BORROWING WORDS OF FASHION TERMS IN VOGUE MAGAZINE

A Thesis

Submitted to Faculty of Letters and Humanities

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Strata One (S1)

STEFFI MEGAWATI ATSA

1113026000082

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2017

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ABSTRACT

Steffi Megawati Atsa, Borrowing Words of Fashion Terms in VOGUE Magazine

Thesis, Jakarta: English Language and Literature Department, Faculty of Letters

and Humanities, State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah, August

2017.

The purpose of this research is to identify the kinds of borrowing words

that are used in fashion terms appeared in Vogue magazine, February 2017

edition. This research is a study of Morphology which explores the borrowing

words. It is qualitative research that the data being analysed are in words of

fashion terms and the analysis is explained descriptively. The main theories used

in this research are Einar Haugen‟s theory of language borrowing for studying the

borrowing words. The borrowing words data are divided into three types which

are loan words, loan blend and loan shift. In the corpus of the research, after doing

the analysis, the writer found twenty one data which consist of two loan words,

seventeen loan blends, two loan shifts, and 2 change of meaning that include two

factors.

Keywords: Morphology, Borrowing Words, Fashion Terms.

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iv

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institutes of higher

learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in this text.

Jakarta, August 2017

Steffi Megawati Atsa

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahirahmanirahim

In the name of Allah, the most Gracious and the most Merciful

Alhamdulillah, all praise to Allah SWT, the Lord of universe with his

blessing and guidance in every struggle to finish this thesis. Peace upon the

greatest prophet Muhammad SAW, his family and his followers who has guided

into the light path of Allah.

The writer deepest gratitude comes mainly from her parents, Mr. Agustiadi

and Mrs. Siti Alawiyah, for all the love, prayers and support of both morally and

materially, also from her sister Ninda Feby Nabila Atsa for always supporting her.

The writer also wants to give her gratitude to Mrs. Sholikatus Sa‟diyah, M.Pd. as

her thesis advisors for the time, support, advice and guidance throughout the

process of writing this thesis.

The writer would also like to deliver her deepest gratefulness to the

following people:

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M. Ag., the Dean of faculty of Letters and

Humanities.

2. Drs. Saefudin, M. Pd., the head of English Letters Department.

3. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum., the secretary of English Letters Department.

4. All the lectures of English Letters Department who had taught her during

her study in State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

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5. To her beloved Ardha Prima Tahier, thank you for the great support, help,

cheer up, strengthen and motivate the writer.

6. To Baling Squad: Aninda Aghnia Isnaini, thank you for always standing

by her side through the thick and thin for the last 4 years. And thanks to

Faraadisa Lila Aristy, Ahmad Syopian, Dimas Fajar, Nanda Saraswati,

Dhita novianti, Dini Zakiah and Yudhistira for the support, friendship,

joys, craziness and memories.

7. To her Junior High school bestfriend: Anggri Inka Putri, Andira Febistiani

Arifin, Rina Yunita, Rezi Anindita, Andriani, Mohammad Fajar

Mahardhika, Arif Wahyu Andhika, Mohammad Faisol, Yudhakusuma,

Renata Al-Rasyid, Enggar Penggalih, Rakha Pramadika, and Herlambang

Setiadi thank for the support, friendship, laugh and motivate the writer to

finish this thesis.

8. To Dokuz Squad: Ghifari Afiyan Relawan, Destriana, Lady Yuli Arinda,

Mariya Ulfa, Sendis Febriandis, Bagus Akbar and Tommy Bayu Saputra

for always supporting and motivating the writer to finish her thesis.

May the Gracious Allah, bless them all. Amin.

Jakarta, August 2017

The Writer

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TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... i

APPROVEMENT ......................................................................................... ii

LEGALIZATION ........................................................................................ iii

DECLARATION .......................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................ v

TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................. vii

LIST OF TABLE .......................................................................................... ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Research ............................................... 1

1.2 Focus of the Research .......................................................... 4

1.3 Research Question ............................................................... 4

1.4 Significance of the Research ................................................ 4

1.5 Research Methodology ........................................................ 5

5.1.1 The Objective of the Research ........................................... 5

5.2.2 The Method of the Research .............................................. 5

5.3.3 Data Analysis Technique ................................................... 6

5.4.4 Instrument of the Research ............................................... 7

5.5.5 Unit of Analysis ................................................................ 7

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Previous Research ................................................................ 8

2.2 Morphology ........................................................................ 10

2.3 Word Formation ................................................................. 11

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2.4 Borrowing Words ............................................................... 14

2.5 Vogue Magazine ................................................................ 16

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS

3.1 Data Description................................................................. 17

3.2 Data Analysis ..................................................................... 19

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

4.1 Conclusions ........................................................................ 37

4.2 Suggestions ........................................................................ 37

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................ 39

APPENDICES ............................................................................................. 42

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 3.1: The List of Borrowing Words of fahion Terms .......................... 17

Table 3.2: The Total Number of Borrowing Words of Fashion Terms ....... 19

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Research

The function of every language system is to connect meaning and

expression to provide verbal expression for thought and feeling, a grammar can be

seen as a coin that have two sides, that are expression and meaning that charge to

systematically relate the both of side (Finegan 5). Language as human tool of

communication or mediator of expression system has a lot of development to

fulfil the human needs for interaction. The addition of words to other language

became the solution, it can occur in the meaning, grammar, or vocabulary. To

complete the word in communication sometimes people adoption the word from

foreign language. The adaptation words from one language into another language

are called borrowing words or loan words. The trend of borrowing from other

languages was started with the post-Conquest English-French (Minkova and

Stockwell 37).

Wardaugh (181) argued that borrowing some words from other language is

a way to add new vocabulary. Through advanced technology in this era which is

easier to learn and communicate to other nation, people sometimes insert some

new words that derived from other languages in communication. Vocabulary is

the fastest growing field in language, it is proved by the existence of an addition

number of new words where it is adopting foreign language. The existences of

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contact culture cross the world causing the usage of foreign language arises.

Foreign language that is used continuously by majority of people could be

possibly adapted as the standardization of national language in a country.

Borrowing words is the term of the incorporation items from one language to

another and usually involves the adaptation of words into phonetic system and

grammar of other languages (Mesthrie 249).

Borrowing words which are used from foreign language can be found in

communication both in writing and verbal. In verbal communication, it sometimes

occur while conducting a conversation, speech or oration while in writing, it can

be found in magazines, newspapers, short stories, and novels. Borrowing words is

composed some aspects such as, phonology, but can be adapted to the

morphology pattern through the absorption of language (Campbell 57). Generally,

every language in the world certainly has loan words that are adopted from other

languages. In Bahasa, there are some words that are adopted from English such as

the word “kontraktor” which is the adoption of the word contractor and

“sekertaris” which is adoption of the word secretary.

English is also having borrowing words from other languages. According

to Finegan (51) through the history, English borrowed more words from French

during the twentieth century than from any other languages, then followed by

other language such as Japanese, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Greek, German, and

Yiddish. For example, the word bath is the borrowing word from German and

Dutch from the word bad, the word mosquito from Latin musca and the word

danger is adaption from dangier French. Borrowing words are spread into many

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sectors in life. Magazine is very close in daily social to get information; it is a

term of writing as a tool of information that is unconsciously contained some loan

words or borrowing words inside. Fashion magazines are an integral part of the

fashion industry. Vogue, as a fashion magazine, is a media where people know

fashion terms. In terms of fashion, there are many loan words which are words

adopted from another language, such as word the cote is adoption from French.

Based on the explanations above, the writer is interested in analysing

Vogue which deals on fashions because in Vogue magazine there are many terms

of fashion that are the adoption of foreign language words. Besides, there are less

ordinary people who know about where the origin of fashion terms come from

while fashion is an essential matter in daily life. Sometimes borrowing words or

loan-word have a shift in meaning from the original word before. In this research,

the writer will analyse and explain about the borrowing words. In addition, this

research of borrowing words will use some dictionaries as references to find out

the original word comes from.

B. Focus of the Research

In this research, the writer focuses on borrowing word of fashion terms in

Vogue magazine, centrally to the study of Morphology. Data will be collected

from the selected magazine, the writer will analyse some words that was

borrowed in fashion terms and the process of borrowing words that might be

occur in the data.

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C. Research Question

The writer purposes three questions about the research as follow:

1. What kinds of borrowing words are used in the Vogue magazine?

2. How does English as recipient adjust the origin word of fashion term?

D. Significance of the Research

Based on this research, the writer expects to provide the benefits, either in

theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this research is expected to contribute

for student of English Letters that focuses to linguistics, especially in study of

Morphology that might be useful to give information of the process of borrowing

words in English that occur in words that are adopted from other foreign

languages. Practically, this research is hopefully can be used as useful reference

materials for the next researcher that are interested in borrowing words and it is

also expected to be useful for the readers, to learn about the type of borrowing

words in fashion terms.

E. Research Methodology

1. The Objective of the Research

The objective in this research is to describe the types of fashion terms

in English borrowing that occur in Vogue magazine more specific. Beside,

this research is also intended to know the change of meaning and the factors

that is happened on the process of borrowing.

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2. The Method of the Research

This method that is used in this research is qualitative method.

According to Farkhan (9-10) qualitative research are studies that used

descriptive data in form of on verbal and other non-numerical data as the

basis for analysis and problem solving are being studied. The writer will

describe the data of borrowing that are found in the Vogue magazine,

February 2017 edition which the form of data is a magazine that is a verbal

and non-numerical.

3. Data Analysis Technique

In this research, the writer will use a descriptive analysis technique for

analysing the data. This is the technique of examining an object with the

aim to describe the data description as well as to provide an overview of the

actual facts of the object studied accurately and systematically (Suryana 36).

The collected data will be analysed by one of the research instrument which

is dictionary to determine the borrowing words in English that are derived

from other languages and to examine the data based on the theory of Einar

Haugen.

In obtaining the data, there are several steps taken to collect the data:

1. Reading Vogue magazine February 2017 edition as the corpus

of the study to identifying the data.

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2. Finding the fashions terms that occurs on the Vogue magazine

that has borrowing words.

3. Checking the words of fashion terms through the Oxford

Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary as the main dictionary that is

used by writer.

4. Classifying the fashion terms based on its structure.

5. Reducing the data that obtained by randomly choosing to get

final data.

4. Instrument of the Research

The main instrument of this research is the writer herself to identify

the data of fashion terms from Vogue magazine. Begin with observing the

whole Vogue magazine February 2017 edition to find the data, marks the

data, classifies the word that is borrowed into the types of borrowing words

and conducting in-depth analysis on its processes.

5. Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis of this study is the fashion terms in Vogue

magazine which published on February 2017 edition. Vogue is a popular

fashion and lifestyle magazine published in the United States monthly in 23

countries by Condé Nast. The first edition was published on December 17,

1892.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Previous Research

Before conducting the research, the writer reviewed and observed some

relevant previous researches that have a similar discussion. There are Borrowed

Words in English and Chinese Vocabulary by Yingying Shen from Guangdong

University (2009), English Borrowing Words in Indonesia Novel Entitled

Manusia Setengah Salmon by Dw Gd Erick Krisna Arinjaya from Udayana

University (2014), and The Analysis of English Borrowing Words In Indonesian

Poitcal Terminology by Lorania from State Islamic University Syarif

Hidayatullah Jakarta (2011).

Yingying Shen (2009) with his article Borrowed Words in English and

Chinese Vocabulary, investigated borrowed words in both English and Chinese

vocabulary. The study is focused to figure out the significance of borrowed words

study for EFL (English as Foreign Language) learners especially the Chinese. He

found 11 data of words borrowed from Chinese, 3 data of Chinese borrowed

words and 14 categories of borrowed words in Chinese language. Then in

conclusion he added information to the readers especially for Chinese that in

70.000 of Chinese words there are 10.000 words are borrowed from foreign

language or it is approximately 14%.

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Dw Gd Erick Krisna Arinjaya (2014) with the thesis entitled English

Borrowing Words In Indonesian Novel Entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon, this

was studied Borrowing on the Indonesian novel Manusia Setengah Salmon. The

author classified three types of borrowing which are loan shift, loan blend and

loan word. According to the thesis, the author found 86 words that had been

borrowed in the novel; there were 84 of loan words, 2 of loan shift and there is no

loan blend. The result of this thesis is that the author found that the English

language that was applied in the Indonesian language novel had been in

accordance with Spelling Enhanced (EYD).

Lorania (2011) with her research The Analysis of English Borrowing

Words In Indonesian Political Terminology, to analysed the borrowing words in

political terminology and the change of meaning that occurred in Kompas

newspaper. In this research the author classified of borrowing, there are loan blen,

loan shift and loan words. This thesis found 20 words on political terminology

that were borrowed. There were 2 loan words, 18 words of loan blend and 9

words of loan shift as a result of this research. Some of the data that was found

had the change of meaning, there were two words that had extension of meaning,

5 words of political terms that had narrowing of meaning and 13 words that had

meaning equation.

According to the previous research above, this research focuses on the

borrowing words contained in fashion terms which the origin of those words are

adapted from another language; moreover, this corpus of this research is a famous

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fashion magazine Vogue from USA that differentiates this research to the other

research.

B. Morphology

Morphology is a branch of linguistics which is the studies of form and word

formation process. The term of morphology comes from the Greek, which is the

combination of the words morphe which mean „form‟ and logos that mean

‟knowledge‟ Chaer (3) argued that the morphology is the science of the study of

the forms and formation of words. While according to Kridalaksana (159)

morphology is the field of linguistics that focus on the studies morpheme and

combinations, or part of a structure of a language that includes words and parts of

words namely morpheme. Morphological processes involving components,

among others: the basic components or the basic shape, forming tool (affixes,

duplication, composition), and grammatical meaning (Chaer 7).

Beside Carstairs and McCarthy (144) argued that morphology is area of

grammar which concerned with the structure of words and with relationships

between words that involve the morphemes that compose them. Based on the

various terms above according to experts, it can be concluded that the

morphological process can be defined as a process in the formation of the word,

which is every words are contained one or more morpheme on it. The example is

the word rabbits that are contained two of meaningful units, „rabbit‟ which is

qualified as a kind of animal, and the adding ”-s” that is indicates the notion of

plurality (Meyer 152). Although all morphemes are units of meaning, there are

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various kinds of morphemes. The process involves three components, namely

basic shapes, forming tool (affixes, looping), as well as grammatical meaning.

C. Word Formation

In the study of morphology which focuses on the process of the word, there is

word formation which is the main topic in the branch of morphology. Word

formation is a basis process of the new word or morpheme. Word formation is

specifically deals with the internal structure of complex words that are composed

of more than one meaningful element (Plag 1). While Carstairs and McCarthy

(19) argued that word formation is not an extension of syntax „below‟ the level of

the word, indeed it is to emphasise differences between word structure and

sentence structure which militate against any such view. Yule (53) described

about some basic of word formation, there are:

1) Etymology

Etymology is study of the origin and history of a word which is about

compilation how the word expanding.

2) Coinage

Coinage is the words that are invented trade names of some product that

become general terms. For example is Indonesia people used the word

“Odol” for toothpaste, which is Odol is the name product of toothpaste.

3) Borrowing

Borrowing or loan word is the adaptation word from one language into

another language. For example the word “danger” English is adaption

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from the word “dangier” French and the word “sekertaris” in Bahasa is

adoption from the word “secretary” English.

4) Compound

Compound is the process of word formation by combining two or more

classes of words into a new form, e.g. blackboard (black + board),

fingerprint (finger + print) and wallpaper (wall + paper).

5) Blending

Blending is combining two or more words by taking only the beginning of

one word and joining it to the end of the other word to produce a new

word, e.g. the word “brunch” for breakfast/lunch.

6) Clipping

Clipping is reducing word by cutting part of the word. This process of

forming a word derived from the word that has more than one syllable that

gets the processed of cutting a word at the beginning or end. For example

gasoline becomes gas.

7) Backformation

Backformation is the process of word formation by separating the affix

which is not the root of a word, word of one type (usually a noun) is

reduced to form a word of another type. The example is the word editor

(noun) then crop the morpheme edit that become (verb).

8) Conversion

Conversion is the process of changing the word class without changing the

shape of the word, e.g. butter the bread.

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9) Acronyms

Acronyms is taking the initial letters of each syllable prepared to name an

abbreviation or extension of a term and the results can be pronounced as a

word, e.g. CD (Compact Disk) and WWW (World Wide Web).

10) Derivation

Derivation is process giving affix or suffix in the word, so that the

formation of new words generated will result in a change of speech and

changing the meaning. E.g. Act (V) Act + or = Actor (N).

In derivation there are some branches of affix there are:

- Prefixes and Suffixes: prefix is where some affixes have to be

added to the beginning of the word (e.g. un-, mis-). Suffix is the

added affix in the end of word, (e.g. –less).

- Infixes: is the third types of affix that is incorporated inside

another words (e.g. Absogoddamlutely from the word

absolutely).

11) Multiple Process

Multiple processes are word that can be created through more than one of

the above-mentioned processes.

D. Borrowing Words

Since the post-Conquest English-French, to complete the human needs of

communication there are a trend which is called as adaptation of a word from

one language into another language also known as borrowing words or loan

words. According to Kridalaksana (8) borrowing words is the form of sound,

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phonemes, grammatical or lexical elements that is taken from other

languages. Borrowing is the process of importing linguistic items from one

linguistic system into another (Carstairs 1). Nearly the same, Meyer (180)

argued that borrowing is a process by which a language receives a word

directly from another language, usually as a result of contact with the

language. In borrowing words, the word which is borrowed not only the roots

and affixes that they contain but also the pattern of word formation that they

conform to a pattern which does not allow roots to appear naked, but

unaccompanied by some derivational or inflectional affix (Carstairs and

McCarthy 102).

Generally, every language has borrowing words that adopted from other

languages (Hatch and Brown 170). In borrowing words, there are some words

that changed which on verbal on writing, because the new vocabulary

absorbed from another language is adapted to the language of the recipient.

Borrowing words to a foreign pattern of word formation should be expected

to borrow inflectional affixes that conform the pattern, as roots and

derivational affixes. The effect of these borrowings is to divide the class of

nouns with irregular plurals (i.e. plurals not involving -s) into two classes:

nouns that belong to everyday vocabulary and whose irregular plural survives

because it is in reasonably frequent use (e.g. teeth, children, mice), and

relatively rare or technical nouns whose irregular plural survives (if at all) as

a badge of learning or sophistication (Carstairs and McCarthy 104). In this

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case Haugen (214) has classified the types of borrowing word; there are Loan

words, Loan Blend and Loan Shift.

1. Loan Words

Is the type of borrowing of common substitution that show

morphemic, which is a native sound sequence is used to imitated or

the word spoken in accordance through to the original word

without changing phonemes. Example:

Credit /kredit/ → Kredit /krédit/

Villa /vilə/ → vila /vila/

2. Loan Blend

Is the type that shows morphemic substitution as well as important,

there are slip in a part or all a native morpheme for some part. Or

also known as substitution part phonemic which is some part of

phonemes is adjusted into the recipient language. Example:

Bank /bæŋk/ → Bank /bank/

Tractor /træktər/ → Traktor /traktor/

3. Loan Shift

This is the type of borrowing that show morphemic substitution

without importation which will be made to include all changes that

are not strictly phonological and grammatical. Also known as

substitution complete of phoneme that a word that is absorbed

changed from the original language. Example:

Schedule /’skedju:l/ → Jadwal /jadwal/

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E. Vogue Magazine

Fashion is one of the aspects of human life to increase confidence and

appearance. Magazine is a source of written information, which is always

getting develops in all kind of field in life. Invented in one of the most

popular of fashion magazines is Vogue. Vogue is a fashion and lifestyle

magazine that is monthly published in the United States and other 23

countries, first founded is Arthur Baldwin Turnure, an American business

man. First issue was published on December 17, 1892 (Davydova). Condé

Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905; one year before Turnure's. Then

changed it into a bi-weekly magazine and started Vogue overseas in the

1910s. Under Nast, the magazine soon shifted its focus to women. Vogue is

also published in Indonesia and become the most influential presenter of high

fashion.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

The data of this research is collected from the Vogue magazine published

in the United States, in February 2017. The focus of this research is English

borrowing words of fashion terms that occur in the Vogue magazine from the

perspective of Morphology. The data of the borrowing word are classified in three

types according to the theory of Haugen and the change of meaning will use the

theory proposed by Baugh. The writer discourses 21 of fashion terms in the

Vogue magazine Feb 2017 edition.

Table 3.1: The List of Borrowing Words of Fashion Terms

No. Fashion Terms Kind of Borrowing

1 Coat Loan Words

2 Mule Loan Blend

3 Pump Loan Blend

4 Camisole Loan Blend

5 Jacket Loan Blend

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6 Belt Loan Blend

7 Pouch Loan Blend

8 Leather Loan Blend

9 Dress Loan Blend

10 Cape Loan Blend

11 Denim Loan Shift

12 Skirt Loan Blend

13 Stiletto Loan Shift

14 Sandal Loan Blend

15 Purse Loan Blend

16 Halter Loan Blend

17 Satchel Loan Blend

18 Scarf Loan Blend

19 Shoe Loan Blend

20 Shirt Loan Blend

21 Ring Loan Words

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B. Data Analysis

The data that have been found will be analysed through interpretation and

explaination. In interpreting the data Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary (8th

Ed) will be the main dictionary that writer use to find the origin of words in the

data. Beside the main dictionary, the writer will use some dictionaries to find and

to analyse the meaning origin words of the fashion items as the data in this thesis,

there are Cassell‟s French Dictionary, Cassell‟s Italian Dictionary, Cassell‟s

Spanish Dictionary, X Dutch Dictionary, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, The

American Heritage Desk Dictionary, Collins German College Dictionary,

Langenscheidts New College German Dictionary, Cassell‟s German Dictionary,

Langenscheidts Pocket Dictionary English – Deutsch and Kamus Belanda -

Indonesia. After finding the meaning of the origin words through the dictionaries

then the writer will explain and classify the types of borrowing words on fashion

items based on the theory of.

Table 3.2: The Total Number of Borrowing Words of Fashion Terms

No. Kind of Borrowing Words Total

1. Loan Words 2

2. Loan Blend 17

3. Loan Shift 2

Total 21

20

Datum 1

Coat

In the fashion terms, coat is the outer used to cover body in the winter

which can make the user feel warm and sometimes it is made by fur of animal,

coat widely used in countries that have winter season. Coat is a fashion terms that

is timeless because this item easily combined with many style, that makes many

people that are living in a winter country will still look stylists even with their

classic coat. Based on the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary of English the

word coat has origin word which is taken from Old French “côte”. Due to the

Cassell‟s French-English Dictionary, Girard (196) argued that “côte” means rib of

the body or cloth. The word coat in English and “côte” from French they have the

same meaning that is a thing to cover the body, therefore; there is no change of

meaning in this word because through the origin word into the recipient language

it has the correlation that refers into the similar thing that has same meaning. The

word coat is categorized as loan words type which is a native sound sequence is

used to imitate the word spoken in accordance through the original word without

changing the phonemes in the French origin word “côte” that is pronounce as

{kot} and it became {koʊt} in English.

Datum 2

Mule

Women have many kind of shoes, mule is a kind of high heels that has a

kind that the back of heels is not like a pump because mule has a solid and slightly

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smaller at the bottom. Mule is shoe that is worn for indoor party or event,

sometimes mule has flower ornament that makes it look prettier to use. This is

kind of slipper with heels because it is open around the heels just like sandal.

Based on the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary of English the word mule is

taken from Latin “mulus” “mūla” and French “mule”. According to Lewis (522)

in An Elementary Latin Dictionary the words “mulus” and “mūla” (520) have

meaning mule which is same as in English, while Girard (502) argued that the

word “mule” in Cassell‟s French-English Dictionary has meaning chilblain in the

heels which is the word chilblain describe about the model of the shoe that is not

cover the whole feet. The word mule is categorized as loan blend which is some

part of phoneme adjusted through the recipient language showing morphemic

substitution as well as important.

Datum 3

Pump

In woman fashion terms there are much kind of shoes from flat shoes,

boots, sandal, loafer until high heels. In high heels has many of kind and type, it is

based on the shape of shoes itself, pump is a kind of woman shoe that is plain but

it is not cover the top of feet and it is also known as women‟s formal shoes. A

heel of pump has a unique shaped because this kind of heels is small and pointed

than wedges. This item of heels makes the feet of women that use looks higher,

attractive and has proportional legs. According to the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s

Dictionary of English the word pump is taken from Dutch language “pomp”.

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Based on the X Introduction Dutch Dictionary the word ”pomp” (Quist and Strik

144) have meaning pump, which is the same in English there is the formal woman

shoes. This word categorized as the loan blend which is some of phoneme has

change adjusted to the recipient language that is pomp become pump by changing

vocal –o- in word that replaced by using -u- in the recipient language, even

though there are the change in vocal but the pronounce it still similar.

Datum 4

Camisole

Camisole is woman underwear that usually made by confortable and cool

material such as satin, nylon or cotton because sometimes it used as nightgown.

Even though camisole has a form like a dress but it has narrow strips on the

shoulder which make it different. This era of millennium the camisole can wear

not only as nightgown, it can be combined with t-shirts and long-sleeved shirts

into the chic style. Based on Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, the word

camisole is has origin words which it is from Italian language “camiciola” and

Spanish language “camisola”. According to Rebora (81) on the Cassell‟s Italian-

English Dictionary the word “camiciola” have meaning bodice, flannel, and vest.

Beside the word “camisola” have a meaning night shirt or blouse based on

Cassell‟s Spanish-English Dictionary (Gooch 129). This two origin words of

camisole has a same meaning that already compare between bodice and night shirt

which means the woman dress that is used for sleep. Camisole is categorized as

23

the loan blend which is there are some of phoneme is adjusted into the recipient

language.

Datum 5

Jacket

Beside coat that is used to cover the body from cold there are jacket that

worn only to cover top half of the body over a shirt that often used in many

condition because material not as thick as a coat, it can wear in windy, autumn

and it also become the item that must wear when ride motorcycle. Jacket is also

the fashion item that never dies because it can wear by women or man and unique

to combine with diverse style. In Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word

jacket has an origin word which is from French language “jaquette”. According to

the Cassell‟s French-English Dictionary the word Girard (435) argued that

“jaquette” has a meaning morning coat, tail-coat, or woman‟s jacket short

petticoat. Between jacket and” jaquette” it has the same meaning which is a piece

of clothing top that used to warm body that it show there is no change of meaning

in this word. This word has a typical of loan blend because there is some phoneme

that adjusted into the new language that makes the word “jaquette” into the

simple word jacket by the recipient language with following the pronounce of the

origin word.

24

Datum 6

Belt

Belt is an important thing, this term never dies even though the model does

not change from time to time, this fashion terms that used for tighten the trousers,

skirt or even a dress as a sweetener in styling. Belt is a unisex thing which is it can

wear by men or women. It has formed such a long narrow that sometimes use

leather as the material. Belt in Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary has an

origin word from Latin language “Balteus”. Based on An Elementary Latin

Dictionary “balteus” has a meaning a girdle, sword belt or shoulder-band (Lewis

89). The origin of word balteus is has the same meaning with belt which is

something that used around the waist. It described that this word is categorized as

the loan blend, this kind of borrowing is also known as partial morphemic

substitution because in this word there are a slip of phoneme from the original

language into the recipient language by changing the word “balteus” become belt

by do not use the –eus in the end of origin word which is the recipient make this

word become more simply.

Datum 7

Pouch

Women has many kind of bag, it is based on the shape of bag. There is

kind of a small bag that women used usually made from leather and has shape like

kangaroo pocket that called pouch, which is this kind of small bag sometimes

carried in pocket or attached in belt that sometimes used to put a thing such as

25

make up or coins. This era sometimes women used pouch to the formal event

because pouch easy to carry and simple. The word pouch in fashion terms that

based on Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary has origin word from Old

French “poche”. The word “poche” according to the Cassell‟s French-English

Dictionary it has meaning pocket, pouch, sack, bag or purse (Girard 573). The

origin word “poche” from pouch is literary have correlation and has the same

meaning pocket or bag which is a small container that used to put small thing

which prove that there is no change of meaning in this word. The word pouch is

classified as the loan blend in borrowing, because there are some of phonemes

that is adjust into the recipient language by slip some part of morpheme in the

word in French “poche” is pronounce {poʃ} but in English the word pouch

pronounce as {poʊʃ} which is there are some phoneme that is adjusted by

recipient that is not following the pronounce of origin word totally.

Datum 8

Leather

In industrial of fashion there is the famous material that used since ancient

times or timeless. Leather is kind of material that made by removing the animal

hair and used their skin through the special process. The leather in fashion

industry sometimes used the snake skin, cow skin, crocodile skin and many more.

This leather of animal that sometimes used for made jacket, bag, belt or wallet

that has a high quite expensive for this material if it has been process into a things

because this material is strong and durable. Based on the Oxford Advanced

26

Learner‟s Dictionary the word leather is has a origin word from Dutch language

“leer” and German language “leder”. According to X Introduction Dutch

Dictionary (Quist and Strik 105) the word “leer” has meaning leather and based

on Collins German College Dictionary, Vennebusch (205) argued that the word

“leder” is has meaning leather. The origin of word leather is has a same meaning

in the recipient language even it is from two different language. This classified as

the kind of loan blend because there are a slip part of morpheme into the recipient

language that from the origin word “leer” and “leder” it become “leather” by

adjusted the recipient language, even though the writing it different but in

pronounce it is still familiar because the recipient adopted.

Datum 9

Dress

Dress is fashion terms that are the woman should have item, it is a familiar

thing for women because dress has been introduced since a long time ago. Dress

is a women‟s clothing that made to cover the body down to legs and sometimes

there are the dress that reach belong the knees or ankle, it is also can used for

formal or non-formal. It also becomes the symbol feminist in women. Through the

Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word dress is has origin word that

adapter from Old French “dresser”. From Cassell‟s French-English Dictionary

the word “dresser” is has meaning to erect, to set up, to construct, to mount or to

raise ( Girard 270). This word is categorized as loan blend which there are slip

27

morpheme in some part from dresser into dress that the recipient is remove the r

in the last word.

Datum 10

Cape

Cape is an outer of clothing that fastens at the neck that hangs into

shoulder, has no sleeves and sometimes it also has a hood that can used to cover

the head. Cape is also a thing that in the winter to cover the body from the cold. It

is categorized as a unisex thing because it can wear by woman or man. Cape is

also wear to describe the power of the superheroes that can fly in kid‟s fiction.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word cape is has

origin words from Latin language “cappa” and ”caput” which this two words has

a different meaning. Through the Morris (156) in American Heritage Desk

Dictionary the word “cappa” is has meaning hood or cloak while the word

“caput” is has meaning head. This word of cape is categorized as the loan blend

of borrowing which is in the recipient language there are slip morpheme for some

part that is adjusted into the new adopted language, that makes the origin words

“cappa” and ”caput” become cape.

Datum 11

Denim

Denim is kind of material that really popular, the texture of this material is

a hard cotton that has blue colour. Denim is material that especially used for made

28

jeans. Through some era, the denim material is adapted to made jacket, skirt and

shirt. Not only in fashion industry this material is also can used for handicraft, for

example used to made phone case, wall ornament or even the pillowcases as a

sweetener of sofa in living room which made denim material even more famous.

According through Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word denim has an

origin word, it is the adopted word from French “serge de nimes”. Based on The

American Heritage Desk Dictionary the word “serge de nimes” is actually has

two meaning that has been combine which the word “serge” it has mean the type

of cloth and “de nimes” is the name of the city in southern French (nimes). It can

be conclude that ““serge de nimes” is the kind of cloth that is made in the nimes

southern French (Morris 275). This word is classified as loan shift because there is

the change of morphemic substitution that changed the phonological through the

grammar which is “serge de nimes” that the meaning was name of the city now

denim became the kind of material hard cotton.

Datum 12

Skirt

Skirt is the fashion item that is never dies from the long time ago even in

this millennium era. Same as dress, skirt is also becomes the symbol of feminist

for women, that‟s why skirt is used as the symbol of school uniform to women for

distinguish gender in every school in the world. Skirt is a piece of woman clothing

that fastened around the waist and hanging down to legs. Sometimes there are

many kinds the extensive of skirt from legs, knees through to the ankle. Skirt is

29

also has many kind shape there are A-line skirt, pencil skirt, ruffled skirt, gypsy

skirt, layered skirt and many more. On the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary

this word has origin from Old Norse language “skyrta”. According to Morris

(872) in the American Heritage Desk Dictionary the word “skyrta” has a meaning

skirt. The word skirt is categorized as the loan blend of borrowing that there is a

slip of unimportant morpheme in word by the recipient language, from skyrta

become skirt by changing the consonant of –y- in word by using –i- but the

pronounce of these two word is still familiar to each other.

Datum 13

Stiletto

Stiletto is a kind of women high heel that has a very high narrow heel. This

kind of heel is highly favoured by many women because the shape of stiletto

makes the legs of women looks more extensive and proportional. It makes stiletto

often used for formal or informal event. Stiletto has many sizes of high from 2,5

cm into 25 cm or more. Based on the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary,

stiletto has origin words from Italian and Latin language. According to the

American Heritage Desk Dictionary the word “dagger” from Italian language has

meaning dagger and stiletto while the word “stilus” from Latin language has

meaning pole and stake (913). Through these two different languages has a same

meaning about the pointed things to describe about the heels. The word stiletto is

categorized as the loan shift which the word is including all change that is not the

same into the origin word whether in phonological or grammatical.

30

Datum 14

Sandal

Sandal is a thing that is very close in everyday life which everybody in the

world must have this item. Sandal is kind of footwear that consist a sole to cover

heel and have a strap around the instep and sometimes there is kind of sandal that

is modified which have a strap until the ankle or also known as strap sandal. It

also has the kind of sandal that has a strap until the legs which known as gladiator

sandal because this type is inspired as kind of footwear that used for gladiator a

long time ago. This item is very comfortable to wear even in the house, in warmth

weather and it is become the kind of items that must use to the beach in summer.

Through the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word sandal has origin

word from Greek language “sandalion” then adapted into English. The word

“sandalion” according to the American Heritage desk Dictionary this word has

meaning sandal (Morris 829). This word is categorized as loan blend of borrowing

word which is there are slip word that is not in the recipient language.

Datum 15

Purse

Everybody knew that woman have many kind of bag, it depend on the

shape bag and function. Purse is kind of small bag of women that look alike

wallet but more long bigger because it used to carry money, coins, credit card and

the personal items of women such as make up. This kind of small bag sometimes

used for the formal event to complete the appearance, because it is small bag that

31

easy to carry and elegant. In the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word

purse is has origin word “bursa” from Greek and “bursa” Latin. Based on the

American Heritage Desk Dictionary, Morris (913) argued that the word “bursa”

in Latin language has meaning bag while in the Greek language the word “bursa”

has meaning leather, hide. The comparison of these two different languages, each

of words has a correlation through the meaning of purse in English which is kind

of bag that made by leather to carry something. Purse categorized as the loan

blend of borrowing words which is in this word there are the slip of phoneme into

the recipient language, that made “bursa” into purse by changing the first

consonant b- become –p .

Datum 16

Halter

In woman fashion not only bag, dress and shoes that has many variant and

name however collar shape is also has many kind of variant especially in woman.

Halter is kind of woman that is narrow piece of cloth around neck that has

function to hold the dress or cloth which is the shoulder is not covered. This kind

of dress and shirt that has halter collar sometimes popular used by woman for

formal event because the shaped of halter that unique make the people that used

look has a proportional neck. Not only for formal event, it can also use in daily.

According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word halter is has the

origin word from Germanic language “halfter”. In the Langenscheidts New

Collage German Dictionary the word “halfter” is has meaning halter, holster

32

(Messinger and Rüdenberg 291). Through the meaning of halter in origin and the

recipient language that literary has the same of meaning it shows that there is no

change of meaning in this word. After analyse the word halter it categorized as

the loan blend of borrowing word because there is a slip of phoneme in the word

which the recipient change the “halfter” become halter by remove the consonant –

f- in the origin word.

Datum 17

Satchel

In fashion item of women, it has many kind types of bag from the satchel

bag, sling bag, bowler bag, bucket bag, tote bag and many more. Satchel bag is

kind of bag that has a long strap that is used to hang over the shoulder and also

can wear on the back. This kind of bag was used to carry books or kind of school

bag in pat era, satchel bag has simple design that made this bag as unisex item

which not only women can wear but also the man, this item used to wear to for

school to carry the books. In Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word of

satchel has origin word from Old French “sachel” and Latin “saccelus”.

According to Cassell‟s French-English Dictionary the word “sachel” has meaning

small bag, tea bag (Girard 664). While through the American Heritage Desk

Dictionary Morris (831) the word “saccelus” has meaning sack. Based on these

two different languages of origin word, it shows that there is the correlation

between the meanings of satchel in English as the recipient language into the

French and Latin language that is related to the similar thing which is bag. This

33

word is categorized as the loan blend of borrowing also known as partial

phonemic substitution which there are slip of phoneme in the word and it adjusted

into the recipient language, that shows the word satchel is compared between

“sachel” and “saccelus”. The recipient adjusted by make the word more simply

and different by adding –t- in the middle of the word “sachel” from which

pronounce of this word is still familiar through the origin word “sachel” and

“saccelus”.

Datum 18

Scarf

There are many items that can warm the body when the windy or the

winter coming, there are scarf, coat, jacket or cape. Scarf is kind a piece of long

cloth, this thing has many kind of material from cotton, silk until knitted. Scarf is

wear around the neck that used to warmth weathers, this thing can wear by

woman and man. Not only for warm the neck, woman‟s sometimes used scarf as

the sweetener in their style by use over the shoulder or even for hair. This item not

only as warmth but this thing also makes the user look more stylish. Through the

Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word scarf has the origin word

“escarpé” from French language. According to the Cassell‟s French-English

Dictionary the word “escarpé” has meaning scarf (Girard 315). This word is

categorized as loan blend of borrowing which there is a slip part of phonemic in

the word through the origin language into the recipient language which is in

34

English become scarf by removing e- vowel in the first and last alphabet of

“escarpé” and changing the –p into –f in recipient language.

Datum 19

Shoe

There is a pair thing that used to cover feet which is sometimes made by

leather or plastic that called shoe. Shoe is kind of things that wear by man and

woman, or also known as unisex items that is really popular. Shoe has many kind

of variant, from the running shoes, oxford shoes, sneakers and many more. This

item is used by people in daily life, because it is a fashion thing that can wear in

every situation. Through the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary the word

shoe has origin word from Dutch language “schoen” and German language

“schuh”. According to Rahajoekoesoemah (357) on Kamus Belanda-Indonesia the

word “schoen” has meaning shoe. Beside the word “schuh” in the Cassell‟s

German-English Dictionary it has meaning shoe, boot, or foot (Betteridge 538).

These two different languages of origin word have the same meaning through the

English as the recipient language that it described about a thing that cover foot

which is shoe. The word shoe is categorized as loan blend because into the

recipient language the word is adjusted and there is slip of morpheme that makes

the word is simply than the origin word.

35

Datum 20

Shirt

Shirt is a piece of cloth that usually used by man to cover the body that has

sleeves, collar and many buttons. This kind of cloth could be made by many kinds

of material but popularly it made by the light cotton material. Shirt is must have

item for man because this kind of cloth is usually used for daily activities, for

work and formal event. Woman also has shirt there is no specification that makes

it different from man shirt, but for woman sometimes shrink at the waist, cleavage

on both of side of the hip and has v neck collar. Through the Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary shirt has origin word from Dutch language “schort” and

German Language “schürze”. Rahajoekoesoemah argued on the Kamus Belanda-

Indonesia (362) that the word “schort” has meaning cloth to cover body that used

at work. While on the Cassell‟s German-English Dictionary Betteridge (540) said

that the word “schürze” has meaning apron, pinafore. Based on these two different

origin languages has the same meaning in each other either in Dutch or in German

language even through the recipient language has the same meaning to these

origin words. This word is categorized as loan blend because is there are slip part

of phoneme in the word that is adjusted into the recipient language that makes the

word “schort” and “schürze” become shirt in the English as the recipient

language.

36

Datum 21

Ring

Ring is kind of jewellery used around the finger that is made by gold or

silver. Ring also has decoration in the middle of it by the kind of precious stone

such as diamond that makes the price of ring is quite expensive cause it is depend

on the material that used to make ring. This item is also used to symbolize the

bond of a relationship such as engagement and marriage. In the Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary this word has origin word “ring” but from different

languages that is Dutch and German. Klatt (1031) on the Langenscheidts Deutsch-

English Pocket Dictionary explained that the word “ring” has the meaning ring.

While on Cassell‟s German-English Dictionary the word “ring” is also has the

same meaning which is ring (Betteridge 497). This word is categorized as the loan

words because there is no changing phoneme in this words, the sound sequence is

used to imitate the origin words. The both of different origin languages the ring is

related into the similar thing, which is there is no change of meaning in this word

because through the origin word into the recipient language has the same meaning

that is kind of jewellery that used around the finger.

37

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

After analysing the data, the writer would like to draw conclusion of this

research which is dealing with borrowing words that exist in Vogue Magazine

February 2017 edition. There are 21 data that has been successfully collected from

the unit analysis. Form those 21 data, the writer found 2 loan words, 17 loan

blend, and 2 loan shift.

The phenomenon of loan words rarely exists because not so many

recipient languages can imitate the words in all aspect of the word. The kind of

borrowing words that mostly happen to be in fashion terms is loan blend where

English as the recipient language adjust the borrowed word orally and written

moreover, as the recipient languages as English they also want to have particular

characteristics that distinguish their words form the words that they adopt.

B. Suggestions

Based on the research that has been done, the writer would like to suggest

to the students of English Letters Department who are particularly interested on

conducting a morphological research, especially in the study of borrowing words,

to add more aspects to be analysed such as phonological aspect. Besides semantic

38

aspect, the study of borrowing words can also be related to the aspect of

phonology, for in the phenomenon of words borrowing itself, sometimes the

phonology of the words change; therefore, the next research will expand the

knowledge of linguistics. In addition, the writer would also like to suggest to

those who want to do a research in this topic to pick a new field of data such as

the name of animal, plant, or even the political words to make it fresher and up-to-

date.

39

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APPENDICES

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55

56

57

58

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