Bacteria - Eubacteria
Domain Prokarya
Shifting Kingdoms2 3 5 6 8
Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria
Archaebacteria
ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteri
aArchaebacteri
aArchaebacter
ia
Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans
Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids
Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes
Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae
Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae
Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae
Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds
True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi
Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes
Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes TracheophytesTracheophyte
s
Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans
Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Lumpers Splitters
PlantaeMoneraBacteria-Eubacteria
How Many Kingdoms?Multicellul
ar Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Original Cell
Extant
Extinct
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
8
5
3
2
1
Bacteria - Eubacteria• Ancient fossils 3.5 billion years b.p.• Archetype for prokaryotic organisms
– Phototrophs– Chemoautotrophs– Heterotrophs– Saprobes– Parasites (bacteria benefit, host harmed)– Commensals (bacteria benefit, host unharmed)
– Mutualists (bacteria and host both benefit)
• Unicellular, colonial, filamentous• Bacillus, coccus, spirillum
Cell SizesMycoplasma 0.3-0.8 µm
E. coli 1x2 µm
Cyanobacteria 10 µm diam
Plant Cell 30x75 µm
Obviously eukaryoticNucleus presentMitochondrion BacteriumChloroplast Cyanobacterium
Cell ShapesCoccus - cocci
Bacillus - bacillus
Spirillum - spirilli
Vibrio - vibrios
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http://www.up.ac.za/academic/electron/bacteria.jpg
http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/02142002/00001/PHIL_138.tif
Leptospira
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http://www.designthatmatters.org/proto_portfolio/cholera_treatment/multimedia/vibrio_cholerae.jpg
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http://helico.gsnu.ac.kr/
Vibrio cholerae
Helicobacter pylori
Cell Associations
Coccus
Diplococcus
Streptococcus - filamentous
Staphylococcus - colonial
? Streptobacillus
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http://www.hhs.gov/asphep/presentation/images/bacteria.jpg
Cell Structure: Boundary
Gram Positive Gram Negative
Mycoplasma
cell membrane bilayer lipopolysaccharide transport proteins
cell wall-murein peptidoglycan muramic acid - peptide
additional membrane bilayer lipopolysaccharide
cytosol
regulates input/output
prevents burstingturgor pressurepenicillin sensitive
releases dye
Capsule or Sheath
Cell Structure: Boundary Defenses
cell adhesionchemical resistance - defensedesiccation resistance
mucoid polysaccharides
spore coat + DNA + other materials
exterior may be lostfrozen for long periodsboiled for long periodsdesiccated for long periodsthen germinates to new cell
Endospore
Bacillus anthracis
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http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell91.gif
?
?
Cell Structure: Movement
anchoragerotation
basal rings
and rod
stiff helical flagellum
is rotated by “motor apparatus”in the membrane by H+ ATPaseat rates of 200-1700 rps (>12,000 rpm!)
hookdirectional rotation?
flagellin protein
Exceptions:myxomycetes, some cyanobacteria use slime, but how?spirochetes have flexible internal microtubules (endosymbiotic source of flagella in eukaryotes?) ((gut parasite in termites have spirochete symbiosis))
Taxis: movement toward stimulus
phototaxis: movement toward light
chemotaxis: movement to chemicals
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http://msucares.com/lawn/tree_diseases/images/bacteria.gif
Lophotrichous: flagella found at one end of the cell
http://www.biophysics.uwa.edu.au/STAWA/scans/40545a.jpg
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http://www.biophysics.uwa.edu.au/STAWA/scans/40540a.jpg
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Amphitrichous: flagella at both ends (but not many on sides)
Peritrichous: flagella all around cell
Prokaryotic Growth• Cells are generally very small• Cells may double in size but only before binary fission
• Growth mostly in terms of cell number or colony size, etc.
• Doubling time in cell numbers may be 20 minutes in ideal conditions
• Could quickly take over the earth if conditions could remain ideal
• Very competitive in ideal environments
• Ultimate survivors - 3.5 billion years!
Cell Structure: Nucleoid
transcription by RNA polymerase
one circular DNA moleculeno histone protein associationattached to cell membrane
separation of chromosomes
replication by DNA polymerase
Nucleoid - genome
translation of mRNA into protein
rRNA + protein + ribozymes
70S Ribosome
cytokinesis by furrowing
Process called binary fission NOT mitosis!
•Genome and copy are identical•Genome is haploid•There is no synapsis•There is no recombination
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http://www.nature.com/news/2002/020722/full/020722-11.html
nucleoids
initial furrowing
furrowing complete
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