard (435) argued that
“jaquette” has a meaning morning coat, tail-coat, or woman‟s jacket short
petticoat. Between jacket and” jaquette” it has the same meaning which is a piece
of clothing top that used to warm body that it show there is no change of meaning
in this word. This word has a typical of loan blend because there is some phoneme
that adjusted into the new language that makes the word “jaquette” into the
simple word jacket by the recipient language with following the pronounce of the
origin word.
24
Datum 6
Belt
Belt is an important thing, this term never dies even though the model does
not change from time to time, this fashion terms that used for tighten the trousers,
skirt or even a dress as a sweetener in styling. Belt is a unisex thing which is it can
wear by men or women. It has formed such a long narrow that sometimes use
leather as the material. Belt in Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary has an
origin word from Latin language “Balteus”. Based on An Elementary Latin
Dictionary “balteus” has a meaning a girdle, sword belt or shoulder-band (Lewis
89). The origin of word balteus is has the same meaning with belt which is
something that used around the waist. It described that this word is categorized as
the loan blend, this kind of borrowing is also known as partial morphemic
substitution because in this word there are a slip of phoneme from the original
language into the recipient language by changing the word “balteus” become belt
by do not use the –eus in the end of origin word which is the recipient make this
word become more simply.
Datum 7
Pouch
Women has many kind of bag, it is based on the shape of bag. There is
kind of a small bag that women used usually made from leather and has shape like
kangaroo pocket that called pouch, which is this kind of small bag sometimes
carried in pocket or attached in belt that sometimes used to put a thing such as
25
make up or coins. This era sometimes women used pouch to the formal event
because pouch easy to carry and simple. The word pouch in fashion terms that
based on Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary has origin word from Old
French “poche”. The word “poche” according to the Cassell‟s French-English
Dictionary it has meaning pocket, pouch, sack, bag or purse (Girard 573). The
origin word “poche” from pouch is literary have correlation and has the same
meaning pocket or bag which is a small container that used to put small thing
which prove that there is no change of meaning in this word. The word pouch is
classified as the loan blend in borrowing, because there are some of phonemes
that is adjust into the recipient language by slip some part of morpheme in the
word in French “poche” is pronounce {poʃ} but in English the word pouch
pronounce as {poʊʃ} which is there are some phoneme that is adjusted by
recipient that is not following the pronounce of origin word totally.
Datum 8
Leather
In industrial of fashion there is the famous material that used since ancient
times or timeless. Leather is kind of material that made by removing the animal
hair and used their skin through the special process. The leather in fashion
industry sometimes used the snake skin, cow skin, crocodile skin and many more.
This leather of animal that sometimes used for made jacket, bag, belt or wallet
that has a high quite expensive for this material if it has been process into a things
because this material is strong and durable. Based on the Oxford Advanced
26
Learner‟s Dictionary the word leather is has a origin word from Dutch language
“leer” and German language “leder”. According to X Introduction Dutch
Dictionary (Quist and Strik 105) the word “leer” has meaning leather and based
on Collins German College Dictionary, Vennebusch (205) argued that the word
“leder” is has meaning leather. The origin of word leather is has a same meaning
in the recipient language even it is from two different language. This classified as
the kind of loan blend because there are a slip part of morpheme into the recipient
language that from the origin word “leer” and “leder” it become “leather” by
adjusted the recipient language, even though the writing it different but in
pronounce it is still familiar because the recipient adopted.
Datum 9
Dress
Dress is fashion terms that are the woman should have item, it is a familiar
thing for women because dress has been introduced since a long time ago. Dress
is a women‟s clothing that made to cover the body down to legs and sometimes
there are the dress that reach belong the knees or ankle, it is also can used for
formal or non-formal. It also becomes the symbol feminist in women. Through the
Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word dress is has origin word that
adapter from Old French “dresser”. From Cassell‟s French-English Dictionary
the word “dresser” is has meaning to erect, to set up, to construct, to mount or to
raise ( Girard 270). This word is categorized as loan blend which there are slip
27
morpheme in some part from dresser into dress that the recipient is remove the r
in the last word.
Datum 10
Cape
Cape is an outer of clothing that fastens at the neck that hangs into
shoulder, has no sleeves and sometimes it also has a hood that can used to cover
the head. Cape is also a thing that in the winter to cover the body from the cold. It
is categorized as a unisex thing because it can wear by woman or man. Cape is
also wear to describe the power of the superheroes that can fly in kid‟s fiction.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word cape is has
origin words from Latin language “cappa” and ”caput” which this two words has
a different meaning. Through the Morris (156) in American Heritage Desk
Dictionary the word “cappa” is has meaning hood or cloak while the word
“caput” is has meaning head. This word of cape is categorized as the loan blend
of borrowing which is in the recipient language there are slip morpheme for some
part that is adjusted into the new adopted language, that makes the origin words
“cappa” and ”caput” become cape.
Datum 11
Denim
Denim is kind of material that really popular, the texture of this material is
a hard cotton that has blue colour. Denim is material that especially used for made
28
jeans. Through some era, the denim material is adapted to made jacket, skirt and
shirt. Not only in fashion industry this material is also can used for handicraft, for
example used to made phone case, wall ornament or even the pillowcases as a
sweetener of sofa in living room which made denim material even more famous.
According through Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word denim has an
origin word, it is the adopted word from French “serge de nimes”. Based on The
American Heritage Desk Dictionary the word “serge de nimes” is actually has
two meaning that has been combine which the word “serge” it has mean the type
of cloth and “de nimes” is the name of the city in southern French (nimes). It can
be conclude that ““serge de nimes” is the kind of cloth that is made in the nimes
southern French (Morris 275). This word is classified as loan shift because there is
the change of morphemic substitution that changed the phonological through the
grammar which is “serge de nimes” that the meaning was name of the city now
denim became the kind of material hard cotton.
Datum 12
Skirt
Skirt is the fashion item that is never dies from the long time ago even in
this millennium era. Same as dress, skirt is also becomes the symbol of feminist
for women, that‟s why skirt is used as the symbol of school uniform to women for
distinguish gender in every school in the world. Skirt is a piece of woman clothing
that fastened around the waist and hanging down to legs. Sometimes there are
many kinds the extensive of skirt from legs, knees through to the ankle. Skirt is
29
also has many kind shape there are A-line skirt, pencil skirt, ruffled skirt, gypsy
skirt, layered skirt and many more. On the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary
this word has origin from Old Norse language “skyrta”. According to Morris
(872) in the American Heritage Desk Dictionary the word “skyrta” has a meaning
skirt. The word skirt is categorized as the loan blend of borrowing that there is a
slip of unimportant morpheme in word by the recipient language, from skyrta
become skirt by changing the consonant of –y- in word by using –i- but the
pronounce of these two word is still familiar to each other.
Datum 13
Stiletto
Stiletto is a kind of women high heel that has a very high narrow heel. This
kind of heel is highly favoured by many women because the shape of stiletto
makes the legs of women looks more extensive and proportional. It makes stiletto
often used for formal or informal event. Stiletto has many sizes of high from 2,5
cm into 25 cm or more. Based on the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary,
stiletto has origin words from Italian and Latin language. According to the
American Heritage Desk Dictionary the word “dagger” from Italian language has
meaning dagger and stiletto while the word “stilus” from Latin language has
meaning pole and stake (913). Through these two different languages has a same
meaning about the pointed things to describe about the heels. The word stiletto is
categorized as the loan shift which the word is including all change that is not the
same into the origin word whether in phonological or grammatical.
30
Datum 14
Sandal
Sandal is a thing that is very close in everyday life which everybody in the
world must have this item. Sandal is kind of footwear that consist a sole to cover
heel and have a strap around the instep and sometimes there is kind of sandal that
is modified which have a strap until the ankle or also known as strap sandal. It
also has the kind of sandal that has a strap until the legs which known as gladiator
sandal because this type is inspired as kind of footwear that used for gladiator a
long time ago. This item is very comfortable to wear even in the house, in warmth
weather and it is become the kind of items that must use to the beach in summer.
Through the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word sandal has origin
word from Greek language “sandalion” then adapted into English. The word
“sandalion” according to the American Heritage desk Dictionary this word has
meaning sandal (Morris 829). This word is categorized as loan blend of borrowing
word which is there are slip word that is not in the recipient language.
Datum 15
Purse
Everybody knew that woman have many kind of bag, it depend on the
shape bag and function. Purse is kind of small bag of women that look alike
wallet but more long bigger because it used to carry money, coins, credit card and
the personal items of women such as make up. This kind of small bag sometimes
used for the formal event to complete the appearance, because it is small bag that
31
easy to carry and elegant. In the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word
purse is has origin word “bursa” from Greek and “bursa” Latin. Based on the
American Heritage Desk Dictionary, Morris (913) argued that the word “bursa”
in Latin language has meaning bag while in the Greek language the word “bursa”
has meaning leather, hide. The comparison of these two different languages, each
of words has a correlation through the meaning of purse in English which is kind
of bag that made by leather to carry something. Purse categorized as the loan
blend of borrowing words which is in this word there are the slip of phoneme into
the recipient language, that made “bursa” into purse by changing the first
consonant b- become –p .
Datum 16
Halter
In woman fashion not only bag, dress and shoes that has many variant and
name however collar shape is also has many kind of variant especially in woman.
Halter is kind of woman that is narrow piece of cloth around neck that has
function to hold the dress or cloth which is the shoulder is not covered. This kind
of dress and shirt that has halter collar sometimes popular used by woman for
formal event because the shaped of halter that unique make the people that used
look has a proportional neck. Not only for formal event, it can also use in daily.
According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word halter is has the
origin word from Germanic language “halfter”. In the Langenscheidts New
Collage German Dictionary the word “halfter” is has meaning halter, holster
32
(Messinger and Rüdenberg 291). Through the meaning of halter in origin and the
recipient language that literary has the same of meaning it shows that there is no
change of meaning in this word. After analyse the word halter it categorized as
the loan blend of borrowing word because there is a slip of phoneme in the word
which the recipient change the “halfter” become halter by remove the consonant –
f- in the origin word.
Datum 17
Satchel
In fashion item of women, it has many kind types of bag from the satchel
bag, sling bag, bowler bag, bucket bag, tote bag and many more. Satchel bag is
kind of bag that has a long strap that is used to hang over the shoulder and also
can wear on the back. This kind of bag was used to carry books or kind of school
bag in pat era, satchel bag has simple design that made this bag as unisex item
which not only women can wear but also the man, this item used to wear to for
school to carry the books. In Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word of
satchel has origin word from Old French “sachel” and Latin “saccelus”.
According to Cassell‟s French-English Dictionary the word “sachel” has meaning
small bag, tea bag (Girard 664). While through the American Heritage Desk
Dictionary Morris (831) the word “saccelus” has meaning sack. Based on these
two different languages of origin word, it shows that there is the correlation
between the meanings of satchel in English as the recipient language into the
French and Latin language that is related to the similar thing which is bag. This
33
word is categorized as the loan blend of borrowing also known as partial
phonemic substitution which there are slip of phoneme in the word and it adjusted
into the recipient language, that shows the word satchel is compared between
“sachel” and “saccelus”. The recipient adjusted by make the word more simply
and different by adding –t- in the middle of the word “sachel” from which
pronounce of this word is still familiar through the origin word “sachel” and
“saccelus”.
Datum 18
Scarf
There are many items that can warm the body when the windy or the
winter coming, there are scarf, coat, jacket or cape. Scarf is kind a piece of long
cloth, this thing has many kind of material from cotton, silk until knitted. Scarf is
wear around the neck that used to warmth weathers, this thing can wear by
woman and man. Not only for warm the neck, woman‟s sometimes used scarf as
the sweetener in their style by use over the shoulder or even for hair. This item not
only as warmth but this thing also makes the user look more stylish. Through the
Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word scarf has the origin word
“escarpé” from French language. According to the Cassell‟s French-English
Dictionary the word “escarpé” has meaning scarf (Girard 315). This word is
categorized as loan blend of borrowing which there is a slip part of phonemic in
the word through the origin language into the recipient language which is in
34
English become scarf by removing e- vowel in the first and last alphabet of
“escarpé” and changing the –p into –f in recipient language.
Datum 19
Shoe
There is a pair thing that used to cover feet which is sometimes made by
leather or plastic that called shoe. Shoe is kind of things that wear by man and
woman, or also known as unisex items that is really popular. Shoe has many kind
of variant, from the running shoes, oxford shoes, sneakers and many more. This
item is used by people in daily life, because it is a fashion thing that can wear in
every situation. Through the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word
shoe has origin word from Dutch language “schoen” and German language
“schuh”. According to Rahajoekoesoemah (357) on Kamus Belanda-Indonesia the
word “schoen” has meaning shoe. Beside the word “schuh” in the Cassell‟s
German-English Dictionary it has meaning shoe, boot, or foot (Betteridge 538).
These two different languages of origin word have the same meaning through the
English as the recipient language that it described about a thing that cover foot
which is shoe. The word shoe is categorized as loan blend because into the
recipient language the word is adjusted and there is slip of morpheme that makes
the word is simply than the origin word.
35
Datum 20
Shirt
Shirt is a piece of cloth that usually used by man to cover the body that has
sleeves, collar and many buttons. This kind of cloth could be made by many kinds
of material but popularly it made by the light cotton material. Shirt is must have
item for man because this kind of cloth is usually used for daily activities, for
work and formal event. Woman also has shirt there is no specification that makes
it different from man shirt, but for woman sometimes shrink at the waist, cleavage
on both of side of the hip and has v neck collar. Through the Oxford Advanced
Learner‟s Dictionary shirt has origin word from Dutch language “schort” and
German Language “schürze”. Rahajoekoesoemah argued on the Kamus Belanda-
Indonesia (362) that the word “schort” has meaning cloth to cover body that used
at work. While on the Cassell‟s German-English Dictionary Betteridge (540) said
that the word “schürze” has meaning apron, pinafore. Based on these two different
origin languages has the same meaning in each other either in Dutch or in German
language even through the recipient language has the same meaning to these
origin words. This word is categorized as loan blend because is there are slip part
of phoneme in the word that is adjusted into the recipient language that makes the
word “schort” and “schürze” become shirt in the English as the recipient
language.
36
Datum 21
Ring
Ring is kind of jewellery used around the finger that is made by gold or
silver. Ring also has decoration in the middle of it by the kind of precious stone
such as diamond that makes the price of ring is quite expensive cause it is depend
on the material that used to make ring. This item is also used to symbolize the
bond of a relationship such as engagement and marriage. In the Oxford Advanced
Learner‟s Dictionary this word has origin word “ring” but from different
languages that is Dutch and German. Klatt (1031) on the Langenscheidts Deutsch-
English Pocket Dictionary explained that the word “ring” has the meaning ring.
While on Cassell‟s German-English Dictionary the word “ring” is also has the
same meaning which is ring (Betteridge 497). This word is categorized as the loan
words because there is no changing phoneme in this words, the sound sequence is
used to imitate the origin words. The both of different origin languages the ring is
related into the similar thing, which is there is no change of meaning in this word
because through the origin word into the recipient language has the same meaning
that is kind of jewellery that used around the finger.
37
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analysing the data, the writer would like to draw conclusion of this
research which is dealing with borrowing words that exist in Vogue Magazine
February 2017 edition. There are 21 data that has been successfully collected from
the unit analysis. Form those 21 data, the writer found 2 loan words, 17 loan
blend, and 2 loan shift.
The phenomenon of loan words rarely exists because not so many
recipient languages can imitate the words in all aspect of the word. The kind of
borrowing words that mostly happen to be in fashion terms is loan blend where
English as the recipient language adjust the borrowed word orally and written
moreover, as the recipient languages as English they also want to have particular
characteristics that distinguish their words form the words that they adopt.
B. Suggestions
Based on the research that has been done, the writer would like to suggest
to the students of English Letters Department who are particularly interested on
conducting a morphological research, especially in the study of borrowing words,
to add more aspects to be analysed such as phonological aspect. Besides semantic
38
aspect, the study of borrowing words can also be related to the aspect of
phonology, for in the phenomenon of words borrowing itself, sometimes the
phonology of the words change; therefore, the next research will expand the
knowledge of linguistics. In addition, the writer would also like to suggest to
those who want to do a research in this topic to pick a new field of data such as
the name of animal, plant, or even the political words to make it fresher and up-to-
date.
39
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APPENDICES
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