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Peripheral (term from chap.1)
Any additional hardware attached to your computer.
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Application Software:For Your Productivity & Creativity
3.1 System Software
3.2 Application Software: Getting Started
3.3 Word Processing
3.4 Spreadsheets
3.5 Database Software
3.6 Specialty Software
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3.1 System Software
Operating system - the principal component of system software
Device drivers - help the computer control peripheral devices
Utility programs - support, enhance, or expand existing programs
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Operating System
A set of programs that manages the interaction between hardware and software
Software that controls access to other hardware and software.
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Main purposes of the operating system.
Determines the user interface Two types of user interfaces
1. GUI - Graphical User Interface
2. Command-Line Interface Manages the computer resources (CPU, memory, disk
drives, printers) Handles Virtual Memory – hard disk space used to
expand the capacity of RAM.
Executes and provides services for software. File Management –The OS records the storage locations
of all files. It also manages all changes to the files.
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The Computer System’s User Interface: Your Computer’s Dashboard
User interface - the user-controllable display screen that allows you to communicate, or interact, with the computer.
A User can interact with the display screen using a keyboard or a mouse:
Mouse - allows the user to direct an on-screen pointer to perform activities.
Pointer - usually appears as an arrow, but changes shape depending on the application.
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The GUI
Graphical user interface (GUI) - allows users to use a mouse or keyboard strokes to select icons and commands from menus.
The three features of GUI are desktop, icons, and menus.
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Desktop, Icons & Menus
Desktop - the system’s main interface screen, which displays pictures that provide quick access to programs and information.
Icons are small pictorial figures that represent programs, data files, or procedures.
Rollover is a small text box explaining the icon’s function when the mouse pointer is moved over the icon.
Icon
Rollover
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Desktop, Icons & Menus
Menu - a list of options to choose from--a list of commands for manipulating data.
Types of Menus:
Pull-down menu - a list of options that pulls down from the menu bar at the top of the screen.
Cascading menus - menus that seem to fly back to the left or explode out to the right.
Pull-up menu - a list of options that pulls up from the menu bar at the bottom of the screen.
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Documents, Toolbars, & Windows
Title bar - A bar that runs across the very top of the display window and shows the name of the folder you are in.
Menu bar – a bar that shows the names of the various pull-down menus available.
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Toolbar - A bar that displays menus and icons representing frequently used options or commands.
Taskbar – the bar across the bottom of the desktop screen that contains the Start button and that appears by default.
Window – A rectangular frame on the display screen through which files of data and application programs can be viewed.
Documents, Toolbars, & Windows
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Command-Line interface
Consists of a prompt after which, a command is entered.
Example: MS-DOS
dir a: to list files & directories on a disk
in drive A.
a:\ to change to the A directory
exit to close.
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Kernel
Most important program in the operating system. Controls the entire operating system During computer operation, it remains in memory,
therefore it is referred to as “resident”. Loads into memory other operating system programs
(nonresident) from disk storage as needed.
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How does the kernel get into memory?
When the computer is turned on, a program stored in a ROM (Read Only Memory) chip performs internal hardware tests and then loads the kernal into memory.
This process is referred to as “Booting” the system.
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ROM - Read Only Memory
Storage that can be “read from” but not “written to”.
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Platform
Refers to a computer’s hardware and its operating system.
Certain software is made to run on certain platforms. Check:
Memory Processor Operating system
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Operating systems
Window 3.x versions
(Used as a shell for MS- DOS)
Windows 95, 98, ME (Millennium Edition)
Windows 2000
Windows XP
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Mac OS - operating system which runs only on Apple Macintosh computers
First successful GUI
Common Desktop & Notebook Operating Systems: Macintosh
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Novell’s Netware - a popular network operating system for coordinating microcomputer-based local area networks (LANs).
Network Operating Systems: NetWare
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Windows NT - Microsoft’s multitasking OS which allows multiple users to share resources such as data and programs.
Windows 2000 - successor to Windows NT
Network Operating Systems: Windows NT/2000/2003
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UNIX - a multitasking operating system for multiple users with built-in networking capability and versions that can run on all kinds of computers.
Sun Microsystems’ Solaris is a version of UNIX and is popular for handling large e-commerce servers and large websites.
BSD, a free software derived from UNIX, is another interesting variant.
Network Operating Systems: UNIX
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Linux - a free version of UNIX, with continual improvements resulting from the efforts of tens of thousands of volunteer programmers.
It is open-source software meaning any programmer can download it from the Internet for free and modify it.
Network Operating Systems: Linux
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Operating Systems for Handhelds: Palm OS & Windows CE/Pocket PC/Windows CE .NET
Palm OS - the dominant OS for handhelds, which runs the Palm and Handspring Visor, and is licensed to other companies.
Windows CE (now Pocket PC) - slimmed-down version of Windows for handhelds.
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Device Drivers: Running Peripheral Hardware
Device drivers specialized software programs that allow input and output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system.
Comes with a peripheral device either on 3.5 floppy or CD
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Utilities: Service Programs
Utilities - programs which perform tasks related to the control and allocation of computer resources.
Enhance existing functions or provide services not supplied by other system software programs.
Some of the tasks performed by utilities are backing up data, recovering lost data, and identifying hardware problems.
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3.2 Application Software: Getting Started
Commercial software – copyrighted and must be paid for
Public-domain software –software that is not copyrightedmay be used and altered
Shareware - copyrighted and free but requires a fee to be paid for continued useFreely distributed but only for a trial period.
Open-Source –freely usedfreely copiedSource code can be edited but modifications can’t be copyrighted.
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Freeware - Programmer chose to make his/her program free to the public.copyrighted - author retains ownership.
Rentalware – Copyrighted and leased
Pirated software – Software obtained illegally
Abandonware – Software that is no longer sold or supported by its publisher
Application Software: Getting Started
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Tutorials & Documentation
Tutorial - an instruction book or program that helps you learn to use the product by taking you through a prescribed series of steps.
Documentation - information that describes a product to users. For example, a user guide or reference manual.
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Types of Application Software
Productivity software - software whose purpose is to make users more productive at particular tasks.
Examples:
Word processing programs
Spreadsheets
Database managers
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3.3 Word Processing
Word processing software - allows users to use computers to create, edit, format, print, and store text material.
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3.4 SpreadsheetsThe Basics: How Spreadsheets Work
A spreadsheet is organized as:
Lettered column headings across the top
Numbered row headingsdown the left side
Labels - descriptive text that identifies categories
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3.5 Database Software
Database - a collection of interrelated files.
Database software - a program that sets up and controls the structure of a database and access to the data.
Benefits of Database Software:
Reduced redundancy
Increased integrity
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3.6 Specialty Software
Presentation graphics software - uses graphics, animation, sound, and data or information to make visual presentations
PowerPoint outline view
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Presentation-graphics programs offer templates to help organize presentations.
Templates are of two types:
Design templates - offer formats, layouts, background patterns, and color schemes that can apply to general forms of content material.
Content templates - offer formats for specific subjects.
Presentation Graphics Software
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Financial Software
Financial software - a growing category that ranges from personal-finance managers to entry-level accounting programs to business financial-management packages.
Microsoft Money
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Desktop Publishing (DTP)
DTP involves mixing text and graphics to produce high-quality output for commercial printing, using a microcomputer and mouse, scanner, laser or ink-jet printer, and DTP software.
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Drawing & Painting Programs
Drawing program - graphics software that allows users to design and illustrate objects and products.
Painting program - graphics program that allows users to simulate painting on screen.
Vector image
Raster image
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Other Specialty Software
Web page design/authoring software – used to create web pages with sophisticated multimedia features.
Video/audio editing software:
Video editing software allows you to import video footage to a PC and edit it.
Audio editing software provides capabilities to work with sound tracks, clean up background noise, and emphasize certain sound qualities.
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Project management software - program used to plan and schedule the people, costs, and resources required to complete a project on time.
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software - programs intended for the design of products, structures, civil engineering drawings, and maps.
Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) software - allows products designed with CAD to be input into an automated manufacturing system that makes the products.
Other Specialty Software
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The following slides were not discussed in lecture.
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Concept Check
What is the term for software which can be downloaded from the Internet for free and modified with suggested improvements?
Open-source software
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Concept Check
Which Microsoft OS runs on handheld computers?
Windows CE/Pocket PC
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Concept Check
What is the name of the popular open-source version of UNIX?
Linux
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Concept Check
What was the first OS released by Microsoft?
DOS (Disk Operating System)
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Concept Check
What is the process of loading an operating system into a computer’s main memory called?
Booting
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Concept Check
What is the term for the particular processor model and operating system on which a computer system is based?
Platform
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Concept Check
Which OS, first introduced in 1984, set the standard for icon-oriented, easy-to-use graphical user interfaces?
Macintosh OS
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Concept Check
What is the process of preparing a floppy disk so that it can store data or programs called?
Formatting or initializing
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Concept Check
What is the name for the component of system software that allows input and output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system?
Device drivers
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Concept Check
What is the term for software that has been obtained illegally?
Pirated software
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Concept Check
What is the term for getting data from another source and then converting it into a format compatible with the program in which you are currently working?
Importing
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Concept Check
What kind of software allows several people to collaborate on the same project?
Groupware
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Concept Check
What does GUI stand for?
Graphical User Interface
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Concept Check
What is the term for small pictorial figures that represent programs, data files, or procedures?
Icons
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Concept Check
What type of menu can appear anywhere on the screen when the right mouse button is clicked?
Pop-up menu
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Concept Check
What is the name for a small text box explaining the icon’s function, which appears when you move the mouse pointer over the icon?
Rollover
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Concept Check
What term is used to refer to the location where a row and a column of a spreadsheet intersect?
Cell
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Concept Check
What is the process of recomputing values in a spreadsheet called?
Recalculation
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Concept Check
What does PIM stand for?
Personal Information Manager
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Concept Check
What type of application software is this PowerPoint program?
Presentation graphics software
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Concept Check
What feature of word-processing software is a preformatted document that provides basic tools for shaping a final document?
Template
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Concept Check
What word-processing software feature answers your questions and uses the answers to lay out and format a document?
Wizard
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Concept Check
What word-processing software tool presents you with the appropriate word or alternative words?
Thesaurus
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Concept Check
What type of application software is not copyrighted?
Public-domain software
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Concept Check
What is the term for a contract in which you agree not to make copies of software to give away or for resale?
Software license
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Concept Check
What type of application software provides the user with the capability to query records?
Database software
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Concept Check
What type of database organizes data into related tables, each of which contains rows and columns?
Relational database
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Concept Check
What is the term for a number or date entered into a spreadsheet cell?
Value
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