Energy: Consumption and Sources
Chapters 9 and 10
A brief history of energy
• In the beginning……• Here comes the sun• Wood and muscle• Fossil fuels (they ain’t makin’ any more of it)
– Industrial Revolution– Coal, oil, natural gas
• The future– Renewable energy sources– Cleaner energy sources
Economics
• Modern economies– More industry more energy
Ecological Foot Print
Cultural Development
Per capita energy use (MJ/day)
Foraging 20
Prim. Agriculture 48
Ad. Agriculture 104
Industrial 308
Ad. Industrial 1025
Economics
• Modern economies– More industry more energy– Cheap, easy-to-handle, efficient fuel– Cars
• The price of oil (~$50/barrell)
How is energy used?
• Residential
• Industrial
• Transportation
Alternate fuel vehicles
• Hybrid Electric Vehicles– Electric – disadvantages– Gasoline – disadvantages– Merge in HEV
• Alternate fuels– Compressed Natural Gas– Methanol– Hydrogen– Propane
China
• Far more fuel efficient per capita
• Rapidly industrializing
• Potential for tremendous strain on world fuel reserves
Fuel Sources
• Non-renewable resources
• Renewable resources
Trends and OPEC
• Know the historical trends (pg. 185-191)
• 75% of the world’s oil reserves– 60% in Middle East
• Power of OPEC– Disunity– Other nations– Foreign policy
Resources and reserves
• Resource (Fig. 10.2)– Naturally occurring substance that can
potentially be extracted
• Reserve– Know deposits from which materials can be
extracted profitably with existing technology under certain economic conditions
• Hibernia• Tar sands
Production, Consumption, and Reserves
Fuel Canadian Production
Reserves Reserve Life
Coal (106
tonne)75.1 8623 114
Oil (106 m3) 128.4 1448 11
Natural Gas (109 m3)
160.5 1809 11
Freedman 2004
Potential Petroleum Reserves
• What is left?
Non-renewable Sources
• Formation (text 197-198)• Coal (mining)
– environmental– Health and safety– Acid deposition
• Petroleum (crude oil)– Extraction – less damage– Less pollution– Harder to find
History of leaded gasoline
• How old is the earth?– Clair Patterson
• Tetraeythl lead– Neuro-toxin– Eythl Gasoline
• Lead in atmosphere coincides with leaded gasoline
• Unleaded gas (1986 US, 1990 Canada)
Non-renewable Sources
• Coal (24%)
• Petroleum (crude oil – 40 %)
• Natural Gas (27%)– Extraction similar to oil– Difficult to transport– Least environmentally damaging
• Burning of all fuels -> Carbon Dioxide -> global warming
Renewable Sources
• Cost-effective?• Types
– Hydroelectric– Tidal– Geothermal (housing)– Wind– Solar
• new break through
– Biomass conversion
Nuclear Energy
Chapter 11
Overview
• History
• Cost/benefit
• Dangers/disposal
History
• Atomic bomb– Splitting of atoms– Atoms for peace
• Three Mile Island and Chernobyl
• Phasing out
• Nuclear fusion– Fusing of atoms
Costs/benefits
• Benefits– 7% of world’s energy– Clean in the short-term
• Costs– Radiation– Thermal pollution– decommissioning
Waste Disposal
• What to do with transuranic waste?– Political problems– Geological problems– Transport problems
• Yucca Mountain
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